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AYASULUK Skip to content Antik Efes’in bulunduğu yerde kurulmuş olan ve bugün Selçuk adını taşıyan Ortaçağ’ların önemli bir dinî ve ticarî merkezi.
1/2 Müellif: FERİDUN EMECEN Bölüme Git
TARİH. Küçük Menderes delta ovasının güney doğusundaki bir tepenin yamaçlarında bulunmakta olup denizden 9 km. kadar içeridedir. Eskiçağ’ların meşhur …
2/2 Müellif: ORHAN SEYFİ YÜCETÜRK Bölüme Git
DİNLER TARİHİ. Ayasuluk, Anadolu’daki ilk hıristiyan merkezlerinden biri olması, Pavlus’un uzun süre burada kalıp Hıristiyanlığı yayması, diğer taraft…
TARİH. Küçük Menderes delta ovasının güney doğusundaki bir tepenin yamaçlarında bulunmakta olup denizden 9 km. kadar içeridedir. Eskiçağ’ların meşhur Efes şehri de burada kurulmuştu ve o dönemde burası deniz kıyısında yer alıyordu. Fakat zamanla Küçük Menderes’in getirdiği alüvyonlarla sığ körfezin dolması sonucu şehir daha batıda şimdiki harabelerin bulunduğu yere taşındı. Ancak buradaki limanın da kumlarla dolması üzerine Efes eski önemini kaybetti ve Ortaçağ’larda, şehrin ilk kurulduğu tepede yeni bir yerleşim yeri canlanmaya başladı. Bu yeni şehir, Efes’te yaşayan ve mezarı burada bulunan havâri St. John Theologos’un adı dolayısıyla Bizans ve İtalyan kaynaklarında Agio Teologo, Aya Thologo, Altolugo, Altologo, Altolloch, Latologo, Arap ve Osmanlı kaynaklarında ise Ayasuluk adıyla anıldı.
Antik Efes şehrinin kurucuları ve kuruluş tarihi kesin olarak belli değildir. Milâttan önce XI. yüzyılda bir İyon şehri olan Efes birkaç kere el değiştirdikten sonra Lidya hâkimiyetine girdi. Milâttan önce 547-546’da Persler’in eline geçti, ardından İskender İmparatorluğu’na katıldı (m.ö. 334). İskender’in kumandanlarından Lysimakhos burayı Panayırdağı ve Bülbüldağı arasında yeniden kurarak etrafını surlarla çevirdi. Daha sonra Selevkoslar’ın hâkimiyetine giren Efes, milâttan önce 133’te Bergama Kralı III. Attalos’un ölümü ile Roma topraklarına katıldı ve Asia eyaletinin merkezi oldu. Pontuslular’la yapılan savaşlarda büyük sarsıntıya uğradı. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun ikiye ayrılmasıyla Bizans yönetimine girdi. Bizanslılar zamanında Hıristiyanlık tarihi açısından önem taşıyan konsillerden biri 431’de burada toplandı. Bu devirde bir Hıristiyanlık merkezi olan Efes, tepe eteğinde bir kara şehri durumunda idi.
İlk Arap hücumlarının (798) peşinden şehir, 1071’den itibaren Anadolu’yu yurt tutmaya başlayan Türkler’in eline geçti; ancak 1097 Haçlı Seferi sırasında yeniden Bizans’ın kontrolüne girdi. Ortaçağ’larda işlek iskelesi ile Batı Anadolu’nun önemli bir ticaret şehri olan Ayasuluk’ta her çeşit milletten tüccarlar vardı, hatta bir müslüman tüccar kolonisi de mevcuttu. Şehir, Menteşe Bey’in damadı Sasa Bey tarafından Ekim 1304’te kesin olarak Türk hâkimiyetine alındı, 1309’a doğru ise Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey’in eline geçti. Ayasuluk, Aydınoğulları’nın deniz seferleri ve ticareti için önemli bir iskele durumunda idi; ayrıca XIV. yüzyılda özellikle İtalyan ticareti için ayrı bir öneme sahipti. Şehir bu devirde liman Ayasuluk’u ve kara Ayasuluk’u olarak iki parçalı idi ve ikisi de birbiriyle bütünlük gösteriyordu. İskele, Ayasuluk’un 5 km. kadar ilerisinde olup burada Lombardiyalı İtalyanlar’ın yerleştiği bir ticaret kolonisi oluşmuştu. Yeri kesin olarak bilinmeyen bu iskele veya liman, muhtemelen Abalıboz ve İğdelitepe’nin kuzeyinde Küçük Menderes ile Alaman gölünün arasında yer almakta ve buraya da Ayasuluk denmekte idi. Burada pek çok zengin Latin tüccarı yaşıyordu. 1336-1341 yıllarında Kudüs’e yaptığı seyahat sırasında şehre uğrayan Alman rahip Ludolf von Suchem’e göre Ayasuluk canlı bir ticaret merkezi idi. İtalyan tüccarlar buraya kumaş, gümüş eşya, sabun getirirler, buradan pamuk, yün, buğday, balmumu, pirinç, kenevir götürürlerdi. Aydınoğulları’ndan Ayasuluk hâkimi Hızır Bey, papalık ve onun müttefikleriyle ticarî anlaşmalar imzaladı, hatta şehirde bir Venedik konsolosluğu kuruldu. XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Ayasuluk’ta birçok Batılı tâcir bulunuyor, onlar vasıtasıyla diğer devletlerle ticaret yapılıyor, ayrıca Venedik tarzında para dahi basılıyordu. Hızır Bey’in ölümünden sonra Îsâ Bey Ayasuluk’a hâkim oldu ve 1379’da burada sanat değeri çok yüksek olan camisini inşa ettirdi. Ayasuluk daha sonra Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından Osmanlı hâkimiyetine alındı ise de Timur 1402’de şehri kuşatıp her tarafı tahrip etti. Onun çekilmesinden sonra şehir 1404’e doğru Cüneyd Bey’in eline geçti. 1425’te ise II. Murad burayı kesin olarak Osmanlı hâkimiyetine aldı.
Osmanlı döneminde Ayasuluk, XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar Aydın sancağının bir kazası durumunda idi. Muhtemelen 1475 tarihli bir tahrir defterine göre, Aydın’a bağlı aynı adlı kazanın merkezi olan Ayasuluk on bir mahalleye, 1850’si müslüman, 350’si hıristiyan olmak üzere 2200 dolayında nüfusa sahipti (BA, TD , nr. 8, s. 687-694). Bu devrede gelişmiş bir kasaba hüviyetinde olup Yegân ve Şeyhlü, Kayacık ve Beyhamamı, Kara Fakih, Burak Bey, Kadı, Penbegân, Kemer, Yengi Süle, Satılmış Fakih, Kubbeli Mescid ve Şâdgâm, Hatib ve Saru Sinan önemli kalabalık mahalleleri teşkil ediyordu. XVI. yüzyılda mahalle sayısı azalmakla birlikte nüfusu artış kaydetti. 1512’de 3700 müslüman, 250 hıristiyan olmak üzere 3950 (BA, TD , nr. 87, s. 32-38); 1529’da 3100’ü müslüman, 300’ü hıristiyan 3400 (BA, TD , nr. 148, s. 181-190); 1575’te ise 2900’ü müslüman, 300’ü hıristiyan 3200 (BA, TD , nr. 537, s. 168-173; TK, TD , nr. 167, vr. 82b -87b ) civarında nüfusu vardı. Tahrir defterlerindeki kayıtlara göre, kasaba halkı ücra yerde ve deniz kıyısında “ihtiyatlı” mahalde oturdukları için daha II. Bayezid zamanında fevkâlede vergilerden muaf tutulmuştu. Bu kayıt Ayasuluk’un iki parçalı şehir hüviyetini koruduğunu gösterir. Hatta bu vergi muafiyeti sebebiyle XVI. yüzyılda Ayasuluk’a çevreden bazı yörük cemaatleri gelip yerleşti ve böylece nüfusu daha da arttı. Bu dönemde şehirde bir darphâne, mumhâne, başhâne (hayvan başlarının satıldığı yer) ve bozahâne bulunuyor, iskelesine gelen mallardan vergi alınıyordu. Muhtemelen Osmanlı hâkimiyeti öncesinde Latinler tarafından boşaltılan ve sönmeye yüz tutan liman, XVI. yüzyıla doğru kısmî bir canlılık gösterdi. Şehir XVI. yüzyılda bir cami, on üç kadar mescid, bir medrese, beş zâviye, bir mevlevîhâne, bir kervansaray, dört hamam ve en az elli yedi dükkâna sahipti (BA, TD , nr. 166, s. 416-420). Ayasuluk kazası ise bu yüzyıl ortalarında, yeni kurulan Sığla sancağına bağlanarak Kaptanpaşa eyaleti içinde yer aldı. Bu sebeple Ayasuluk Kalesi’ne daha da önem verildi, 1575’te burada altmış dokuz muhafız görev yapıyordu. XVI. yüzyılda Ayasuluk kazası 125 köy, yirmi beş mezraadan meydana geliyordu.
Ayasuluk XVII. yüzyılda özellikle İzmir’in gelişmesiyle eski önemini yitirmeye başladı. Bu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında şehri gören Evliya Çelebi, buranın eski harabelerinden ve ihtişamından söz ederek kendi zamanındaki Ayasuluk’un yirmisi kale içinde, 100’ü dışarıda 120 kadar eve (yaklaşık 600 kişi), yirmi dükkâna, bir mescid, bir küçük han ve hamama sahip bulunduğunu yazar. Tavernier ise kıvrıla kıvrıla akan bir ırmağın kıyısında, tepenin eteğinde bulunan Ayasuluk’un şehre benzer bir yer olmadığını, sağlam evinin dahi bulunmadığını belirtir. Nitekim 1660’lara doğru yapılan bir avârız tahririne göre nüfusu hayli azalmış olan Ayasuluk’ta sekiz mahalle vardı ve bunlardan üçü hariç diğer eski mahallelerinin ismi unutulmuş, yerlerini yenileri almıştı. Nüfusu 500’e bile ulaşmayan şehrin en kalabalık mahallesini eski yerleşim yeri olan Kemer teşkil ediyordu (BA, MAD , nr. 3098, s. 16-17). XVII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ise ahalisi dağılmış, çok az sayıda nüfusa sahip küçük bir yerleşim yeri haline gelmişti (BA, KK , nr. 2791, vr. 24a ). Veba, sıtma gibi salgın hastalıkların da yol açtığı bu gerileme XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda da sürdü. Nitekim XIX. yüzyılda buraya gelen seyyahlar, Ayasuluk’u birkaç Türk ailenin oturduğu küçük bir köy olarak tasvir ederler. Bu yüzyılın sonlarında Ayasuluk Kuşadası kazasına bağlı bir nahiye merkezi durumunda olup on üç köye sahipti. Ancak İzmir-Aydın demiryolunun inşası ile şehrin durgun hayatı biraz olsun canlanmış, istasyon civarına yeni yeni binalar yapılmıştır. 1914’te Selçuk adını alan Ayasuluk, 22 Mayıs 1919’da Yunan işgaline uğramış ve 8 Eylül 1922’de kurtarılmıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminde önceleri Kuşadası kazasının bir nahiye merkezi durumunda iken 1957’de ilçe merkezi olmuş, 1960’ta 8887 olan nüfusu 1980’de 12.775’e, 1985’te 16.242’ye ve 1990’da da 19.377’ye yükselmiştir. Bugün turistik bir tatil beldesi olan Selçuk’a dokuz köy bağlı olup çevresinde incir, üzüm, kavun, karpuz gibi ürünlerin ekimi yapılır. Selçuk’a 3 km. uzaklıktaki Efes harabeleri, St. John Bazilikası, hıristiyanlarca kutsal sayılan Panayırdağı ve Bülbüldağı, Îsâ Bey tarafından yaptırılan muhteşem camii pek çok yerli ve yabancı turisti kendine çeker.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 8, s. 687-694; nr. 87, s. 32-38; nr. 148, s. 181-190; nr. 166, s. 416-420; nr. 537, s. 168-173.
TK, TD , nr. 167, vr. 82b -87b .
BA, MAD , nr. 3098, s. 16-17.
BA, KK , Mevkūfat , nr. 2791, vr. 24a .
Strabon, Coğrafya: Anadolu (trc. Adnan Pekman), İstanbul 1975, XIV, 18-24.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , VIII, 18.
İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme , I, 335.
Enverî, Düstûrnâme , s. 18-22.
Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih , s. 65, 107-108.
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Taeschner) , I, 95, 155.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , IX, 137-143.
J. B. Tavernier, XVII. Asır Ortalarında Türkiye Üzerinden İran’a Seyahat (trc. Ertuğrul Gültekin), İstanbul 1980, s. 52-53.
Texier, Küçük Asya , II, 169-192.
Cuinet , III, 505.
Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye Salnâmesi , İstanbul 1310, s. 593.
W. Heyd, Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi (trc. Enver Ziya Karal), Ankara 1975, s. 602-607.
A. Aziz, Efezos-Ayasuluğ Rehberi , İzmir 1927.
Mükrimin Halil [Yınanç], Düstûrnâme-i Enverî, Medhal , İstanbul 1929, s. 21.
Max. Silberschmidt, Venedik Menbalarına Nazaran Türk İmparatorluğunun Zuhuru Zamanında Şark Meselesi (trc. A. Cemal Köprülü), İstanbul 1930, s. 59-60, 115.
P. Wittek, Menteşe Beyliği (trc. O. Şaik Gökyay), Ankara 1944, s. 37-39, 70-71, 80, 82, 94, 102.
Rüstem Duyuran, Efesos Kılavuzu , İstanbul 1950.
W. M. Ramsay, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyası (trc. Mihri Pektaş), İstanbul 1960, s. 117.
Himmet Akın, Aydınoğulları Tarihi Hakkında Bir Araştırma , Ankara 1968, s. 31, 42, 56, 79, 86-87, 88, 118-119, 134, 156.
S. Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor , London 1971, s. 10-11, 343-348.
C. Foss, Ephesus After Antiquity, A Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish City , Cambridge 1979.
Suraiya Faroqhi, Towns and Townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia 1520-1650 , Cambridge 1984, s. 100, 117, 268.
W. Buch, “14./15. Yüzyılda Kudüs’e Giden Alman Hacılarının Türkiye İzlenimleri” (trc. Y. Baypınar), TTK Belleten , XLVI/183 (1983), s. 516-521.
Zeki Arıkan, “XIV-XVI. Yüzyıllarda Ayasuluğ”, TTK Belleten , LIV/209 (1990), s. 121-177.
Besim Darkot, “Ayasuluk”, İA , II, 56-57.
Fr. Taeschner, “Aya Solūk”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 777-778.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 225-227 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
DİNLER TARİHİ. Ayasuluk, Anadolu’daki ilk hıristiyan merkezlerinden biri olması, Pavlus’un uzun süre burada kalıp Hıristiyanlığı yayması, diğer taraftan havâri Yuhanna’nın (St. John Theologos, St. Jean le Théologien) burada yaşayıp ölmesi, Hz. Meryem’in burada yaşadığı iddiası ve “yedi uyurlar” hadisesinin Efes’te vuku bulduğu inancı sebebiyle Hıristiyanlık’ta büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Hıristiyanlık öncesi Efes şehrinde Tanrıça Artemis ve imparatorluk kültleri ile Yahudilik inançları mevcuttu. Bilinebilen en eski dönemlerden itibaren burada daha sonra Artemis adını alacak olan büyük ana tanrıça Kybele (Cybele) kültü yaşamaktaydı ve milâttan önce VI. yüzyılda bu tanrıça adına büyük bir tapınak (Artemision) yapılmıştı. Birçok defa yakılıp yıkılan ve tekrar yapılan bu tapınak, IV. yüzyılın sonunda her türlü putperest tapınmayı yasaklayan Théodose fermanından sonra tamamıyla ortadan kalkmıştır. Hıristiyanlık geldiğinde Efes yöresine hâkim olan inanç Artemis kültüydü. Pavlus (St. Paul) misyonerlik gezileri sırasında Efes’e iki defa gelmiş, ikinci gelişinde burada iki yıldan fazla kalarak Hıristiyanlığı yaymaya çalışmışsa da Artemis kültünü benimseyen Efesliler’in sert tepkisiyle karşılaşmıştır (Resullerin İşleri, 19/23-41).
Şehre Ayasuluk adının verilmesine sebep olan ve uzun süre burada yaşayan, hatta burada öldüğü kabul edilen Yuhanna’nın Efes’e ne zaman geldiği kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Hz. Îsâ’nın semaya urûcundan sonra annesi Hz. Meryem’in nerede yaşayıp öldüğü tartışmasına bağlı olarak Yuhanna’nın Efes’e ne zaman geldiği de inceleme konusu olmuştur. Hz. Meryem’in Bülbüldağı’nda, bugün kendisine nisbet edilen evde yaşayıp öldüğünü savunanlar, Katolik rahibe Anne Catherine Emmerich’in vizyonlarına dayanmaktadırlar ki buna göre St. Jacques, İspanya dönüşünde Efes’e uğramış, bu sırada vefat eden Hz. Meryem’in cenazesini kabre kadar taşımıştır. Bugün genel olarak kabul edilen kronolojiye göre St. Jacques 43 veya 44 yılında ölmüştür. Şu halde Meryem bu vizyona göre en geç 42 yılında ölmüş olmalıdır. Hz. Meryem Yuhanna tarafından yapılan evde dokuz yıl yaşadığına göre, havâri Yuhanna 32 veya 33 yıllarında Efes’e gelmiş olmalıdır. Ancak Yuhanna’nın bu yıllarda Efes’e gelmiş olması, hem “Resullerin İşleri” kitabına hem de tarihî bilgilere ters düşmektedir. Hz. Meryem’in Efes’te yaşayıp öldüğünü savunan Tillemont bile Yuhanna’nın 65 yılından önce Efes’e gelmiş olabileceğine ihtimal vermemektedir. Hz. Meryem’in Kudüs’te vefat ettiğini savunanlar ise Yuhanna’nın tarihî gerçeklere uygun olarak 60’lı yıllardan önce Efes’e gitmediğini kabul etmektedirler. Zira 55-58 yıllarında Efes’te kalıp Hıristiyanlığı yaymaya çalışan St. Paul’ün oradaki faaliyetlerini anlatan Ahd-i Cedîd (Resullerin İşleri, 19-21) Yuhanna’dan hiç bahsetmemektedir. Milâttan sonra 61 yılında Efesoslular’a mektubunu yazdığı kabul edilen St. Paul, bu mektubunda da Yuhanna’dan bahsetmemektedir. Şu halde 61 yılında da Yuhanna henüz Efes’e gelmemiştir. Onun Efes’e 65’ten sonraki bir tarihte geldiği kabul edilmektedir. Kilise geleneğine göre Yuhanna Efes’ten Patmos adasına sürgün edilmiş, hatta kendisine nisbet edilen vahyi (apokolips) burada yazmış, 96 yılında Nerva’nın tahta çıkışı üzerine Efes’e dönmesine müsaade edilmiş ve Trajan döneminde (98-117) vuku bulan vefatına kadar orada yaşamıştır. Mezarının bulunduğu Ayasuluk tepesine milâttan sonra VI. asırda İmparator Justinien tarafından bir bazilika yaptırılmıştır ki bu bazilikanın kalıntıları günümüze kadar gelmiştir.
Hz. Meryem’in de Efes’te Bülbüldağı’nda bugün kendisine nisbet edilen evde yaşadığı ve orada öldüğü iddia edilmekle birlikte bu iddia doğru değildir (bk. BÜLBÜLDAĞI ; MERYEM ).
Milâttan sonra 431 yılında, İstanbul patrikliği yapmış olan Nestorius’un görüşlerinin tartışıldığı III. Ekümenik Konsil Efes’te toplanmıştır. Efes konsilinde Hz. Meryem’in durumu tartışılmış ve onun “tanrı doğuran” (theotokos) olduğu resmen ilân edilmiştir. Konsilin burada toplanması ve Meryem’e tanrı doğuran unvanının verilmesi ilginçtir. Zira aynı yörede daha önce ana tanrıça Artemis kültü mevcuttu. Pavlus’un davetine karşı çıkan ve Tanrıça Artemis kültüne bağlı kalan Efesliler, IV. asrın sonunda İmparator Theodose tarafından her tür putperest tapınma yasaklanınca Meryem’e, Artemis’e ait nitelikleri vermişler, onu büyük bir ana tanrıça olarak kabul etmişlerdir. Efes konsili putperest mahiyetteki bu inancı, Artemis’in yerine Meryem’i koymak ve onun tanrı doğuran olduğunu kabul etmek suretiyle Hıristiyanlık adına tasdik etmiştir.
Efes’te 449 yılında bir başka konsil daha toplanmış ve Hz. Îsâ’da iki tabiatın varlığı inancını reddetmiştir. Kilise tarafından kabul edilmeyen bu konsil “Efes haydutluğu” diye adlandırılmıştır.
Hıristiyanlara göre “yedi uyurlar”la ilgili olay da Efes’te geçmiştir. Milâttan sonra 448 yılında Efes’te Panayırdağı’nın eteğinde bulunduğu kabul edilen cesetlerle alâkalı olarak ortaya çıkan Efes’in “yedi uyurlar” hadisesi, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssasıyla ilgili olarak İslâmî kaynaklara da geçmiştir (bk. ASHÂB-ı KEHF ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Massignon, Opera Minora , Paris 1969, III, 121-126.
F. X. Funk, Histoire de l’Eglise , Paris, ts., I, 231-232.
Besim Darkot, “Ayasuluk”, İA , II, 56-57.
L. Heidet – L. Pirot, “Assomption”, DBS , I, 649-652.
Fr. Taeschner, “Aya Solūk”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 800-801.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 227-228 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.