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AYNAROZ Skip to content Bugün Kuzey Yunanistan sınırları içinde kalan Halkidikya yarımadasının tamamen manastırlarla kaplı Ege denizine uzanan bir ucu.
Türkler tarafından buraya verilen Aynaroz adı, Rumca Hagion Oros (kutsal dağ) adının değişmesinden meydana gelmiştir. Üç dil halinde güneye uzanan Halkidikya yarımadasının bu üç ucundan en doğudaki 40 km. kadar uzunluk, 10 km. kadar genişliğe sahiptir ve gerideki ana toprağa dar bir kara parçası ile bağlanmıştır. Bu dar ve uzun dilin tam ortasından aşağıya doğru sarkan dağ silsilesi en güneyde heybetli sivri bir tepe halinde yükselerek 1953 metreye (bazı yayınlarda 1935) erişir. Bu dağa Athos denilmektedir. Aynaroz, Batı dillerinde de Athos dağı veya Hagion Oros’un bu dillerdeki tercümesi ile ifade edilir (Alm. Der Heilige Berg; Fr. Le Mont Athos, La montagne Sainte; İng. Mount Athos).
İlkçağ’larda Aynaroz yarımadasında bir yerleşme olup olmadığına dair kesin bilgiler yoktur. Ancak Helenistik devirde burada bazı yerleşme yerlerinin bulunduğunu gösteren küçük izler bulunmuştur. Bizans devrinde, denizden kıyılarına yaklaşılması güç olan ve bütün yamaçlarını kaplayan sık, vahşi bir tabiatın hâkim olduğu bu sert iklimli, sarp sahilli yarımadanın dik yarlarında yeşillikler arasındaki mağara ve kovuklar uzun süre yalnız dünyevî âlemden uzak yaşamak isteyen “târik-i dünyâ” (münzevi) keşişlerin barınağı olmuştur. Kolovos adında bir keşiş, kuzeydeki kanalın yakınındaki Hierissos şehri civarında ilk teşkilâtlı manastırı kurmuş ve kısa sürede bu dinî tesis, yarımadanın tepelerinde dağınık halde bulunan kişilerle kuzeydeki kıta toprağındaki küçük topluluklar halinde yaşayan ve tarımla uğraşan keşişleri birleştirmiştir. IX. yüzyıl sonlarında ise bütün Ortodoks âleminde Aynaroz’un şöhreti duyulmuş bulunuyordu. Ancak X. yüzyıl başlarında bu dinî topluluğun idare merkezi bugünkü Karyes’te toplanarak buraya bir kilise ile idarî işler başkanı (protos) için bir makam (protaton) ve memur keşişler için evler yapıldı.
Bizans İmparatoru Nikephoros Phokas (963-969), burada ileride içine çekilmek için bir manastır inşa ettirmeyi tasarladığında dostu rahip Athanasios’un aracılığı ile yarımadanın güneybatı kıyısında Lavra Manastırı’nı kurmuştur. Aynaroz manastırlarının doğuşuna esas olarak 963 tarihi alındığından, 1963’te büyük bir törenle kuruluşunun bininci yılı kutlanmıştır. Bu müessese Athanasios’un hazırladığı tâlimatnâmeye göre keşişlerin bir arada yaşaması esasına göre düzenlenmişti. Nikephoros bir suikast sonunda öldürüldüğünden buraya çekilemedi. Ancak Lavra, bir başrahip idaresinde pek çok keşişin barındığı Kinobion tipi bir manastır olarak gelişti. Nikephoros Phokas’ın yeğeni ve halefi İmparator Ioannes Tsimiskes’in 972 yılına doğru tasdik ettiği vakfiye (tipykon), Aynaroz’un bir bakıma anayasası olmuş ve bugüne kadar yürürlükte kalmıştır. Lavra’nın şöhreti o derecede yayıldı ki her taraftan akın eden keşişler burada onun tâlimatnâmesine uygun yeni yeni manastırlar kurdular. 1045’te Lavra’da 300 keşişin yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Bu manastırlar Bizans imparatorunun himayesinde idiler. IX. Konstantinos Monomakos 1046’da eski hakları devam ettiren ve yeni imtiyazlar da tanıyan ikinci bir vakfiye-ferman verdiği gibi, o vesile ile de Hagion Oros unvanını ilk defa olarak yakıştırmak suretiyle buranın diğer bütün manastırların üstünde olduğunu belirtmek istedi.
Athanasios Aynaroz’a kadın ve her türlü dişi hayvan, hatta “sakalsız” olanların girmesini bile şiddetle yasaklamış olmasına rağmen XII. yüzyılda Eflak’tan gelen çobanlar aileleri ve hayvan sürüleri ile buraya inmişler, fakat patriğin müdahalesi ile bu durum önlenmiştir. XII. yüzyıl içlerinde çeşitli Slav milletlerine mensup keşişlerle Ruslar, Bulgarlar ve Sırplar Aynaroz’a gelerek burada manastırlar kurmuşlardır. Bugün hâlâ duran Khilandar Manastırı da XII. yüzyılın sonlarında Sırp Kralı Stephan tarafından vakfedilmiştir.
XIII. yüzyılda IV. Haçlı Seferi ile İstanbul’u işgal ederek Bizans Devleti’ni parçalayan Latinler zamanında Aynaroz da bu kargaşadan kendisine düşen sıkıntılara katlandı. İmparatorluk yeniden kurulduğunda II. Andronikos (1282-1328) Aynaroz’un arazilerini genişleterek buraya yeni haklar tanıdı. Fakat Bizans’ın Türkler’e karşı yardıma çağırdığı ücretli Katalan askerleri, başları Roger de Flor’un öldürülmesinin intikamını almak üzere Makedonya ve Tesalya’yı kana buladıklarında Aynaroz’a da saldırdılar. Bu yüzden manastırlar birer kale gibi tahkim edilerek yüksek kuleler yapıldı. 1312’de II. Andronikos Aynaroz manastırlarını İstanbul Patrikhânesi’ne bağladı ki bu durum bugün hâlâ yürürlüktedir.
1430’da Selânik Türkler tarafından fethedilince Aynaroz da Osmanlı idaresine geçti. Aynaroz’un fethinden bir asır sonra, XVI. yüzyıl başlarında Pîrî Reis o sırada burada on dokuzu kıyıda olmak üzere altmış kadar manastır bulunduğunu, keşişlerin Türk korsanlarına hıristiyan korsanların, onlara da Türkler’in nerede olduklarını kesinlikle söylemediklerini yazar. İçinde 400 keşişin barındığını bildirdiği ve nasıl ekmek yaptıklarını anlattığı manastır Lavra olmalıdır. Tanınmış Bizans tarihçisi F. Dölger’in ifadesiyle, “…idareleri altındaki müslüman olmayan halkların inançlarına tamamen kayıtsız kalan Türk sultanları, Aynaroz’un eski bağımsızlık haklarını yalnız tanımakla kalmamışlar, aynı zamanda onlara yeni haklar da bağışlamışlardır…” Fâtih Sultan Mehmed ve Yavuz Sultan Selim fermanları ile Aynaroz’u korudukları gibi hemen hemen bütün sultanlar manastırları vergi karşısında himaye etmişlerdir. Evliya Çelebi, 1077 Zilkadesinde (Mayıs 1667) uğradığı Aynaroz’a dair fazla bir şey anlatmayarak rahiplerin “açlıktan insanlıktan çıkmış” kişiler olduğunu söylemektedir. Yine onun belirttiğine göre “Muhafız olarak bir hasekisi gelir, ama hiç kimse gelüp bu papazlara zulmedemez…” Aynaroz arşivlerini inceleyen Dölger’e göre, “…manastırların arşivleri bu çeşit Türk vesikaları ile doludur, fakat bugüne kadar hiçbir araştırıcı bunları gözden geçirmemiştir.” Osmanlı idaresi sırasında Aynaroz Manastırı’na hıristiyan halktan ve Türk idaresindeki Eflak ve Boğdan’dan, hatta Rusya’dan büyük bağışlar geliyordu. Bunlar para ile değerli kap kacak ve çeşitli işlemeler gibi eşyadan başka uzak yerlerde bulunan araziler de olabiliyordu. Zaten fazla bir otoritesi kalmayan Protos XVII. yüzyılın başlarında ortadan kalkmıştı. Fakat bu sıralarda büyük manastırlar da fakirleşmeye başlamıştı.
Aynaroz’un yeniden parlaması XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarında oldu. 1743’te Vatopedi Manastırı’na komşu bir akademi kuruldu. Evgenios Bulgaris, Batı görüş ve felsefesine uygun biçimde burada ders veriyordu. Fakat her türlü yeniliğe karşı olan cahil keşişlerin baskısıyla bu akademi kapandı. Bugün Vatopedi Manastırı yakınında fundalıklarla kaplı bir tepenin zirvesinde çatısı sökülmüş, bütün ahşap aksamı soyulmuş olarak bu dev ölçülü yapının yalnız taş duvarlardan ibaret harabesi görünmektedir. 1783’te ise eski Protos’u canlandıran bir idare sistemine gidilerek büyük manastırların yirmi temsilcisinden kurulan bir meclis, Aynaroz Manastır Cumhuriyeti’nin idaresini ele aldı.
Osmanlı döneminde Türk idaresi bostancıbaşıya bağlı olarak Karyes’de oturan bir haseki tarafından temsil ediliyordu. 1930’lu yıllarda aile geleneği ve eski Türk kültürü hakkındaki bilgisine rağmen bir Türk tiyatro yazarının kaleme aldığı Aynaroz Kadısı adlı bir komedi metni, Aynaroz’daki Türk idaresi hakkında çok yanlış kanaate varılmasına sebep olmuştur. Keşişler arasında cereyan eden âdi polis olayları, Türk arşivinde tesadüfen rastladığımız vesikalardan anlaşıldığına göre Osmanlı Devleti tarafından büyük bir dikkat ve ciddiyetle hallediliyor ve suçlular araştırılarak cezalandırılıyordu. Yunan ayaklanması sırasında 1821-1830 yıllarında 3000 kadar Türk askeri burada konaklamış, 1830’dan sonra yeniden eski düzene dönülmüştür. Manastırları 1953’te ziyaret ettiğimizde buradaki din adamları 500 yıllık Osmanlı-Türk idaresinin Aynaroz için en mutlu ve sakin devir olduğunu açıkça ifade etmişlerdir. XIX. yüzyılda buradaki yabancı manastırlarda milliyetçilik hareketleri ön plana geçmiştir. Önceleri on sekiz Yunan manastırı karşısında Sırplar’a ait Khilandari ve Bulgarlar’a ait Zografu Manastırı varken 1875’te Ruslar Pandeleimonos Manastırı’na hâkim olarak meclise girme hakkını almışlardır. 1912 yılı Kasım ayında Balkan Savaşı’nın neticesinde Yunan ordusu Aynaroz’a girerek Türk idaresine son vermiştir. Fakat her şeye rağmen burası müstakil idaresini Yunan hükümetine kabul ettirmiş olduğundan yarımada bağımsız olarak kalabilmiştir. Türk kaymakamın yerini Karyes kasabasında oturan bir Yunanlı idareci almış, posta ile iskelelerinin kontrolünü Yunan gümrük ve polisine bırakmıştır. Bugün Aynaroz’a İstanbul’daki patrikhânenin veya Atina’da bulunan Aynaroz temsilcisinin vizesiyle girilebilmektedir. Denizden bakıldığında yeşilliklerin arasında çok heybetli kâgir beyaz kitleleri ve yüksek kuleleri ile dikkati çeken birçok manastırdan başka sarp yamaçların kovuklarına asılmış, hiçbir teşkilâta bağlı olmaksızın tek başlarına yaşayan târik-i dünyâların tahta parçalarından yapılmış barakaları da görülmektedir. Bunların genellikle dış dünya ile bağlantıları, kendilerine verilen yiyecekleri çektikleri ucuna bir sepet bağlanmış uzun bir ipten ibarettir. Ayrıca manastırların keşişler tarafından yapılamayan işleri Yunanistan’dan geçici olarak gelen sivil işçiler tarafından görüldüğü gibi tarım, değirmencilik, balıkçılık gibi işler manastırlar tarafından rahip olmayan bazı işleticilere kiralanmıştır. Son yıllarda çok azalan keşiş sayısı (bazı yerlerde on, on beş), bir zamanlar 300-400 kişiyi barındıran manastırların yaşamasını zorlaştırmıştır.
Manastırların Türk-İslâm medeniyeti ile bağlantıları, bunların mimarilerinde kullanılan bazı özelliklerden ve organlardan ibarettir. Manastırların ahşap kısımlarında eski Türk evlerindeki yapı unsurları, cumbalar, geniş saçaklar ve praçollara dayanan geniş çıkmalar vardır. Bazı manastırların avlularında XVI ve XVIII. yüzyıl üslûbunda Türk çeşmeleri de bulunur. Lavra Manastırı’nın avlusundaki şadırvan tamamen Bizans üslûbunda olmakla beraber kubbe kemerlerini taşıyan dört mermer sütunun başlıkları XVII. yüzyıla ait stalaktitli Türk başlıklarıdır. Bunların 1635’te bir İstanbul patriği tarafından gönderildikleri bilinmektedir. Bazı ağaç kilise eşyası da üstlerindeki oyma veya kakma süslemelerden anlaşıldığına göre XVI-XVIII. yüzyıllara ait Türk küçük sanatlarının örnekleridir. Vatopedi Manastırı kilisesinin 1567 tarihli ağaç kapı kanatları hıristiyan ustalar tarafından Türk üslûbunda yapılmıştır. Yemekhanelerin (trapeza) ahşap tavanları da kaplama tekniği ve şualı göbek süslemeleriyle XVIII-XIX. yüzyıl Türk ev, yalı ve konak mimarisindeki tavanların tam benzeridir.
Manastırların çok zengin arşiv ve kütüphaneleri vardır. Bunlarda Bizans devrine ait yazmalar dışında çok sayıda Osmanlı irade ve fermanı da bulunmaktadır. 1953’te üç manastırı ziyaret ettiğimizde Vatopedi Manastırı Kütüphanesi’nde camlı ve çerçeveli olarak duvara asılmış, tuğraları tezhipli sekiz Osmanlı fermanı ile karşılaşmıştık. Dölger, Aynaroz hakkındaki kitabında Aynaroz manastırlarını vergi mültezimlerinden koruyan Sultan III. Mustafa’nın 1764 tarihli bir fermanının fotoğrafını yayımlamıştır. Bu vesile ile, hemen hemen manastırların hepsinde şimdiye kadar kimsenin önemsemediği ve bu yüzden de incelemediği şaşılacak derecede çok sayıda Osmanlı vesikası bulunduğunu ve yayımladığı bir resmin bu konuda çalışabilecekleri belki harekete geçirebileceğini umduğunu yazmıştır. Son yıllarda bu vesikalardan bazılarının incelenip yayımlanmasına başlanmıştır.
Aynaroz manastırlarının kiliselerinde karşılaşılan Türk sanat eserlerinden bir grubu çinilerle, çeşitli kap kacak teşkil eder. XVII. yüzyılda hıristiyan müşteriler tarafından İznik çini atölyelerine ısmarlanan çinilere Stavronikita, Pantokratoros ve Lavra manastırlarında rastlanmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı İznik tabakları cephelere yapıştırılmak suretiyle dış süslemede de kullanılmıştır. Daha geç devre ait Kütahya çinileri de (XVIII. yüzyıl) süslemede yer aldıktan başka XIX. yüzyılın Çanakkale tabaklarından da süslemede kullanılanlar görülmüştür. Kutlumusiu Manastırı’nda İznik çinilerinden başka Kütahya çinileri de vardır. İviron’da büyük panolar halinde selvilerle süslü çiniler bulunmakta, ayrıca şaşılacak zenginlikte İznik ve Kütahya tabakları da görülmektedir. Hatta bunlardan birinin “Haliç işi” denilen gruptan olması muhtemeldir. Lavra Manastırı’nda çini üzerine yazılmış Eylül 1678 tarihli iki kitâbeden, İznik çinilerinin yapılış tarihi açık surette öğrenilmektedir. Burada da dış duvarlara yapıştırılmış İznik tabakları vardır. Dokhiariu Manastırı kilisesinde ise mihrap kısmında yere döşenmiş olarak güzel İznik çinileri ile karşılaşılır.
Türkçe’de kullanılan karye kelimesinin karşılığı olan Karyes’te Türk devrine ait bir yapı olup olmadığını bilmiyoruz. Burada herhalde önce hasekiye, son devirde ise kaymakama mahsus bir makam ile bir konak ve bir de mescid bulunmalıdır. Grekçe bir Aynaroz haritasında berzahın kenarında işaretlenen “Tourkion phylakeion” (Türk çeşmesi) adı ise herhalde burada mevcut bir çeşmenin hâtırası olmalıdır.
Manastırlardan birinin adı olan Kutlumusiu öteden beri dikkati çeker. Bu Selçuklu Türkleri’nde rastlanan Kutulmuş (Kutalmış) adının pek yakın bir benzeridir. Yaygın bir kanaate göre, talihsiz bir saltanatı olan II. İzzeddin Keykâvus’un Anna adında hıristiyan bir kadından doğan oğlu babası ile Bizans’a sığındıklarında Melik Konstantinos adını alarak Ortodoksluğa geçmiş ve Konya’ya hâkim olmak üzere başarısız bir teşebbüsten sonra keşiş olarak Aynaroz’a çekilerek bu manastırı kurmuştur. Ancak XVIII. yüzyıla doğru bu manastırın rahipleri düzmece bir vesika uydurup manastırın kurucusu olarak bir Bizans hükümdarını göstermek istemişlerdir. Manastırın adında Rumca olmayan Kutulmuş veya Kutlumuş, Kutalmış kelimesinin varlığı açıktır. Fakat bunun esasının gerçekten Selçuklu Sultanı İzzeddin Keykâvus’un bir oğluna ne dereceye kadar dayandığı bilinemez. Louisidis ise bu adın esasının bir Selçuklu adından değil, “kutsal yer, Îsâ’nın yeri” anlamına gelen Arapça asıllı Kuddusünü’l-Mesîh veya Kudsü’l-Mesîh ’ten geldiğini iddia eder. Bu kelimeleri Kouddoussounoulmassih ve Koudsoulmassih imlâsı ile yazar ve adın manastıra verilişini hıristiyan Arap rahiplerin buraya göç edişlerine bağlar. Son yıllarda Yunanlılar’ca ortaya atılan yeni bir görüşe göre Kutlumusiu adı kotyle (kupa) ve mousa (peri) kelimelerinin birleşmesinden doğmuş olup bu bir keşişin lakabı iken bütün manastırın adı olmuştur. Ancak bu iddia da hiç inandırıcı değildir. Fakat her şeye rağmen bu manastır bir vesikadan anlaşıldığına göre Kutlumusiu adıyla 1169’da mevcuttu.
Xeropotamou Manastırı ile ilgili olarak da şöyle bir efsane vardır: Bu manastır Sivas’ın kırk azizlerine ithaf edilmiştir. Mısır seferi esnasında bu azizler Yavuz Sultan Selim’in rüyasına girmiş, tam o sıralarda yangın geçirerek harap olan manastırı padişah yeniden yaptırtmıştır. Bu yüzden de Sultan Selim bu dinî kuruluşun “ktetoru” yani bânisi sayılmış ve kırk azizlerin ikonası önünde Sultan Selim’in hâtırasına olmak üzere altı kandil yakılması usulden olmuştu. Bu geleneğin hâlâ sürdürüldüğüne dair bir bilgimiz yoktur.
Aynaroz, Osmanlı idaresinin İslâm dini dışındaki diğer inanışlara karşı ne kadar geniş bir müsamaha gösterdiğinin en güzel örneğidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf. – P. Wittek, “Recherches sur l’histoire et le status des monasteres athoniques sous la domination turques I”, Archives d’Histoire du Droit Oriental , III, Bruxelles 1947, s. 383-443.
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E. A. Zachariadou, Ottoman Documents from the Archives of Dionysiou (Mount Athos), Romania and the Turks , Cambridge 1985.
N. Beldiceanu, “A Propos de deux registres Ottomans de recensement des monasteres du Mont-Athos”, Byzantion , LII, Bruxelles 1982, s. 496-499.
a.mlf., “II-A propos des registres de recensement ottomans TT 70 et TT 403”, a.e. , LV (1985), s. 409-412.
H. Lowry, “Polemique a propos d’un compte-rendu paru dans Byzantion, I. Response”, “III-The Last Word?”, a.e. , LV (1985), s. 403-408, 413-414.
M. Balivet, “Deux Monasteres byzantins fondés par des Turcs: Koutloummoussiou/Kutulmuş et Dourachani/Turahan”, Osm.Ar. , V (1986), s. 51-64.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 267-269 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.