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BABINGER, Franz Skip to content (1891-1967)
Alman tarihçi ve şarkiyatçısı.
Almanya’nın Weiden şehrinde doğdu. Yüksek öğrenimini Münih Ludwig-Maximilian Üniversitesi’nde yaptı ve 1914 yılında Felsefe Fakültesi’nde takdim ettiği Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738), Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Morgenländischen Studien im 18. Jahrhundert (Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer [1694-1738] , XVIII. yüzyılda Doğu araştırmalarına bir katkı) München 1915; adlı teziyle doktor oldu. Birkaç ay sonra başlayan I. Dünya Savaşı’na topçu yedek subayı olarak katıldı. 1915 yılında Türkiye’deki Alman karargâhında görevlendirildi, İstanbul’a geldi ve bir süre Çanakkale savaşlarında bulundu. Buradan savaşla ilgili olarak gönderdiği yazıları Frankfurter Zeitung gazetesinde yayımlandı. Kendisi Çanakkale’de Miralay Mustafa Kemal’le tanıştığını ve irtibat subayı olarak görevlendirildiğini ifade ederse de rütbesi asteğmen veya teğmen olan bir gencin Mustafa Kemal’e ne kadar yaklaşmış olduğu bilinmemektedir. Savaşın sonlarına doğru, Şam’da yayımlanmakta olan Armée-Zeitung Jildirim ’de de birkaç yazısı çıktı. Savaşın sona ermesinden sonra Almanya’da başlayan karışıklıklarda, Münih’te düzenlenen gönüllü alayında âsilere karşı çarpışan Babinger 1920’lerden itibaren kendini tamamen akademik çalışmalara verdi. Schejch Bedr ed-Dīn, der Sohn des Richters von Simāw (Simavna kadısının oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin) adlı teziyle 1921 yılında Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms Üniversitesi’nde doçent oldu. Bir süre Prusya maarif nâzırlığı yapmış olan o yılların ünlü şarkiyatçısı C. H. Becker’in yardımlarıyla 1924 yılında profesörlüğe yükseldi. Bu üniversitede kaldığı 1921-1934 yılları arasında yoğun bir çalışma içine girerek birçok kitap ve makale yayımladı. 1934’te öğrenilemeyen bir sebepten, fakat muhtemelen Naziler’in baskısı yüzünden ve Rumen tarihçisi Nicolae Iorga’nın daveti üzerine Romanya’ya gidip Bükreş ve Yaş üniversitelerinde öğretim üyesi olarak çalıştı.
II. Dünya Savaşı’nın sonlarında Almanya’ya döndü. 1948 yılında Münih Ludwig-Maximilian Üniversitesi Felsefe Fakültesi’nin Yakındoğu Tarih ve Medeniyeti ve Türkoloji Kürsüsü’nün başına geçen Babinger, burada aynı adla bir enstitü kurdu (Institut für Geschichte und Kultur des nahen Orients sowie für Türkologie). Fakat zengin bir kütüphanesi olmasına rağmen bu enstitü herhangi ilmî bir faaliyet göstermedi. Babinger zaten ders vermeyi pek sevmediğinden bu öğretim üyeliği yıllarında önemli bir eğitim ve öğretim faaliyetinde bulunmadı.
Altmışıncı doğum yıl dönümü münasebetiyle 1951 yılında adına, öğrencilerinden J. H. Kissling ve A. Schmaus’un gayretleriyle Münih’teki meslektaşları tarafından yazılmış makalelerden oluşan bir armağan kitap (Serta Monacensia, Franz Babinger zum 15 Januar 1951 , Leiden 1952) yayımlanan Babinger, 1958’de Münih Üniversitesi’nden emekli oldu. Arnavut hükümetinin davetlisi olarak gittiği Draç’ta 23 Haziran 1967 tarihinde öldü. Viyana’ya gönderilen cenazesi orada yakıldı ve külleri Almanya’da Würzburg mezarlığındaki aile mezarına konuldu.
Türk Tarihiyle İlgili Başlıca Eserleri: 1. Stambuler Buchwesen im 18. Jahrhundert (XVIII. yüzyılda İstanbul kitapçılığı, Leipzig 1919).
2. Schejch Bedr ed-Dīn, der Sohn des Richters von Simāw (Berlin 1921).
3. Hans Dernschwam’s Tagebuch einer Reise nach Konstantinopel und Kleinasien (Hans Dernschwam’ın İstanbul ve Anadolu seyahatnâmesi, München-Leipzig 1923).
4. Die Frühosmanischen Jahrbücher des Urudsch (Hannover 1925). Oruç Bey’in Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân ’ının tıpkıbasımıdır.
5. Anatolische Skizzen und Reisebriefe von A. D. Mordtmann (Mordtmann’ın Anadolu’dan çizgiler ve seyahat mektupları, Hannover 1925).
6. Die Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke (Osmanlı tarih yazarları ve eserleri, Leipzig 1927).
7. Aus Südslaviens Türkenzeit (Güney Slav memleketlerinin Türk devri, Berlin 1927).
8. Das Archiv des Bosniaken Osman Pascha (Boşnak Osman Paşa’nın arşivi, Berlin 1931).
9. Die Vita (Menāqıbnāme) des Schejchs Bedr ed-Dīn (Şeyh Bedreddin’in menâkıbnâmesi, Leipzig 1943).
10. Beiträge zur Frühgeschichte der Türkenherrschaft in Rumelien (Rumeli’de Türk idaresinin erken devri hakkında araştırmalar, München 1944).
11. Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit (Fâtih Sultan Mehmed ve zamanı, München 1953).
12. Sultanische Urkunden zur Geschichte der osmanischen Wirtschaft und Staatsverwaltung am Ausgang der Herrschaft Mehmeds II. der Eroberers, I-Teil: Das Qānūn-Nāme-i Sultānī ber Mūdscheb-i Örf-i Osmānī (München 1956). Bir Osmanlı kanunnâmesinin tıpkıbasımıdır.
13. Fetihnâme-i Sultan Mehmed (İstanbul 1956). Kıvâmî’nin mevcut tek nüshası bir sahaf tarafından 1935’te Berlin Devlet Kütüphanesi’ne satılan eserinin tıpkıbasımıdır.
Babinger bu çalışmalarından başka ilmî dergilerde pek çok makale, kitap tanıtma ve tenkit yazıları ile ölen ilim adamları için nekrolojiler kaleme almış, başta İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’nin Avrupa’daki baskısı olmak üzere öteki bazı ansiklopedilerde çeşitli maddeler yazmıştır.
Sanat Tarihiyle İlgili Başlıca Araştırmaları. 1. Vier Bauvorschläge Lionardo da Vinci’s an Sultan Bajezid II (Sultan II. Bayezid’e Leonardo da Vinci’nin dört proje teklifi, Göttingen 1952);
2. Drei Stadtansichten von Konstantinopel, Galata und Skutari aus dem Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts (XVI. yüzyıl sonlarına ait İstanbul, Galata ve Üsküdar’ın üç manzarası, Wien 1959);
3. Zwei Stambuler Stadtansichten aus den Jahren 1616 und 1642 (1616 ve 1642 yıllarına ait iki İstanbul manzara resmi, München 1960);
4. Ein Weiteres Sultansbild von Gentile Bellini? (Gentile Bellini’nin bir başka sultan portresi mi?, Wien 1961);
5. Ein unbemerkte holländische Grossansicht von Konstantinopel (İstanbul’un gözden kaçmış bir Felemenk tablosu, Göttingen 1962);
6. Ein Weiteres Sultansbild von Gentile Bellini, aus Russischen Besitz (Rusya’da Gentile Bellini’nin bir başka sultan portresi, 1962).
Babinger’in asıl şöhretini sağlayan eserleri Osmanlı tarihçilerine ve Fâtih’e dair olanlardır. Bunlardan büyükçe boyda 400 sayfayı aşan Die Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke adlı eserinde Babinger, Osmanlı tarihi üzerine eser bırakan müelliflerin bilindiği kadarı ile hayatlarını, eserlerini, bu eserlerin el yazmalarının bulunduğu kütüphaneleri, eğer varsa baskı ve tercümelerini kısa notlar halinde vermeye çalışmış, fakat bunda pek başarılı olamamıştır. Nitekim bir başka Alman Türkologu Paul Wittek, 1932’de yayımladığı bir tenkit yazısında Babinger’in bu eserindeki hataları kısmen belirtmiştir. Düzeltme ve ilâvelerle yeni baskısını yapacağını vaad ettiği halde Babinger tenkitlerden çekindiği için bunu gerçekleştirmemiştir. İçindeki bilgiler bakımından artık çok eskimiş bulunmakla beraber henüz daha iyisi yazılamayan bu eser Coşkun Üçok tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş (Osmanlı Tarih Yazarları ve Eserleri ) ve 1982’de Ankara’da yayımlanmıştır (bu tercümenin Kemal Beydilli tarafından yapılan tenkidi için bk. MÜTAD , sy. 1, s. 358-365).
Babinger’in İstanbul’un 500. fetih yıldönümü münasebetiyle kaleme aldığı Mehmed der Eroberer und Seine Zeit (München 1953, 1959) adlı eseri de büyük yankılar yapmıştır. Daha sonra Fransızca (Paris 1954) ve İtalyanca (Torino 1957) olarak yayımlanan eserle ilgili birçok tenkit yazısı çıkmıştır (Ananiasz Zajaczkowski, V. Türk Tarih Kongresi [12-17.IV.1956] , s. 12-17; Hasan Âli Yücel, Cumhuriyet , nr. 11401, 22.4.1956; Mihail Guboğlu, “A Propos de la Monographie du Professeur Franz Babinger …”, SAO [1959], II, 217-237; Halil İnalcık, Speculum , XXXV [1960], s. 408-427; P. Wittek, Bibliotheca Orientalis [1957], XIV, 405-406). Birçok büyük yanlışlık ihtiva eden eserin en şaşırtıcı yönü Fâtih’in şahsiyetiyle ilgili satırlardır. Babinger bu kısımları yazarken Türk hükümdarını kötülemek için yabancıların vaktiyle ona yakıştırdıkları dedikodu türünden söylentileri, gerçek olup olmadıklarını araştırma gereği duymadan aynen kitabına dercetmekten kaçınmamıştır. Bu hususta kendisine yöneltilen tenkitleri de hiçbir zaman ciddiye almamış, bunları gereksiz birer gayretkeşlik olarak görmüştür. Halbuki eserin kaynakları, içinde gösterilmediği gibi vaad edildiği halde ayrı bir cilt halinde de yayımlanmamıştır. Bu durumun ilim ciddiyetiyle bağdaştırılamayacağı âşikârdır. Nitekim onun bibliyografya referanslarını bazan işine geldiği şekilde kullanma gibi ilim ahlâkına aykırı düşen bu tavrı Osmanlı tarihçileriyle ilgili eserinde de P. Wittek tarafından tesbit edilmiştir. Babinger buna benzer bir hafifliği 1960’ta basılan Zwei Stambuler Stadtansichten… adlı araştırmasında da yapmıştır.
İnsan olarak kendisini çevresine pek sevdiremediği bilinen Babinger, ömrü boyunca Türk tarihiyle uğraşmış olduğu halde nedense Türkler’i pek sevmemiş ve fırsat düştükçe bunu belirtmekten çekinmemiştir. Osmanlı tarihçileriyle ilgili eserinde Türkler’i “çoban millet” (Babinger [Üçok] , s. 7) olarak nitelemesi, bir İsviçre gazetesinde fethin 500. yıldönümü münasebetiyle yazdığı makalede fetih olayı için “kan gölü” terimini kullanması bunun sadece iki örneğidir. Bununla birlikte Babinger’in yaptığı araştırmalar, yayımladığı kronikler ve eski Alman seyahatnâmeleriyle Türk tarihine hizmet ettiği inkâr edilemez. Babinger’in büyük bir kısmı erken devir Osmanlı ve İstanbul tarihiyle ilgili makalelerinin seksen üç tanesi, merkezi Münih’te olan Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft (Güneydoğu Avrupa Kurumu) tarafından üç cilt halinde derlenerek yayımlanmıştır (Aufsätze und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte Südosteuropas und der Levante , I-III, München 1962, 1966, 1976). Bunlardan I. (s. 1-51) ve III. ciltlerde (s. 1-9) Babinger’in 1910-1968 yılları arasında basılmış eser ve yazılarının bibliyografyası yer almaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fr. Babinger, Aufsätze und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte Südosteuropas und der Levante , München 1962, I, 1-51 (1976); III, 1-9.
Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn , Kahire 1980, II, 456-459.
H. J. Kissling, “Franz Babinger (1891-1967)”, SOF , sy. 26 (1967), s. 375-379.
Yılmaz Öztuna, “Alman Türkoloğu Prof. Babinger’le Bir Konuşma”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası , sy. 9, İstanbul 1967, s. 19-21.
Mihail Guboğlu, “Franz Babinger”, SAO , VII (1968), s. 233-235.
TA , V, 18-19.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Babinger, Franz”, İst.A , IV, 1773-1774.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 390-392 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.