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AYAZMA Skip to content Rum Ortodokslar’ın kutsallaştırıp bir kült yeri haline getirdikleri su kaynaklarına verilen ad.
Türkçe’deki ayazma adı Grekçe hagiasma dan gelmiştir. İncil’de “mübarek, kutsal yer” mânasına gelen bu kelime, sonraları içinde kutsallaştırılmış su bulunan yerleri ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bu su bir kuyu, pınar, kaynak olabileceği gibi sızma veya damlama, hatta birikme suretiyle de meydana gelmiş olabilir. İlkçağ’da paganismada (putperestlik) su kaynakları birtakım su perileriyle ilgili görülmüştü. Hatta her suyun ve bilhassa denizlerle ırmakların canlı birer varlık halinde temsil edilebileceğine inanılmış, bu yüzden de deniz ve akarsuların birer tanrıları olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Hıristiyanlık’ta ise bilhassa Ortodoks (Doğu hıristiyanları) topluluğunda su çıkan çeşitli yerlere (kuyu, kaynak, pınar) bir aziz veya azizenin adı verilerek buralar onun mânevî koruyuculuğuna bırakılmıştır. Halk genellikle bu suların, himayesinde bulundukları aziz veya azize sayesinde insanlara yardımcı olduklarına, bilhassa mûcizevî tedaviler yaptıklarına inanırdı. Ayazmalar onların hassa ve güçlerine inananlar tarafından her zaman ziyaret edilmekle beraber Ortodoks takviminde o ayazmaya adını veren aziz veya azizenin yortu gününde çok kalabalık bir cemaate açık olur ve bütün bir gün ayazmanın önünde geçirilirdi. Bu sırada burada büyük bir dinî âyin de yapılırdı. Suyunun şifalı olduğuna inanılan bazı ayazmaların hıristiyanlarla birlikte müslümanlarca da ziyaret edildikleri ve onların suyundan bazı dertlere şifa umulduğu bilinmektedir.
Başlangıçta az sayıda olan ayazmaların Osmanlılar döneminde büyük bir hoşgörü ile çoğalmalarına göz yumulmuştur. O kadar ki hemen hemen her pınar, her su bir ayazma mahiyetini almıştır. Bu husus, bir hıristiyan olan Fransız viskonsolosu E. Dutemple’ın alaylı bir tenkidine de konu olmuştur. Bursa’nın sanayi ve ticareti hakkında değerli bir kitap yazmış olan E. Dutemple, fikrini şu cümlelerle ifade eder: “Osmanlı idaresinin son yıllarında Rumlar bir yerde biraz kuvvetlenip kiliselerini inşa edince, derhal gürültülü nümayişlere girişmekte, bu arada her su kaynağını takdis ettirerek, bunlara aziz ve azizelerin adlarını verip, uydurdukları bu koruyucuların renkli resimlerini buralara asmak suretiyle ayazma haline sokmakta ve bu suretle de bağış toplamaktadırlar.” Dutemple’a göre Rum Ortodoks topluluğunda âdeta bir çılgınlık halini alan bu tutum, ruh hastalıkları uzmanlarını ilgilendiren bir klinik vak‘a ve bir sabit fikirdir. “Bereket ki bu davranışa Türkler kayıtsız kalmaktadır. Yoksa nerede ise artık hıristiyan takdisinden geçmemiş pınar kalmayacağından, müslümanlar, dinlerine karşı gelmeksizin içecek su bulamayacaklardır” (s. 45-46).
İstanbul’da gerçekten Bizans dönemine ait ayazma pek azdır. Bunlardan büyük saygı gören Hodegetreia (yol gösterici Meryem) ayazması, Gülhane’de Topkapı Sarayı’nın Marmara’ya bakan yamacının eteğinde bulunuyordu. Antikçağ’a ait su ile ilgili bir mâbedin yerinde, hatta kalıntıları üstünde yapıldığı sanılan ve ortasında altıgen büyük bir mermer havuz bulunan bu ziyaret yeri sonraları ortadan kalkmış, ancak 1920-1922 yıllarında, Mütareke’de Fransız işgal kuvvetleri tarafından yapılan kazıda tekrar meydana çıkarılmıştır. Yedikule semtinde 461 yılında Studios tarafından yaptırılan Aziz Ioannes (Yahyâ) Kilisesi’nin ve bugün ortada hiçbir izi kalmayan manastırının altındaki sarnıcın bitişiğinde de ayazma olması muhtemel bir mekân bulunmaktadır. 7,24 × 5,20 m. ölçüsünde dikdörtgen biçimindeki bu mekânın tonozları ve kemerleri iki sütun tarafından taşınmaktadır. Doğu tarafında ise küçük bir apsis (mihrap nişi) bulunmaktadır. Yüzyıllardan beri kuru olan bu ayazmanın suyunun nereden geldiği ise bilinmemektedir. Belki bitişik sarnıçtan, batı duvarındaki 2 × 2 m. ölçüsündeki nişe gelen su bu ihtiyacı karşılıyordu. Surlar dışında bulunan Zoodokhos Pighi Ayazması ise Türk devrinde de günümüze kadar Rumlar’ın elinde kalmış kutsal bir sudur. Türkler’ce XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Balıklı Manastır ve Kilisesi olarak tanınan bu ayazma, “hayat verici kaynak Meryem”e ithaf edilmiştir. Bizans devrine ait bir rivayete göre bu suyu ilk bulan ve ayazmayı yaptıran İmparator I. Leon’dur (457-474). Daha inandırıcı olan diğer bir rivayete göre İmparator Iustinianos VI. yüzyılda Ayasofya’nın yapısından artakalan malzeme ile bu kutsal suyun üzerine ayazma binasını inşa ettirmiştir. Pek çok defa yenilenen bu bina ve üstündeki kilise, XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren padişahların fermanları ile himaye altına alınmıştır. Kilise II. Mahmud döneminde 1833-1835 yılları arasında yeniden yapılmıştır. Ayazma, on dokuz basamaklı merdivenle inilen bir mekân halindedir ve içinde havuz vardır. Esası Bizans devrine kadar dayanan diğer bir ayazma ise Ayvansaray ile Eğrikapı arasında, surların iç tarafındaki Blakhernai (Vlaherne) ayazmasıdır ki o da Meryem’e ithaf edilmiştir. Bizans devrinde imparatorlar her 15 Ağustos günü bu ayazmayı ziyaret ederek bir Meryem kabartmasından fışkıran kutsal suyun toplandığı bir havuza üç defa dalıp çıkarlardı. Bugün damla halinde akan su mermer teknelerde toplanmakta ve şifa bekleyen insanlar tarafından içilmektedir. Ayazmanın mimari bakımdan bir özelliği yoktur. Kilise ise son devir mimarisi tarzında inşa edilmiştir.
İstanbul’da ayazmalar en olmayacak yerlerde “keşfedilerek” ziyarete açılmıştır. Bunların en göze batan örneği, Sirkeci’de PTT atölyesi girişi ile Alay Köşkü arasında “Sûr-ı Sultânî” denilen saray surlarının dibinde bulunan, çok yakın tarihlere kadar ziyaret edilen ve tarihî bir hüviyeti olmayan ayazmadır. Aynı şekilde saray surlarının Marmara tarafında da çok daha önemli bir ayazma vardı. Sinan Paşa tarafından mimar Dâvud Ağa’ya yaptırılan İncili Köşk’ün altında bulunan bu ayazma bütün Osmanlı devri boyunca büyük bir hoşgörü ile Rumlar’a açık tutulmuştu. Herhalde esası Bizans devrine kadar giden bu ayazmayı “sûretin değişmesi” günü olan 6 Ağustos’ta ziyarete ve suyundan içmeye gelen Rumlar, her yıl kıyıdaki çakıllı plaj üzerinde bir panayır kurarlar, padişah da İncili Köşk’ün pencerelerinden onları seyrederdi. Bu ayazma 1821 Yunan ayaklanmasına kadar açık kalmıştır. 1920-1922’de Gülhane’de Fransız işgal kuvvetleri tarafından yapılan kazılarda köşkün hâlâ duran yüksek kemerli alt yapısı içinde ayazmanın kuyusu bulunmuştur.
İstanbul’da Zeyrek semtinde Haydar mahallesinde Bıçakçı Çeşmesi sokağındaki Hagia Theodosia Ayazması ise 1890’lardan beri bilinmekle beraber 1949 Nisanında yeni bir keşif gibi gazetelere geçerek Bizans devrine ait bir eser olarak tanıtılmıştır. İçine bir merdivenle inilen ayazma, üstü beşik tonozlu bir hol ile bunun önündeki 5 × 3 m. ölçülerinde yine beşik tonozlu bir mahzenden ibarettir. Holün mahzene taşan sekisinin etrafı mermer korkuluk levhaları ile çevrilmiş olup, bir menfezden giren su mahzenin tabanında toplanıyor, fazlası da başka bir menfezden gidiyordu. İçindeki mermer levhalar V-VI. yüzyıl işi olmakla beraber ayazmanın bu kadar eski olmasına ihtimal verilemezdi.
Evliya Çelebi de İstanbul’da şifalı suları olan bazı ayazmalardan bahseder. Bunlardan bir tanesi, suyu “âb-ı hayâttan nişan verir” denilerek övülen, Eyüp’ten Kâğıthane’ye giden yolun kenarındaki tepecik üstünde olan Küplüce Ayazmasıdır. Merkez Efendi Dergâhı’nda bir ziyaret yeri olan ve bir merdivenle inilerek dar bir dehlizle ulaşılan kuyunun da eski bir Bizans ayazmasının kalıntısı olması muhtemeldir.
İstanbul ve çevresiyle Boğaz’ın iki yakasının muhtelif yerlerinde hemen hemen hepsi çok eski olmayan ve çoğunun mimari herhangi özelliği bulunmayan ayazmalar vardır. Bunların büyük bir kısmı unutulmuş, evlerin ve yalıların bahçelerinde kalmış veya doldurulmuştur.
İstanbul dışında da pek çok yerde ayazmalar vardı. Bunlardan, Bizans’ta ikonoklasma devrine (VIII-IX. yüzyıl) ait olduğu sanılan ve yapısı bakımından eşsiz olan bir tanesi, Trakya’da Karadeniz kıyısında eski adı Midye olan bugünkü Kıyıköy’de bulunmaktadır. Gerilerde bir vadinin içindeki bir tepenin eteğinden itibaren oyulmak suretiyle yapılan bu dinî tesis, bütün aksamı ve süslemesi oyulmak ve işlenmek suretiyle meydana getirilmiş kilise ile yanında yine bütün aksamı tabii kayanın oyulması ve işlenmesiyle oluşmuş, ortasında suyun tabandan kaynadığı esas ayazma mekânından ibarettir. Burası, içine merdivenle inilen kare planlı bir yer olup üstü kubbe biçiminde yontulmuştur. Bizans devrine ait olduğu şüphe götürmeyen bu yapının bir ayazma olduğu, kilisesinin apsisindeki büyük kemerde boya ile yazılı kitâbede de belirtilmiştir.
İznik’te 1922’de tamamen yıkılan Koimesis (Meryem’in göğe çıkışı) Kilisesi’nin komşusu olan Böcek ayazması da kubbeli basit bir mekândan ibaret olup burada da kutsal su tam ortada tabandan çıkmaktadır. Konya ile Sille arasındaki Akmanastır adıyla tanınan tesis de Bizans devrinden kalmıştır. Kısmen bir tepenin içine oyularak kurulan Hagios Khariton Manastırı avlusunda da bir kuyu dibinde kutsal bir su kaynamaktadır. Ahmed Eflâkî Menâḳıbü’l-ʿârifîn ’de, Mevlânâ’nın o devirde “Deyr-i Eflâtun” diye adlandırılan bu manastırda yaşayan engin bilgiye sahip başpapazı ziyarete gittiğini ve bu sırada yedi gün yedi gece bu kuyudaki soğuk suyun içinde kaldığını yazar.
Müslümanlarca da kutsallığına inanılan çok daha değişik bir ayazma ise Trabzon’un Maçka ilçesinde bulunan Meryem Sumela Manastırı’ndadır. Fakat burada bir ayazma binası yoktur. Şifalı özellikleri olduğuna inanılan su, manastırın çekirdeğini teşkil eden tabii bir mağaranın yukarısından aşağıdaki bir taş çanağa damlamaktadır. Bu manastırın kuruluşunu çok eski tarihlere indiren efsane ise pek inandırıcı olmayıp bazı belgelerden bu dinî tesisin XIV. yüzyılda Trabzon Komnenos Krallığı döneminde yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Burada, esasları Bizans devrine inen ve çeşitli biçimlerde suyun geldiği (kuyu, sarnıç, kaynak, pınar, damlama) bazı ayazmalardan bahsedilmiştir. Mimari veya tarihî bakımdan belli bir değere sahip olan bu ayazmaların dışında, özellikle İstanbul’da 150 kadar ayazma tesbit edilmiştir. Hepsi de Osmanlı Devleti’nin hükümran olduğu yıllarda ve bilhassa geçen yüzyıl içerisinde tesis edilen bu ayazmaların belirli bir mimarileri yoktur. Son yıllarda ise bunlar terkedilmiş, çoğu da unutularak kaybolmuştur (ayazmalar hakkında şimdiye kadar yazılmış toplu hiçbir araştırma yoktur. Maddede zikredilen Bizans devrine ait ayazmaların her biri ayrı ayrı eser veya makalelerde etraflı şekilde tanıtılmıştır. Bunlardan bazıları için bibliyografyadaki yayınlara bakılabilir).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , tür.yer.; a.e. (nşr. Zuhuri Danışman), İstanbul 1969-71, I, tür.yer.; II, tür.yer.
E. Dutemple, En Turquie d’Asie, notes de voyage en Anatolie , Paris 1883, s. 45-46.
Hikmet Tanyu, Ankara ve Çevresinde Adak ve Adak Yerleri , Ankara 1967, s. 241-247.
Mehmet Halit Bayrı, “İstanbul İlinde Yer Adları X: Ayazmalar, Kaynaklar”, TFA , II (1953), s. 47 vd.
Hakkı Göktürk, “Ayia”, “Ayii”, “Ayios”, İst.A , III, 1537-1555.
Semavi Eyice, Bizans Devrinde Boğaziçi , İstanbul 1976, s. 109-110.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 229-230 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.