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AYNALIKAVAK SARAYI Skip to content İstanbul’da Haliç kıyısında Kasımpaşa ve Hasköy arasında büyük bir sahilsarayı.
Evliya Çelebi’nin yazdığına göre, fethin hemen arkasından burada otâğ-ı hümâyun kurularak ganimetler dağıtılmış ve Fâtih Sultan Mehmed aynı yerde bir kasır, sofalar ile havuz, şadırvanlar ve hamam yapılmasını ferman etmiş, ayrıca 12.000 servi ağacı dikilmesini de istemiştir. Verilen sayı biraz mübalağalı da olsa buranın bir orman halinde olduğu bir gerçektir. Tersane bahçesi olarak adlandırılan bu yerde Fâtih devrinde bir kasrın yapılıp yapılmadığını kesin biçimde aydınlığa çıkarmak mümkün değildir. Ancak Tersane’nin XVI. yüzyıl başlarında Haliç’te Kasımpaşa’ya yerleşmesi üzerine kıyı ile Okmeydanı’nın sahile bakan yamaçları arasındaki geniş arazi de Tersane bahçesi haline gelmiş ve buraya padişahlara mahsus olduğundan Hasbahçe denilmiştir. Burada sarayın çeşitli sebzelerinin yetiştirildiği bostanlar ve bir de hünkârın atlarına mahsus Has Ahur vardı.
Tersane bahçesinde yapımı belgelenen en eski kasır, Sultan I. Ahmed’in (1603-1617) emri üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Sultan Ahmed zaman zaman Tersane bahçesine gelir ve yaya olarak Sütlüce üzerinden Eyüp’e ziyarete giderdi. Naîmâ’nın bildirdiğine göre hünkâr 1022 sonlarında (1613) Edirne’de kaldığı günlerde Tersane bahçesinde bir kasır yapılmasını ferman etmiş ve 1023 Muharremi başlarında (Şubat 1614) İstanbul’a döndüğünde yapımı henüz biten bu kasırda kalmıştır. Bu arada kasrın harem bahçesine devlet ileri gelenleri tarafından hediye edilen çiçekler dikilmiştir. Tersane Bahçesi Kasrı’nın müştemilâtı yeterli olmadığından maiyetin bir kısmı Haliç’in daha içeri kısmındaki Karaağaç Kasrı ile bitişiğindeki Yûsuf Efendi bahçesinde barınmıştır.
Tersane Bahçesi Sarayı’nda doğan Sultan İbrâhim, sarayın sınırları içinde Haliç kıyısında bir kasır daha yaptırtmış, XVII. yüzyılın diğer padişahları da sarayı imardan geri kalmamışlardı. Bu sırada bahçenin bakımı ile görevli geniş bir personel kadrosunun bulunduğu da yine Evliya Çelebi’den öğrenilmektedir. Çok sevilen bir spor dalı olan okçuluk sarayın arkasındaki Okmeydanı sırtında yapıldığından padişahlar sık sık buraya geliyor ve burada kalıyorlardı. Sultan İbrâhim 1057’de (1647) sarayın harem kısmının denizi görmesini önleyen yüksek duvarı yıktırtmış, böylece haremin cephesi açılmıştır.
Tersane Bahçesi Sarayı IV. Mehmed devrinde 1089 Muharremi ortalarında (Mart 1678) bir yangın felâketi geçirmiş, haremden çıkan ateş kısa sürede burayı sarmış, oradan da padişah kasrına atlamıştır. Tarihçi Silâhdar Mehmed Ağa da bostancılardan olduğundan bu yangını söndürme işine katılmış ve ancak bir duvar örülerek yangın önlenebilmiştir. IV. Mehmed derhal sarayın tamirini emrettiğinden kısa bir müddet sonra inşaat tamamlanmıştır. Nitekim padişah 1090 Muharreminde (Şubat 1679) Polonya seferinden döndüğünde Haliç’te kayıklarla yapılan geçit törenini sahildeki kafesli köşkten seyretmiştir. XVIII. yüzyılda Tersane Bahçesi Sarayı eskiden olduğu gibi parlak durumunu korumuştur. III. Ahmed devrinde Haliç ve bilhassa buraya dökülen Kâğıthane deresi sevilen bir mesire yeri olduğundan saray da bakımlı tutulmuştur. Bu sırada Venedik Cumhuriyeti’yle 1718’de imzalanan barış antlaşmasının arkasından Venedik’ten hediye olarak büyük ve değerli aynalar gelmiş ve bunlar Tersane Sarayı’nın iç duvarlarını süslemede kullanılmıştır. Bu sebeple “Kavak kadar uzun endam aynaları” sözünün Aynalıkavak adına dönüşmüş olduğu ve buranın artık bu adla tanındığı söylenmektedir.
XIX. yüzyılda Mıgırdıç Melkon adında bir sanatkârın yaptığı ve Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nı gösteren kabartma bir resimde ise sarayın dışındaki kavak ağaçlarından birinin gövdesine bir ayna parçasının gömülmüş olduğu görülmektedir. III. Ahmed devrinde İstanbul’a gelen ve Aynalıkavak Sarayı’na girme imkânını bulan Aubry de La Mortraye, sarayın bu adı odalarındaki irili ufaklı aynalardan aldığını bildirir. La Mortraye’e göre, divanhânesinin büyük bir kısmı denize çakılı kazıklar üstünde olan saraydan Haliç’in manzarası çok güzel görünür. İçi zengin nakışlarla süslü bir kubbe bu salonu örter. Yanlardaki odalar da aynı derecede bezenmiştir. Ayrıca burada çok güzel bir hamam vardır. La Mortraye’in ziyaretinde çinileri tamir edildiğine göre duvarlar çini kaplı idi. Melling ise buranın adının hep yanlış açıklandığını, aslında güneş vurduğunda yaprakları ayna gibi parıldıyan bir çeşit kavak ağacına bu adın verildiğini ve burada evvelce bu cins çok yaşlı bir kavağın bulunduğunu yazar. Halbuki saray çok daha önceleri bu adla biliniyordu. 1639 Kasımından 1641 Şubatına kadar İstanbul’da kalan Du Loir, duvarların delik olduğunu, bu yüzden de sadece aynalardan yapılmış hissi verdiğini ve buraya Ayna Saray denildiğini yazmıştır. 1710’da sarayın resimlerini yapan İsveçli mühendis Loos da burayı Ayna Sarayı (Spiegel Serail-Sale de Miroirs) olarak adlandırır. Şu halde Tersane Sarayı’na verilen ad Venedik’ten gelen aynalarla ilgili olmayıp daha eskidir. İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı’nın ileri sürdüğü bir başka görüşe göre ise ok hedeflerine ayna ve bunların desteklerine kavak denildiğinden saray adını komşusu Okmeydanı’ndan almıştır. Sultan III. Ahmed’in şehzadelerinin sünnet düğünü 1132 Şâbanında (Haziran 1720) on beş gün boyunca Okmeydanı’nda yapılırken padişah da bütün harem halkı ile birlikte Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nda kalmıştır. Bu muhteşem eğlencenin tasviri ve minyatürleri Seyyid Vehbî’nin Surnâme ’sinde bulunmaktadır. Sultan III. Osman’ın da 1169’da (1755-56) bu sarayda kaldığı bilinmektedir.
Osmanlı Devleti ile Rusya arasında 1774’te imzalanan Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşmasının bazı maddelerinin açıklığa kavuşması için iki devletin temsilcileri Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nda bir araya gelerek görüşmüş (1779) ve bu görüşmeler sonunda Aynalıkavak Tenkihnâmesi adıyla anılan yeni bir antlaşma imzalanmıştır. Fakat saray bu sırada artık harap olmaya başlamıştı. Sultan I. Abdülhamid’in son yıllarında 1201’de (1787) Sadrazam Koca Yûsuf Paşa sarayı birkaç defa gezerek acele tamir edilmesi gerektiğini görmüş ve 22 Şevval 1201’de (7 Ağustos 1787) tamir çalışmalarına başlanmıştır. Bu tamirle ilgili tarihler şair Sürûrî’nin divanında bulunmaktadır. XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nın yabancı elçi ve temsilcilerle yapılacak görüşmelerde kullanıldığı, bir çeşit Hariciye konağı durumuna girdiği görülür. Ahmed Vâsıf Efendi’nin Târih ’inde, burada Rus (Moskof) ve İngiliz elçileriyle yapılan görüşmeler anılmaktadır. Tamirden önce Rus elçisi ile İstanbul kadısı ve reîsülküttâb, 1179 Muharreminde (Temmuz 1765) aynı elçi ile sadrazam, kaptanpaşa ve öncekiler Safer ayında tekrar görüşmüşler, daha sonra Avusturya (Nemçe) elçisiyle kadı ve reîsülküttâb arasında pazarlıklar yapılmıştır. Önemli bir görüşme ise İngiliz elçisiyle sadrazam arasında cereyan etmiştir.
Sultan III. Selim (1789-1808) burada sadece bir ilkbahar geçirmiş ve saltanatının ilk yıllarında Kaptanıderyâ Küçük Hüseyin Paşa tarafından sarayın tamirine girişilmiştir. Bu tamir büyük bir ihtimalle, Tersane Sarayı’nın birçok bölümlerinin ve bu arada Haliç kıyısına ayrı bir güzellik katan sahil kasrının yıktırılması, buna karşılık eski Has Oda Köşkü’nün yerinde kısmen onun ana yapısı kullanılarak şimdiki kasrın yapılması ile ilgili olmalıdır. Melling’in yazdığına göre Fransız elçisi General H. Sebastiani, 1806’da Osmanlı saray âdâbına ve geleneklerine çok aykırı bir kıyafette padişahın huzuruna Tersane Köşkü’nde çıkmıştır ki bu herhalde yeni yapılan ve şimdi mevcut olan bina olmalıdır. Eski sarayın yeri büyük ölçüde Tersane’ye katılırken taşları da Eyüp’te Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan Medrese ve Türbesi’nin yapımında kullanılmıştır.
Bugün Aynalıkavak Kasrı denilen bina ise çok geniş bir sahaya yayılan ve birçok yapıdan meydana gelen Tersane Sarayı’nın, esası I. Ahmed’e kadar inen bir yapısının, belki de Has Oda Köşkü’nün III. Selim’in ilk yıllarında iç mimarisinin yeniden düzenlenmesi suretiyle meydana gelmiştir. İç kapıları üstündeki kasidelerde Sultan Selim anılmakta ve 1206 (1791-92) tarihi verilmektedir. Bunlardan şair Enderunlu Fâzıl’ın tarih manzumesi, Yesârî Mehmed Efendi’nin ta‘lik hattı ile yazılmıştır. Odalardan diğer birinde bulunan başka bir tarih manzumesi ise Şeyh Galib’indir. Bu manzumelerin ebced leri (1195 ve 1208 şeklinde) değişik olarak hesaplanabilmekle beraber hepsinde de ayrıca rakamla 1206 tarihi bulunmaktadır. Kasrın mimarı olarak Krikor Balyan kalfa (1767-1831) gösterilirse de bu sıralarda henüz yirmi üç yirmi dört yaşlarında olan Balyan’ın bu köşkü temelden yaptığına ihtimal verilemez. Herhalde Balyan, esası XVII-XVIII. yüzyıllara ait olan binanın içinin yeni zevke göre tezyinine nezaret etmiş olmalıdır.
Artık dar bir saha içinde kalmış olan Aynalıkavak Kasrı’nda, 1876 yılı sonlarında bir ay kadar süren Meclis-i Mükâleme denilen Tersane Konferansı’nın toplandığı söylenirse de bu önemli toplantının Kasımpaşa’da Bahriye Nezâreti binasında yapıldığı yolundaki bilgiler daha doğrudur. I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında, Bahriye nâzırlığı sırasında Cemal Paşa kasrın bahçesinin bir kısmını daha tersaneye vermiş, kasrı tamir ettirirken ek binaları ve bu arada herhalde harap haldeki hamamı da kaldırtmıştır.
Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında 1924’te Türk-İngiliz Musul Konferansı’nın burada yapıldığı söylenmektedir. Uzun süre Deniz Kuvvetlerinin denetimi altında olan Aynalıkavak-Hasbahçe Kasrı son yıllarda Millî Saraylar İdaresi’ne verilmiş ve yeniden döşenerek ziyarete açılmıştır.
Sarayın geniş arazisi ve bahçesinde bahriye için sekiz taşlı büyük bir değirmen ile fırın ve ambarın yapımına 1236’da (1820-21) başlandı ve kitâbesine göre 1247’de (1831-32) tamamlandı. Sonraları yanan bu fırın ve değirmen 1301’de (1883-84) tekrar yapılmıştır. Aynı arazide 1249’da (1833-34) ayrıca bir haddehâne, makine ve personel daireleri yanına da Haddehâne Mektebi denilen bir de teknisyen okulu inşa edilmiştir. Gene aynı yıl dökümhâne ile demirhâne, 1267’de (1850-51) ise çekiçhâne yapılmıştır. Aynı yerde Vâlide kızağı, Taşkızak, Ağaçkızak olarak tanınan üç gemi kızağı ile 1304’te (1886-87) bir kazan atölyesi, çelik fırını ve ertesi yıl modelhâne de inşa edilmek suretiyle Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nın bütün arazisi, yalnız Has Oda Kasrı istisna edilerek sanayi bölgesi olmuştur.
Geniş bir koruluk içinde inşa edilen Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nın başta Has Oda Kasrı olmak üzere çeşitli yapılardan meydana geldiği, içinde bir de hamamın bulunduğu, Hasköy tarafında ise saltanat kayıklarına mahsus küçük bir limanı olduğu anlaşılmakta ve saray arazisinin etrafını yüksek bir duvar çevirmekteydi.
Aynalıkavak Sahilsarayı’nın en önemli kısımlarını gösteren resimler, Seyyid Vehbî’nin Surnâme ’sindeki minyatürlerdir. XVIII. yüzyıla ait bu resimlerde padişah kısmen su üzerinde olan geniş saçaklı, cephesinde boydan boya kafesli bir hayat (veranda) bulunan bir köşk içinde Haliç’te yapılan oyunları seyretmektedir. Esas köşkün büyük salonunu ve hamamın içini tasvir eden ve bütün ayrıntıları belirten resimler ise 1710’da Kral XII. Carl (Demirbaş Şarl) ile İstanbul’a gelerek son derece değerli desenlerle geri dönen İsveçli mühendis Loos tarafından çizilmiştir. Bunlarda esas kasrın duvar, tavan ve kubbe süslemeleri, selsebil, pencere ve dolapları, ocak yaşmağı, duvar çinileri ve hatta yerdeki halılar dikkatle belirtilmiştir. “Tersane Sarayı’nda Kadın Sultan’ın hamamı” kaydı ile hamamın içi de bütün bölümleri, duvarlarındaki çiniler, tonoz ve kubbe nakışları ile çizilmiştir. Bu resimler Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nın Hünkâr Kasrı olan Has Oda Köşkü’nü, XVIII. yüzyıldaki değişikliklerden önce, I. Ahmed ile Sultan İbrâhim’in yaptırdıkları görünüşü ile aksettirirler. XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında ise gerek Fransız elçisi Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier’in yanındakiler, gerekse başka Batılı ressamlar sarayın Haliç’ten görünüşünü belgeleyen resimler bırakmışlardır. III. Selim zamanında saray ile çok yakın bağlantısı olan Melling’in eserinde ise Aynalıkavak Sarayı sadece bir resmin kenarında belirtilmiştir. Yine de bütün bu resimler Hasbahçe Kasrı hakkında yeterli bir fikir edinilmesi için kâfidir.
Bunların dışında Aynalıkavak Sarayı’nın henüz bütünlüğünü koruduğu sıralarda yazılmış iki arşiv belgesi de Haliç kıyısındaki bu büyük saray topluluğunun genel düzeni hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bunlardan ilki 1180 (1766-67) tarihli olup “Aynalıkavak Sarây-ı Hümâyunu’nda vâki Balıkhâne Kasrı tabir olunan Kasr-ı Hümâyun” hakkında bir keşif raporudur. Burada ahşap kubbeli bir kasır, bitişiğinde bir abdest odası, iki adet Taht-ı Hümâyun Kasrı ve hamamdan bahsedilerek bunların tamiri için gerekli ödenek gösterilmiştir. Saffet Bey tarafından bahriye arşivinde bulunan 1220 (1805) tarihli ikinci belge ise saray yıkılmadan önceki durumu ortaya koyar. Bu keşfe göre, o sırada Aynalıkavak Sarayı sınırları içinde üçü büyük üçü küçük altı köşk vardır. Bunların dördü haremde, ikisi mâbeyindedir. Büyük köşklerden biri, üzeri kiremit örtülü, iki katlı Dâire-i Hümâyun olup 1162 zirâ yer kaplar. İkincisi, kurşun örtülü, içi işlemeli ve kıyıda olan 264 zirâ yer kaplayan Namazgâh Köşkü’dür. Üçüncü köşk ise 979 zirâ büyüklüğünde Has Oda Dâire-i Hümâyunu’dur. Sarayın bütünü 15.000 kare arşın büyüklüğünde bir sahayı kaplıyor, arkada setler halinde yükselen 9000 kare arşın ölçüsünde bir de bahçesi bulunuyordu. Haliç’ten bakıldığında 4300 arşın ölçüsündeki iki katlı harem dairesi görülürdü. Kurşun kaplı kubbeli, alemi ve feneri altın yaldızlı Has Oda’nın bir kısmı divanhâne idi. Bu bölümün etrafında Enderun Dairesi ile hamam, daha ileride ise Silâhdar Ağa ve Has Odabaşı daireleri vardı. Has Oda Köşkü ile kıyı arasında birbirine bir geçitle bağlantılı küçük bir cami ile Namazgâh Köşkü bulunuyordu. Kâgir hazine dairesi, Hazinedar ustalar dairesi yanında idi, yanında da Dârüssaâde ağaları dairesi bulunuyordu. Gerilerde ise diğer ağa ve bekçilere ait daireler vardı. Saray meyilli bir araziye yayıldığından setler halinde yükseliyor ve dolayısıyla arkadaki binalar, hatta büyük havuz da Haliç’ten görülebiliyordu.
Bugün Topkapı Sarayı denilen Sarây-ı Cedîd dışında Haliç kıyısında en büyük saray topluluğu olan Aynalıkavak veya Tersane Sarayı, yenileşme ve tekniğin yurdumuza gelmesi için çabalayan III. Selim tarafından Tersane’nin genişletilmesi uğruna yıktırılmaya başlanmış, sadece büyük Has Oda Köşkü, içi tamamen yenileştirilerek bırakılmıştır. Böylece bu kasır, artık hünkârın harem ve saray halkı ile ilkbaharda içinde yaşayıp Haliç ve Okmeydanı’ndaki gösterileri seyrettikleri bir yer olmaktan çıkarak, bir askerî sanayi merkezi halini alan Hasköy’de bu tesisleri arada bir ziyaret sırasında kısa süre kaldığı bir “biniş kasrı” olmuştur. Artık burada padişah yeni yapılan gemilerin suya indirilişlerini seyrediyordu.
Kasrın etrafını bir avlu duvarı çevirmekte, Hasköy, Tersane ve Okmeydanı kapıları adlarındaki üç kapı dışarısı ile bağlantı sağlamaktadır. Bunlardan Okmeydanı kapısı üstünde Şeyh Galib’in 1206 (1791-92) tarihli manzumesi ta‘lik hatla işlenmiştir. Bunun üstünde ise II. Mahmud’un 1233 (1817-18) tarihli tuğrası vardır.
Aynalıkavak Kasrı bugünkü biçimi bakımından, uzun bir eksen üzerinde bulunan çifte divanhâne etrafında kurulmuştur. Eksen ve sofaların bir tarafında Arz Odası, iki oda, iki helâ ve alt kata inen merdiven, diğer tarafta iki oda, helâ ve giriş sofası yer alır. Kasır meyilli arazi üstünde olduğundan altında bir bodrum katı bulunmaktadır. Okmeydanı tarafındaki divanhânenin dışında ileriye taşkın ve III. Selim zamanında yapılmış bir sundurma vardır. Okmeydanı tarafındaki divanhânenin üstünde içeriden belirlenmeyen dilimli ahşap bir kubbe bulunur. Daha eski yapı elemanlarının üstlerine III. Selim zamanında kaplama yapılarak yeni zevke göre alçı pencereler, duvar ve tavan süslemeleri işlenmiştir. Sarayın eski eşyasından büyük bir avize, değerli bir mangal ile altın yaldızlı bir kanepe kalmıştır. Kasrın bahçesinin dışarı açılan avlu kapılarından Tersane kapısının üstünde, pencereli yüksek kasnaklı bir kâgir kulübe vardır ki padişahın Tersane’yi seyretmesi için yapıldığı söylenir. Bu ufak eklentinin Bizans mimarisi üslûbunda oluşunu, Türk sanatına XVIII. yüzyılda giren yabancı tesirlerin bir işareti olarak kabul etmek mümkündür.
Uzun yüzyıllar Haliç kıyılarına güzellik katan Aynalıkavak veya Tersane Sarayı’nın ihtişamından bugün hiçbir iz kalmamış olmakla beraber, mevcut Aynalıkavak Kasrı bu güzelliklerin geç bir dönemden de olsa son hâtırasını teşkil etmektedir. Ayrıca bu yapı Türk köşk ve kasır mimarisinin henüz eski geleneklerin yaşatıldığı son ve çok başarılı örneklerden biri olarak sanat tarihinde de özel bir yere sahiptir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 413-415.
A. de la Mortraye, Travels through Europe, Asia and Africa , London 1730, I, 174-175.
Vâsıf, Târih (İlgürel) , bk. İndeks.
A. I. Melling, Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et des rives du Bosphore (nşr. Şevket Rado), İstanbul 1969, plan 17 ve açıklaması.
Ali Haydar Alpagut, Marmara’da Türkler , İstanbul 1941, s. 141-150.
Sedad Hakkı Eldem, Köşkler ve Kasırlar , İstanbul 1969, s. 311-324.
Pars Tuğlacı, Osmanlı Mimarlığında Batılılaşma Dönemi ve Balyan Ailesi , İstanbul 1981, s. 10-16.
İ. Hakkı Konyalı, “Aynalıkavak Kasrı”, Tarih Hazinesi , II/13, İstanbul 1951, s. 661-672.
Semavi Eyice, “Aynalıkavak Sarayı”, Sanat Dünyamız , sy. 37, İstanbul 1988, s. 24-31.
Halûk Y. Şehsuvaroğlu, “Aynalıkavak”, İst.A , III, 1610-1615.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 264-266 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.