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AYN ALİ EFENDİ Skip to content XVII. yüzyıl Osmanlı müellifi ve defter-i hâkānî emini.
Doğum ve ölüm tarihleri bilinmemektedir. Manisalı olduğu söylenen ve XVII. yüzyıl başlarında vefat ettiği tahmin edilen Ali Efendi’nin tahsili, yetişmesi ve ilk görevleri hakkındaki bilgiler de çok sınırlıdır. Eserlerinde verdiği bilgilerden, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun kâtipleri zümresine dahil olarak doğduğu şehirde yetiştiği, daha sonra divan kâtipliği, süvari mukabeleciliği, hazine kâtipliği, bir ara Mısır defterdarlığı ve nihayet defter-i hâkānî eminliği gibi görevlerde bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Bugüne kadar “Ayn-ı, Aynî, Aynı, Ayn” okunacak şekilde yazılan lakabının nereden geldiği hususu açıklığa kavuşturulamamış olmakla birlikte, bunun muhtemelen divan kâtipliği sırasında kâtiplere verilmesi âdet olan asıl ismini temsil eden rumuzdan kaynaklandığı söylenebilir. Dolayısıyla aynı dönemdeki Lâm Ali Çelebi, Dal Mehmed Çelebi örneklerinde olduğu gibi isminin Ayn Ali şeklinde okunması daha doğru olmalıdır.
Ayn Ali Afendi, Osmanlı toprak düzeni, maliyesi ve kanunları hakkında, yazdığı iki eseriyle meşhur olmuştur. I. Ahmed zamanında hazine kethüdâsı iken Sadrazam Kuyucu Murad Paşa’nın emriyle timar ve zeâmet sistemine dair kanun ve uygulamaları toplamış ve 1607’de Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân der Hulâsa-i Mezâmîn-i Defter-i Dîvân adlı eserini yazıp Murad Paşa’ya takdim etmiştir.
Eser yedi bölüm (fasıl) ve bir sonuç (hâtime) halinde düzenlenmiştir. Birinci bölümde has ve sâlyâne ile idare edilen otuz iki beylerbeyilik ele alınmıştır. Has ile idare edilen yirmi üç beylerbeyiliğin adlarıyla her eyaletteki beylerbeyi hassının miktarı liste halinde düzenlenmiş, beylerbeyi haslarının toplamı 19.216.578 akçe olarak verilmiştir. Daha sonra sâlyâneli olan dokuz beylerbeyiliğin isimleri ve özellikleri sıralanmıştır. Bölümün sonunda beylerbeyiliklerin kıdem ve gelir durumları hakkında kısa bir özet verilmiştir.
İkinci ve üçüncü bölümlerde bu eyaletlerde bulunan sancakların tek tek isimleri, her sancağın geliri (hâsılı), sancak beyinin beslemek zorunda olduğu asker (cebelü) miktarı belirtilmekte, her eyaletin sonunda da toplam miktarlar verilmektedir. Has ile olan eyaletler içerisinde sâlyâneli veya hükümet tarzında idare edilen sancaklar tanıtılmaktadır. Bu bölümün sonunda sancak beyliği kanunu üzerinde durulmuş, sancak beyilerin öncelik sırası, terfileri, saray hizmetinden sonra sancağa çıkışları, boşalan sancaklara yapılacak tayinlerle ilgili bazı esaslar belirtilmiştir.
Dördüncü bölümde her beylerbeyilikte bulunan sancaklardaki zeâmet ve timar sayıları, bunların kaç birim (kılıç) olduğu, tezkireli ve tezkiresiz timarlar, her eyalette zeâmet ve timar sahiplerinin beslemesi gereken birim miktarları, özellikle Rumeli ve Anadolu eyaletlerinde görülen piyade, yaya ve müsellem miktarı ve statüsü, onlara ait çiftliklerin durumu ve feshedilmiş timar ve zeâmetler hakkında açıklamalar yapılmıştır.
Beşinci bölümde zeâmet ve timar tabirleri ele alınmıştır. Burada “kılıç zeâmet” ve “icmalli zeâmet” terimlerinin örneklerle açıklamaları, uygulamada alabileceği şekiller, özellikle eyaletlere ve sancaklara göre tezkireli ve tezkiresiz timar değerlerinin arzettiği farklılıkları Ayn Ali kendi defter eminliği sırasındaki uygulamadan örnekler vererek açıklamaktadır.
Altıncı bölümde timar ve zeâmetin kimlere hangi usuller dairesinde verileceği, özellikle beylerbeyi ve sancak beyilerin timar tevcihindeki önemli rolleri ve sorumlulukları üzerinde durulmaktadır.
Yedinci bölümde timar ve zeâmet sisteminin bozulması konusu incelenmekte, bozulma bilhassa iki noktaya bağlanmaktadır. Birincisi timar sahibi sipahilerin kendi sancağına ait askerle sefere gitmesi, başkasının hizmetinde olmamasıdır. İkincisi ise askerin yoklamasının düzenli olarak yapılmamasıdır. Yoklamaların düzensiz ve gevşek yapılmasının asker sayısının azalmasına sebep olduğu, seferlerde on timara karşılık sadece bir kişinin sefere katıldığı, mahsul toplama mevsiminde ise bir timara on kişinin sahip çıktığı belirtilmektedir. Ayn Ali Efendi defter eminliği sırasında vuku bulan seferlerin yoklamalarının düzenli yapıldığını ve yoklama defterlerinin ciltlenip defterhânede muhafaza edildiğini belirtmektedir.
Sonuç kısmında ise devlet hizmetinde bulunduğu yıllarda timar ve zeâmet ahvali, çeşitli hizmet erbabının maaşları ve yoklamaları konusundaki çalışmalarını özetlemektedir.
Gerçekten Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân kendi türünün ilk örneklerinden birisi, eğer niteliği ve geniş kapsamı dikkate alınacak olursa belki de birincisi sayılabilir. Gerçi yöneticilerin isteği üzerine bu türden ancak daha kısa ve özet bilgiler ihtiva eden küçük risâlelerin daha önce de kaleme alındığı bilinmektedir (bu konuda Kanûnî devrine ait TSMA, nr. D. 8303 ile D. 10.057’deki belgeler örnek olarak verilebilir, bk. Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân , Giriş, s. 6-7). Ancak Ayn Ali’nin geniş bilgisi esere ayrı bir değer kazandırmaktadır.
Ayn Ali Efendi yine Kuyucu Murad Paşa’nın emir ve teşvikiyle 1609’da ikinci eseri olan Risâle-i Vazîfehôrân ve Merâtib-i Bendegân-ı Âl-i Osmân ’ı kaleme almıştır. Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân ’ın sonunda basılan (İstanbul 1280) eser dört bölüm (mertebe) ve bir sonuçtan oluşmaktadır.
Eserin telif sebebi olarak devletten her ay vazife , üç ayda bir mevâcib alanların miktarı ve kendilerine gün, ay ve sene itibariyle ödenen ücretlerin özet halinde ve anlaşılır bir şekilde hazırlanmasının emredilmesi gösterilmektedir. O tarihe kadar böyle bir eserin kaleme alınmadığı, kapıkulu zümresinin toplam miktarı ve kendilerine yapılan ödemelerin tam olarak bilinmediği, bu işlerden sorumlu olanların da sadece kendilerine ait olan kısmı bildiği ve bütün bilgilerin topluca verilmediği belirtilmektedir. Bu eksiklik karşısında “emr-i âlî”ye uyularak ve 1018 senesi Receb, Şâban, Ramazan (Reşen) mevâcibi kıstas alınarak devlet hizmetindeki zümrelerin maaşlarının sıralandığı ve eserin birçok noksanları bulunmasının kaçınılmaz olduğu belirtilmektedir.
Birinci bölümde piyade ve süvari askeri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu bölümün ilk kısmında yeniçeriler, zağarcılar, acemi oğlanları ve hassa bostancılarından oluşan 48.688 neferin; ikinci kısmında cebeci, topçu, top arabacısından oluşan 7966 neferin; üçüncü kısmında sipahi, silâhdar, ulûfeciyân-ı yemîn ve yesâr, gurebâ-yi yemîn ve gurebâ-yi yesârı içine alan altı bölük halkını oluşturan 20.869 neferin ve toplam olarak 75.868 kişinin gün, üç ay ve bir yıl itibariyle ödeneklerinin dökümü verilmektedir. Bu zümreye yapılan yıllık ödeme ise 130.657.816 akçeye ulaşmaktadır.
İkinci bölümde azeb reisleri ve Tersâne-i Âmire hizmetkârlarından oluşan 2364 nefere ait ödeneklerin dökümü verilmiştir.
Üçüncü bölümde İstanbul’da hizmette olan ve padişah ile birlikte sefere giden zümre incelenmiş ve bunlar da yedi kısımda ele alınmıştır. Birinci kısımda Has Ahur halkı, büyük küçük odalardaki saraçlar ve şâkirdlerden oluşan 4322 kişi; ikinci kısımda Dergâh-ı Âlî ve Bâb-ı Hümâyun kapıcılarından oluşan 2342 kişi; üçüncü kısımda Matbah-ı Âmire ve Kilâr halkını oluşturan 1129 kişi; dördüncü kısımda ehl-i hiref ve hademe-i ehl-i hirefi oluşturan 1266 kişi; beşinci kısımda hayme ve alem mehterleri cemaati, haznedârân-ı bîrûn, hassa mimarları, hassa müezzinleri ve şâtırân-ı hassa neferlerinden oluşan toplam 1234 kişi; altıncı kısımda etıbbâ-yi hassa, müneccim şâkirdleri, yahudi tabipler, Boğdan ve Eflak voyvodalarının kapı kethüdâlarından oluşan seksen kişi; yedinci kısımda ise hassa çakırcıları, şahinciler ve atmacacılardan oluşan 592 kişi olmak üzere toplam 10.964 kişiye ait günlük 78.587, üç aylık 6.898.830 ve yıllık 27.610.474 akçelik miktarın dökümü verilmektedir.
Dördüncü bölümde ağalar, müstahdemler ve mevâcibhorân zümresi beş kısım halinde ele alınmıştır. Birinci kısımda rikâb-ı hümâyun ağalarını oluşturan yeniçeri ağası, mîralem, kapıcıbaşılar, büyük ve küçük mîrâhur, çaşnigîrbaşı, altı bölük ağaları, çavuşbaşı ve üzengi ağalarından meydana gelen otuz iki ağanın maaşları; ikinci kısımda vezirler, ulemâ ve beylerbeyi mahdumlarının ücretleri; üçüncü kısımda emekli ağalar, ehl-i hiref ağaları ve müteferrikaların ücretleri; dördüncü kısımda Dîvân-ı Hümâyun, hazîne-i âmire ve ahkâm-ı mâliye kâtipleriyle hazîne-i âmire şâkirdleri ve müşâherehorân zümresinden oluşan toplam 218 kişinin ücretleri; beşinci kısımda ise Harem-i Hümâyun’daki Enderun ağaları ve gılmanı ile teberdarlardan oluşan 709 kişinin maaşları zikredilmektedir. Bu bölümde toplam 1981 kişi bulunmakta, kendilerine yıllık 18.070.680 akçe ödenmektedir.
Bütün bu dört bölümdeki toplam kişi sayısı 91.202 olup bunlara günde 870.325, üç ayda 76.043.653 ve yılda 310.827.412 akçe ödendiği belirtilmektedir.
Eserin sonuç kısmında ise hazîne-i âmireden maaşlı ulemâyı yani şeyhülislâm (günde 750 akçe), Rumeli kazaskeri (günde 572), Anadolu kazaskeri (günde 563), kazasker emeklileri (günde 250), İstanbul (günde 120), Mekke, Edirne, Bursa ve Medine kadılıklarından emekli olanlar (günde 100’er akçe) ve diğer büyük kadılıklardan (mevleviyet) emekli olanların (günde 80-90’ar akçe) aldıkları ücretleri zikrettikten sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nde ulemâya verilen değeri anlatmakta, hiçbir devlette ve hiçbir devirde ulemâya bu derece rağbet gösterilmediğini belirtmektedir.
Ayn Ali’nin gerek taşra teşkilâtına ait olan birinci, gerekse merkez teşkilâtına dair olan ikinci eserinin pratik maksatlarla el kitabı olarak hazırlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Başta sadrazam olmak üzere ülkenin idaresinden sorumlu olan yetkililerin ihtiyaç halinde kolayca faydalanmak üzere bu nevi eserlere başvurdukları da bilinmektedir.
Ayn Ali’nin her iki risâlesinin yurt içinde özellikle İstanbul’da ve yurt dışında birçok yazma nüshaları bulunmaktadır (İstanbul’dakiler için bk. Özdemir, s. 9-13). Bunlar yöneticiler için çeşitli zamanlarda istinsah edilmiş olup bazılarına istinsah edildikleri dönemdeki önemli idarî değişikliklerle ilgili ekleme ve çıkarmalar yapılmıştır. Bu durum nüshalar arasındaki farklılıkların başlıca sebebini teşkil etmektedir.
Her iki risâle de gerek Osmanlı döneminde gerekse günümüzde tarihçiler tarafından sıkça kullanılan kaynak eserler niteliğindedir. Ancak tenkitli metinleri hazırlandıktan sonra her iki risâleden daha güvenilir şekilde faydalanma imkânı doğacaktır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 46, s. 17.
TSMA, nr. D. 8303, 10.057.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , I, 226, 250.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1314.
Ayn Ali, Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân , Giriş, s. 6-7.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 286.
Şemsettin Özdemir, Ayn-i Ali Efendi ve Eserleri (mezuniyet tezi, 1977), İÜ Ed.Fak. Tarih Seminer Kitaplığı, nr. 2788.
Babinger (Üçok) , s. 155-157.
D. A. Howard, “The Historical Development of the Ottoman Imperial Registry (Defter-i Hākānī): M. D. Fifteenth to mid-Seventeenth Centuries”, Ar.Ott. , XI (1988), s. 227.
Ömer Lûtfi Barkan, “Timar”, İA , XII/1, s. 289.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 258-259 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.