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AYNİZÜBEYDE Skip to content Arafat ile Tâif arasında çıkan ve Arafat üzerinden Mekke’ye ulaştırılan su.
Aynihuneyn veya Ayniarafat adlarıyla da bilinen Aynizübeyde’nin su yolu, Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd’in eşi Zübeyde Hanım (ö. 831) tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Kaynakların yazdığına göre, birçok hayır eseri sahibi olan Zübeyde Hanım bu su yolunu 828-829 yıllarında 1.700.000 miskal altın sarfederek Mekke-i Mükerreme’ye ulaştırmaya muvaffak olmuş, böylece gerek Arafat’ta hac esnasında gerekse Mekke’de bütün yıl boyunca çekilen su sıkıntısını bir ölçüde çözüme ulaştırmıştır. Mekke-Tâif yolu üzerindeki Tâd dağının eteğinden çıkarak Huneyn vadisinde akan suyun Arafat’a ulaştırılabilmesi için Zübeyde Hanım Huneyn vadisindeki bütün hurma bahçelerini satın alarak iptal ettirmiştir. Arafat’a indirilen su önce orada bir havuz vasıtasıyla çevreye taksim edilmiş, kalan su ise yine kanallarla Mekke’ye ulaştırılmıştır. Ancak bu tesisat zamanla gelen sel sularıyla yer yer tahrip olarak kanalların içi suyun taşıdığı topraklarla dolmuş ve bunun üzerine 847 yılında Abbâsî halifelerinden Mütevekkil-Alellah Ca‘fer b. Muhammed tarafından tamir ettirilmiştir. Ancak sonraki yıllarda Arafat’a su çok az gelmeye başlamış ve Peçevî’nin ifadesine göre, çok sıkıntı çekilerek arefe günü “bir parmakla kaldırılabilecek hafiflikte” bir kırba suyun bir altına satıldığı görülmüştür. Nihayet Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında 931 (1524-25) yılında ana kaynağa yenileri eklenmiş ve su yolları baştan aşağıya genel bir tamirden geçirilmiş, ayrıca Arafat’a ve Mekke’ye sarnıç olarak kullanılmak üzere büyük ilâve havuzlar yaptırılmıştır. Evliya Çelebi yaptırılan bu havuzları, “Üç birke-i azîme bina etmiş kim gûyâ bir bu hayredir” ve “Cebel-i Arafat’ın dibinde havz-ı azîmler var kim her biri birer deryâdır” diyerek göle ve denize benzetir. Osmanlı kayıtlarında “Arafat suyu” diye geçen Aynizübeyde kanallarının daha sonraki yıllarda da birçok defa tamir ve bakımı yapılmıştır. Bu tamir ve bakım işlerine ait yazışmalarla muhasebe kayıtlarına vekāyi‘nâmelerde ve Başvekâlet Arşivi’nde bulunan vesikalar arasında bol miktarda rastlanmaktadır.
Aynizübeyde Tamirleri. Kuruluşunun üzerinden henüz on dokuz yıl geçmeden Mütevekkil-Alellah devrindeki ilk tamiratla başlayan su yollarının bakımı daha sonraları periyodik olarak otuz yılda bir esaslı şekilde ele alınmış, her seferinde sellerle dolan kanallar temizlenerek genişletilip suya yeni kaynaklar ilâve edilmiştir. Abbâsîler devrinde bundan başka birçok tamir gören tesisat daha sonra da Irak hâkimi Ebû Saîd’in emîrlerinden Emîr Çoban (734/1333-34), Mekke Emîri Hasan b. Aclân (811/1408-1409), Mısırlı Çerkes meliklerden Ebü’n-Nasr Şeyh Mahmûd (821/1418), Sultan Kayıtbay (875/1470) ve Sultan Kansu Gavri (917/1511) tarafından tamir ettirilmiştir.
Osmanlı devrinde ise 931-937 (1524-1530) yılları arasında tekrar elden geçirilen Aynizübeyde ve ona eklenen Aynihanîn kanalları ile Arafat ve Mekke bol suya kavuşturulmuştur. Tamirat ve temizlik işleri devamlı bakım şeklinde ele alınmış ve işin idaresine getirilen Muslihuddin Efendi bu görev için zenci kölelerden bir sürekli işçi grubu kurmuştur. Dikkati çeken husus, bu kölelerin zenci câriyelerle evlendirilmeleri ve çocuklarının da yine aynı işte çalıştırılmalarıdır. 937 (1530) yılında vefat eden Muslihuddin Efendi’den otuz yıl sonra İstanbul’a, Mekke şerifi ve diğer âyan tarafından su yollarının tamiratıyla ilgili bir dilekçe gönderildi. Bunun üzerine kanalların durumunu incelemekle görevlendirilen Mekke kadısı Abdülbâkī b. Ali el-Mağribî ve Cidde mutasarrıfı Hayreddin Bey’in de dahil olduğu bir heyet, 30.000 altın sarfına ihtiyaç gösteren bir tamirat raporu ile bölgenin haritasını hazırladı. Tamirat işi, Kanûnî’nin kızı Mihrimah Sultan tarafından eski Mısır defterdarı İbrâhim Bey’e verildi ve kendisine 50.000 altın ödendi. İbrâhim Bey 1557 veya 1562, diğer bir kayda göre de 970 (1563) yılının 22 Zilkade Cuma günü Cidde’ye vardı ve ertesi gün Mekke şerifi Seyyid Hassân b. Nu‘mân ile görüştü. Önce Arafat’ta şantiye kurularak 400 kadar usta, mühendis ve işçiyle faaliyete geçildi ise de kısa zamanda çalışanların sayısı 1000’e çıkarıldı. 1566 yılında vefat eden İbrâhim Bey’in yerine bu görev Cidde mutasarrıfı Kasım Bey’e, daha sonra da Mekke Şâfiî müftüsü Hüseyin b. Ebû Bekir el-Hüseynî’ye verildi. 1573 yılında tamiratın bitmesi üzerine Müftü el-Hüseynî bir açılış yaptı ve bu münasebetle Devlet-i Osmâniyye’ye dualar edildi; İstanbul’dan gönderilen hil‘atler ve çeşitli hediyeler de sahiplerine dağıtıldı. III. Mustafa devrinde su yollarının tekrar tamire ihtiyaç göstermesi üzerine 1757 yılında Feyzullah Efendi adında bir memur gönderildi. 86.000 kuruş sarfedilen bu tamir ve bakım çalışmaları üç yıl sürdü.
1798 yılı olaylarını anlatan Cevdet Paşa, Haremeyn hazinesinin muvazene defterini verirken, “masârif-i râh-ı Ayn-i Arafât” karşılığında 3000 kuruş göstermektedir (Târih , VI, 388, 389). Ancak II. Mahmud devrinde tekrar tamirata ihtiyaç duyulmuş ve bunun üzerine Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya bu konuda geniş yetkiler verilmiştir (1819).
1846 yılında Aynizübeyde’nin kaynakları arasına Ayniza‘ferân adıyla yeni bir kaynağın ilâve edildiği görülmektedir. Bu devirde yapılan çalışmalara, hacca gelen Hintli müslümanlardan Elmas Ağa’nın katkıları büyük olmuştur. 1878 yılında Hintli müslümanlardan Şeyh Abdurrahman Saraç, her gün 200 işçi çalıştırarak iki ay kadar süren bir onarım faaliyeti sürdürmüş, bundan iki yıl sonra da Hindistan nevvâblarından Gani Efendi tamirata sarfedilmek üzere 4000 Osmanlı lirası göndermiştir.
Aynizübeyde’nin en son tamiri, bu amaçla kurulan bir komisyonun İslâm dünyasından topladığı yardımlarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hindistan müslümanlarından ve nevvâblarından Râmpûr hâkimi Kelb Ali Han 1872 yılında hacca gittiğinde fakir fukaraya çok yardım etmiş ve bu arada su kanallarının tamiratında kullanılmak üzere de 100.000 rupi bağışlamıştır. Onun arkasından Bhopal Kraliçesi Şah Cihan Begüm 20.000 rupi, Hoca Abdülganî Bahâdır Han ve oğlu Muhammed Ahsenullah Han Bahâdır 20.000’er rupi, Kalküta’da oturan Abdülvâhid b. Yûnus adlı bir hayır sever de 2500 rupi vermişlerdir. Toplanan paranın el-Cevâʾib gazetesinin Hindistan temsilcisi Hacı Nur Muhammed Zekeriyyâ eliyle Hicaz’a yollandığı bilinmektedir. Toplam 1.625.000 kuruş olan yardım Cidde’de bulunan tamirat komisyonuna bir törenle teslim edildi. Aynı şekilde Mısır’dan 15.167 Mısır altını gönderildi ve İslâm âleminin diğer bölgelerinden de çeşitli yardımlar geldi. 26 Zilhicce 1297 (29 Ka sım 1880) tarihli Vakit gazetesi ile Mısır’da çıkan Vatan gazetesi (nr. 4489 ve 4503) bu yardımlardan bahsetmişlerdir.
Aynizübeyde tamirat komisyonu çalışmalar sırasında ikiye ayrıldı. Bir kısım üyeler Mekke’nin dışındaki tamir ve inşaat işleriyle, diğerleri ise şehrin içindeki dokuz adet büyük ihtiyat sarnıcı, hazneler ve çeşmelerle meşgul oldu. İstanbul’dan bu komisyonun çalışmalarını incelemek için gönderilen Ahmed Nâşid Bey’in tesbitlerine göre Aynizübeyde Arafat dağından Mekke’ye yaklaşık 4500 m. olup bu yolların ıslahı komisyon tarafından tayin edilen Erkân-ı Harbiyye mühendislerinden Sâdık Bey’e havale edilmiştir. Mısır’da el-Cevâʾib gazetesinde neşredilen Ahmed Nâşid Bey’in raporuna göre, 29 Receb 1300 (5 Haziran 1883) tarihinde tamirat işi Nu‘mân vadisinden Arafat’a kadar olan 2600 metrelik kısımla birlikte müteahhide ihale edilmiş, toplanan para da Aynizübeyde ve ona ilâve edilen Ayniza‘ferân kanallarının tamiratı için 82.168 altın olarak harcanmıştır. Tamir edilen su yollarının toplam uzunluğu yaklaşık 30 km. kadardır. Bu tamirata göre Aynizübeyde kanalları ana hatlarıyla şu yolu takip etmiştir: Nu‘mân vadisinden Kahvetü Arafât’a, oradan Cebelirahme, Hûme ve Hâsıra, Bâzânülcedîd, Kantara-i Âbidiyye, Müzdelife, Mefcer, Mina’da Bâzânülcenne, Bâzânülkadî ve nihayet Mekke’ye ulaşmıştır.
XX. yüzyılda Mekke şehrinin su ihtiyacı modern tesislerle giderilmiştir. Bugün Mekke’den Arafat’a çıkarken Aynizübeyde su yollarının artık tarihi eser niteliği kazanmış olan kalıntılarının yer yer tahrip olmuş izleri görülür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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BA , Mısır Mühimmesi , nr. 1, s. 28-51; nr. 3; nr. 5, s. 544-545; nr. 6, s. 202; nr. 7, 40, 48.
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Muhammed Emîn el-Mekkî, Hulefâ-i İzâm-ı Osmâniyye Hazerâtının Haremeyn-i Şerîfeyndeki Âsâr-ı Mebrûre ve Meşkûre-i Hümâyûnları , İstanbul 1318, s. 11-13, 26, 36 vd., 52.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 279-280 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.