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BAHREYN Skip to content Basra körfezinde otuz beş adadan oluşan ülke.
Adını adaların en büyüğü olan Bahreyn’den alır; Arapça bahreyn kelimesi “iki deniz” anlamındadır. Suudi Arabistan’ın doğu kıyılarına 24, Katar’ın batı kıyısına 28 km. uzaklıktadır. Başşehir Menâme’nin de bulunduğu Bahreyn adasının dışında önemli adalar Ümmüna‘san, Muharrak, Cide, Ümmüsabban, Nebî Sâlih, Sâye ve Hasîfe’dir. Ülke emirlik adı verilen bir tür monarşiyle idare edilir.
Adaların yer yapısını, eski deniz dibi depolarının sonradan yükselmesiyle meydana gelen kalkerli bir taban ve bunun üstünü örten kumlu birikintiler oluşturur. Kumlarla kaplı geniş düzlükler arasında yer yer kayalıklara da rastlanır; en yüksek nokta Bahreyn adasında bulunan 122 m. yüksekliğindeki Cebeliduhan’dır. Adaların iç suları çok sığ olduğundan bazı yerler doldurularak arazi elde edilmiş ve bu şekilde Bahreyn ile Muharrak adaları arasında da bir yol bağlantısı kurulmuştur. Ülkenin yüzölçümü, denizden kazanılan yeni arazilerle birlikte 692 kilometrekareye varır. Adaların iklimi sıcak ve rutubetli olup yıllık yağış miktarı ortalama 7 cm. kadardır; yoğun buharlaşma sebebiyle hava nisbeten nemlidir. Yaz aylarındaki kavurucu sıcaklık kış aylarında yerini yumuşak bir iklime bırakır. Yer altı sularının zenginliği ve kuyuların bolluğu sayesinde yeşil bir bitki örtüsü meydana getirilmiştir. Tatlı su, denizden fazla uzak olmayan noktalarda artezyen kuyularından fışkırır; su bulunmayan kesimlerde ise arıtma tesislerinden elde edilen sular kullanılmaktadır.
1971 yılında 216.078 olan nüfusu 1981’de 350.798’e, 1989’da da 489.000’e ulaştı. Toplam nüfusun % 82’si Bahreyn asıllı, % 5’i Umanlı, geri kalan kısmı da Hindistan, Pakistan ve İranlıdır. Bahreyn’de ayrıca hükümet tarafından resmî kurumlarda görevlendirilen ve petrol şirketlerinde çalıştırılan 15-20.000 civarında da İngiliz ve Amerikalı yaşamaktadır. Hindistan, İran ve Pakistanlılar’ın çoğu ticaretle uğraşırken Umanlılar tarım alanlarında istihdam edilmektedirler. Diğer Arap ülkelerinden olanlar ise daha çok eğitim kurumlarında çalışmaktadırlar. Nüfusun dörtte üçü başşehir Menâme (151.500) ile ülkenin ikinci büyük şehri olan Muharrak’ta (80.000) toplanmıştır ve şehirleşme ekonomik kalkınmaya bağlı olarak gelişmektedir. Bahreyn’de yıllık nüfus artış oranı 1971 yılında % 4.4 iken son yıllarda bu oran % 3.6’ya düşmüştür; bununla birlikte toplam nüfus içerisinde gençlerin oranı yüksektir. Eğitim ve öğretimin mecburi tutulmadığı, resmî okulların yanı sıra özel ve dinî okulların da mevcut olduğu ülkede eğitim çağındaki çocukların okula gitme oranı % 63’tür; 1986 yılında 139 resmî eğitim ve öğretim kurumunda toplam 85.867 öğrenci bulunmaktaydı. 1984’te öğretime başlayan Körfez Üniversitesi ülkenin tek üniversitesidir. Devletin resmî dili Arapça, birinci yabancı dil ise İngilizce’dir. Halk arasında bulunan İran ve Hindistan göçmenleri sebebiyle ülkede Farsça ile bazı Hindustânî lehçeleri de konuşulmaktadır. Halkın hemen hemen hepsi müslüman olan Bahreyn’de resmî din İslâm’dır. Nüfusun % 40-45’i Sünnî, % 55-60’ı Şiî olup Şiîler genellikle Ca‘ferî ve Şeyhî, Sünnîler ise Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezhebindendir. Yönetimi elinde bulunduran halife ailesi ise Sünnî’dir.
Ülkenin ekonomisi genelde petrol arıtma, tabii gaz üretimi ve hizmet sektörlerine dayanmaktadır. 1932 yılında çıkarılmaya ve 1934 yılında da ihraç edilmeye başlanmış olan petrolün üretimi 1935’te 1 milyon ton, 1948-1956 arasında 1,5 milyon ton ve 1970’te de 3,8 milyon tona ulaşmış, fakat son yıllarda mevcut rezervlerin azalması sebebiyle düşmüştür. Petrol rezervlerinin 1995’te biteceği sanılmakta ve bu bakımdan hükümet ülke ekonomisinin petrole olan bağımlılığını azaltmaya, başka gelir kaynakları bulmaya çalışmaktadır. Sitre adasında kurulan aylık 250.000 varil kapasiteli petrol arıtma tesisleri Abadan’dan sonra Ortadoğu’nun ikinci büyük rafinerisi durumunda olup Suudi Arabistan’dan ve diğer yerlerden getirilen ham petrolü işlemektedir. Ülkede bulunan zengin tabii gaz kaynakları (200 milyar m3 ) Bahreyn’in ekonomisinde büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Bahreyn petrol üreticisi bir ülke olmaktan çok işlenmiş petrol ihracatçısı olarak bilinmektedir. Çoğu özel teşebbüsün elinde bulunan sanayi sektöründe alüminyum eritme tesisleri de önemlidir. Bunların dışında geleneksel Arap modeli tekne imalâtı, balıkçılık, inci avcılığı ve halıcılık gibi sektörlerin önemi azalmış olmakla birlikte bu alanlardaki faaliyetler düşük seviyede de olsa sürdürülmektedir. Diğer taraftan Mine Selman’daki modern tersanelerde 1000 tona kadar gemilerin tamir ve bakımı yapılabilmektedir.
Tarım alanında kendine yetecek miktarda sebze ve bazı hububat türleri, hayvancılıkta da keçi, koyun ve sığır yetiştirilmektedir. Tarım ve balıkçılıktan elde edilen gelirin millî gelir içerisindeki payı sadece % 2 kadardır. 2 milyar Bahreyn dinarına yaklaşan ülkenin millî geliri içerisinde endüstri ve hizmet sektöründen elde edilen miktarın payı büyüktür. Son yıllarda bankacılık, turizm ve ulaştırma alanlarında önemli gelişmeler gösteren Bahreyn’de çok sayıda milletlerarası banka, ticaret şirketi ve finans kurumunun şubeleri bulunmaktadır. Komşu Arap ülkelerinden turist çekmek için çeşitli alt yapı tesisleri kurulmuş ve ulaşım sistemi modernleştirilmiştir. Muharrak adasındaki havaalanı, bölgenin ulaşımı en yoğun olan havaalanıdır. Bunun yanı sıra deniz yoluyla da ulaşım gelişmiştir. Bahreyn adası 25 km. uzunluğunda bir köprü ile Suudi Arabistan’ın Huber kıyılarına, 2,5 km. uzunluğundaki başka bir köprü ile de Muharrak adasına bağlanmıştır ve ülkede çok gelişmiş bir ulaşım şebekesi mevcuttur.
Bahreyn adası, tarihin en işlek denizyolu üzerinde önemli bir stratejik noktada yer alması, sığ sularında kolaylıkla elde edilebilen kaliteli inci bulunması, ayrıca zengin hurmalıklara sahip olması sebebiyle ilk devirlerden itibaren iskân edilmiş ve pek çok istilâya mâruz kalmıştır. Adada, ilk önce coğrafyacı Amasyalı Strabon tarafından görülerek Fenikeliler’e ait olduğu söylenen pek çok mezar yapısı bulunmaktadır. Yapılan son arkeolojik kazı ve araştırmalar, sayıları 150.000 kadar olan bu mezarların milâttan önce 2800-1800 yılları arasına tarihlenmeleri gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.
Bölgenin İslâm’dan önceki tarihî durumu hakkında Yunan, Latin ve Arap kaynakları yeterli bilgi vermemektedir. Arap rivayetleri Bahreyn’de kaybolan Arap kabilelerinden bahsetmektedir. İlk devirlere ait kabileler arasından Kahtânîler’in Ezd kolu Uman’a göçmüş, diğerleri ise Bahreyn’de kurulduğu söylenen Tenuh birliğine bağlanmıştır. Bölgeye sonradan da Adnânîler’in Temîm, Bekir ve Tağlib kollarından çeşitli kabileler gelmiştir. Hz. Peygamber devrinde yine Adnânîler’den olan Abdülkays kolunun, bölgedeki nüfusun çoğunluğunu teşkil ettiği bilinmektedir. Nestûrî halkın yaşadığı Bahreyn’e İslâmiyet’in girişi barış yoluyla olmuştur. Bahreynli el-Eşec diye tanınan Münzir b. Âiz el-Abdî, beraberinde yirmi kişiden oluştuğu tahmin edilen bir heyetle Medîne-i Münevvere’ye gelerek Hz. Peygamber’i ziyaret etmiş ve heyettekiler açıklamamakla birlikte Müslümanlığı kabul etmişlerdi; Amr b. Abdülkays da bu ilk gizli müslümanlardandır. Mekke’nin fethinden sonra Hz. Peygamber 8. hicrî yılda Bahreyn’e Alâ b. Hadramî’yi gönderdi. Hz. Peygamber’in davet mektubunu götüren Alâ b. Hadramî Bahreyn hâkimi Münzir b. Sâvâ ile görüştü ve Belâzürî’de nakledildiğine göre Arap ve İranlılar’dan oluşan ada halkının çoğunluğu İslâmiyet’i kabul etti. Bunun üzerine Medine İslâm Devleti’ne bağlanan Bahreyn’de müslüman ahaliden öşür, diğerlerinden ise haraç alınmaya başlandı. Medine’ye ikinci heyetin gelişi 9. veya 10. hicrî yılda olmuştur. Cârûd b. Muallâ el-Abdî başkanlığındaki bu heyet üyeleri de Bahreyn’e döndüklerinde kabileleri Abdülkays içinde İslâmiyet’i yaymaya gayret ettiler. Münzir b. Sâvâ’dan sonra Cârûd ve Hutam el-Abdî Bahreyn hâkimi oldular. Daha sonra yanına Arap ve İranlı olmayan unsurları alan Hutam ile Bekir b. Vâil ve Rebîa kabileleri birleşerek İslâm’a karşı ridde hareketini başlattılar. Kısa zamanda bölgede bulunan Hicr, Katîf ve Darin şehirlerini ele geçirdiler ve eski Bahreyn hâkimi Münzir b. Sâvâ’nın köyü olan Cüvâsâ’yı kuşattılar. Halife Hz. Ebû Bekir devrinde gelişen bu ridde hareketi üzerine bölgeye Alâ b. Hadramî kumandasında kuvvetler gönderildi. Hicaz’dan çıkan İslâm ordusu Bahreyn yolunda iken önce Yemâme’de Temîm ve sonra da Benî Hanîfe bölgesinden geçti. Benî Hanîfe kabilesinden Sümâme b. Üsâl el-Hanefî başkanlığındaki kuvvetlerle Temîm kabilesinden birtakım askerler Alâ b. Hadramî kumandasındaki İslâm kuvvetlerine katıldılar. Hutam b. Dübey‘a kumandasındaki mürtedler Hicr’de kuşatıldı ve bu arada Cârûd b. Muallâ kuvvetlerinin de kuşatmaya katılmasıyla İslâm ordusu daha da güçlenmiş oldu. Savaşta mürtedlerin başı olan Hutam öldürüldü; Benî Hanîfe kabilesinin reisi Sümâme el-Hanefî de şehid düştü. Ridde hareketinden sonra tekrar İslâm devletine tâbi olan Bahreyn Emevîler döneminde idarî yönden Basra’ya bağlandı. Daha sonraki yıllarda ise Necde b. Âmir ve Ebû Füdeyk idaresindeki Hâricîler’in Bahreyn’e hâkim oldukları görülmektedir. Bahreyn, Emevî ve Abbâsî dönemlerinde bu devletlere bağlı kalmakla beraber zaman zaman burada Şiîler’le Hâricîler güçlenerek kendi başlarına hareket etmişlerdir. Bu arada da Lahsâ’da (Ahsâ) müstakil bir devlet kuran Karmatîler Bahreyn’deki bedevîler arasında taraftar bulmuş ve 317 (929) yılında Mekke’ye girerek Kâbe’den aldıkları Hacer-i Esved’i buraya götürüp yirmi yıl muhafaza etmişlerdir. Daha sonra adanın sırasıyla Uyûnîler, Salgurlular, Tabîler, Cebrîler idaresinde kaldığı ve Cebrîler devrinde çoğunluğun Şiîler’den Sünnîler’e geçtiği görülmektedir.
XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Aden ve Kızıldeniz’i kontrolleri altında tutan Portekizliler, 1521’de Bahreyn’i ele geçirdiler. Bu dönemde Osmanlılar da körfezde varlıklarını hissettirerek bölgede Portekiz hâkimiyetinin daha fazla gelişmesine engel olmuşlar ve hatta 1559 yılında Bahreyn’i ele geçirip orada bir üs kurmuşlardır. Daha sonra tekrar Portekizliler’in idaresine geçen adalar, 1602’de İran’a bağlı kuvvetler tarafından dışarı çıkarılmalarına kadar onların idaresinde kaldı. Bu tarihten sonra İranlılar’la Arap kabilelerinin hâkimiyet mücadelelerine sahne olan Bahreyn 1783 yılında Utûb kabilesinden Âl-i Halîfe’nin hâkimiyetine girdi. Daha sonra İran adaları ele geçirmek için çeşitli teşebbüslerde bulunduysa da başarılı olamamıştır. Âl-i Halîfe yönetimi bugün de devam etmektedir. Araplar’ın önemli kabilelerinden olan Utûb’un Bahreyn’e hâkim olması bölgede ticareti canlandırmış, Cezîretülarap’ın Maskat üzerinden yürüyen ticareti Bahreyn’e bağlanmıştır. Başlangıçta Utûb kabilesi ticaretten vergi almamış ve Bahreynliler sadece bölgedeki inci ticaretine hâkim olmuşlardır. Bu dönem Bahreyn’in barış ve huzur dönemi olarak bilinir. Çok geçmeden ticaretin gelişmesi bölgenin birçok gücün tehdidine mâruz kalmasına sebep oldu. Uman sultanlarının sürekli tehdit ve saldırılarına hedef olan Bahreyn’in şeyhi, Şîraz hâkimi ve Bûşehr şeyhinin de desteğiyle 1802’de ülkesinin üzerine yürüyen Uman Sultanı Seyyid Sul tan’a karşı Vehhâbîler’den yardım istedi ve Seyyid Sultan geri dönmek zorunda kaldı. Bu hadiseden sonra Vehhâbîler’in Bahreynliler üzerinde nüfuzları artmış ve Maskat’a karşı yaptıkları hücumlarda daima onlardan yardım görmüşlerdir. Vehhâbîler bölgede görüşlerini yaymak üzere sürdürdükleri faaliyetler için de Bahreyn’i merkez seçmişlerdir. Fakat 1811 yılında bölgede harekete geçen Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı Mısır kuvvetleri Bahreyn ve Zubâre’de Vehhâbî kontrolünü zayıflatmıştır. Bu tarihten sonra Bahreyn’in yine İran ve Uman’ın saldırılarına mâruz kaldığı ve vergi ödeyerek bu ülkelerle çeşitli antlaşmalar yaptığı görülmektedir. Son olarak 1828 yılında Bahreyn’e savaş ilân eden Uman Sultanı Seyyid Saîd bu teşebbüsünün başarısızlıkla sonuçlanması üzerine kuvvetlerini Afrika’nın doğu sahillerine çevirmiş ve 1832’de XX. yüzyıla kadar devam edecek olan Zengibar Sultanlığı’nı kurmuştur.
1830 yılında Türkî b. Suûd başkanlığındaki Vehhâbî kuvvetleri Bahreyn şeyhlerine haber göndererek zekâtın kendilerine ödenmesini istediler. Bahreyn şeyhleri bu isteğe olumlu cevap verdiler ve Ahsâ’daki Demmâm Kalesi’ni onlara bırakarak zekât ödemeye hazır olduklarını bildirdiler; karşılığında Vehhâbîler de onları dış hücumlara karşı koruyacaklardı. Ancak Vehhâbîler’in Utûb kabilesinin düşmanı olan Beşîr b. Rahme’yi Târût adasına emîr tayin etmeleri üzerine 1834 yılında Bahreyn şeyhi Şeyh Abdullah Vehhâbîler’e ait olan Katîf ve Ukeyr limanlarına hücum etti. Şeyh Abdullah aynı yıl müştereken hüküm sürdüğü kardeşinin oğlu Şeyh Halîfe b. Selmân’ın ölmesi üzerine Bahreyn’in tek şeyhi olduğunu ilân etti ve 1836 yılında da yıllık vergi ödeyerek Vehhâbî Emîri Faysal b. Türkî ile münasebetlerini düzeltti. Ancak çok yaşlanmış olan Şeyh Abdullah’ın yetkilerinin çoğunu altı oğluna bırakması üzerine ülkede büyük bir karışıklık meydana geldi ve halktan birçok kişi civar yerlere göç etti. 1838’de Osmanlı kumandanı Hurşid Paşa idaresindeki Mısır kuvvetleri Faysal b. Türkî kumandasındaki Vehhâbî kuvvetlerini yenerek Ahsâ’yı ele geçirdiler. Bu arada Hurşid Paşa idaresindeki kuvvetlere boyun eğen yaşlı şeyh Abdullah da vergi ödemeyi kabul etti. Bu dönemde Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bahreyn üzerinde hâkimiyet iddia ettiği görülmektedir. 1846 yılında Bahreyn ile ticarî bir anlaşma yapmaya çalışan İngilizler Osmanlılar’ın karşı çıkması ile muhtemel bir sürtüşmeden kaçındılar ve Bahreyn ile temaslarını kestiler. 1851 yılı içinde Bâbıâli tekrar Bahreyn üzerinde hâkimiyetini açıkladı, ancak bu defa İngiltere bunu kabul etmedi. Bahreyn ise o yıllarda az da olsa Vehhâbî Emîri Faysal b. Türkî’ye bir vergi ödemekte ve eski şeyh Abdullah’ın oğlu Muhammed de Vehhâbîler’le iyi ilişkiler içinde bulunmakta idi. Vehhâbîler bu iyi ilişkilere dayanarak Bahreyn’e girdiler ve İngilizler’e karşı kendilerini kuvvetli göstermek için de Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı olduklarını söylediler.
1859’da İngiltere’nin tehdidi karşısında kalan Bahreyn Bağdat’taki Türk valisinden himaye talebinde bulundu; bunun üzerine Bahreyn gemilerine Osmanlı bayrağı çekildi. 21 Mayıs 1861’de İngiltere ile Bahreyn’i temsilen Şeyh Muhammed’in kardeşi Ali, bölgede köle ticaretini ve korsanlığı meneden bir anlaşma imzaladılar. O tarihten itibaren körfezde Bahreyn, Demmâm ve Lahsâ’da Osmanlı-İngiliz münasebetlerinin devamlı çatıştığı ve karşılıklı olarak çeşitli ihlâl notalarının verildiği görülmektedir. 1869’da İran İngiltere’ye bir nota vererek Bahreyn’in kendi topraklarının bir parçası olduğunu ileri sürdü; ancak bu iddia pek ciddiye alınmadı. 1870 yılında ise Bağdat Valisi Midhat Paşa Bahreyn’in Osmanlılar’a ait olduğunu ve çevresiyle birlikte Necid kaymakamlığına bağlı bulunduğunu açıkladı. Lahsâ ve Basra gibi civar yerlerde hâkimiyet kurmuş olan Osmanlı Devleti, Londra sefiri eliyle 1872 ve 1873 yıllarında zaman zaman Bahreyn’in iç işlerine karışmak isteyen İngiliz hükümetine iki nota verdi; 1875’te de İstanbul’daki İngiliz sefirine Menâme’de istihkâm oluşturdukları ve Lahsâ’dan kaçanların Bahreyn’e sığındıkları gerekçesiyle rahatsız olduklarını bildirdi. İngiliz hükümeti cevap olarak herhangi bir istihkâm hareketi yapmadıklarını, sadece Bahreyn şeyhinin Menâme’deki kaleyi onarttığından bahsetti. Bu sıralarda Osmanlılar Menâme’de önce bir deniz feneri, daha sonra da kömür depoları kurmak istedilerse de İngilizler buna karşı çıktılar. 1880 yılında Türk gemileri Bahreyn’i ziyaret etti ve donanma kumandanı Bahreyn’in Osmanlı Devleti’ne ait topraklar içinde kaldığını bildirdi. O yıllarda Lahsâ’dan Bahreyn’e sığınan kanun kaçakları Bahreyn şeyhinin yardımı ile iade ediliyordu; ancak Hindistan’daki İngiliz genel valiliği Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı Lahsâ mutasarrıfı ve Bahreyn şeyhinin Bâbıâli ile doğrudan yazışarak meselelerini kendilerinin halletmelerinden rahatsız olduğunu açıkladı. İngiltere’nin amacı Bahreyn’i önce Osmanlı Devleti topraklarının dışında görmek, ondan sonra da şeyhle ciddi bir anlaşma yaparak bölgeyi kendi nüfuzu altına almaktı. 1891’de Osmanlılar’a bağlı Lahsâ mutasarrıfı Bahreyn şeyhi Şeyh Îsâ’dan, vergi yüzünden kaçarak Bahreyn’e sığınan yirmi sekiz kişinin iadesini istedi. 1892’de Basra valisi tekrar bölgenin Osmanlı Devleti’ne ait olduğunu açıkladı; 1893’te de Katîf’teki Bahreyn gemilerine Osmanlı bayrağı çekildi. 20 Ağustos 1893 günü bütün Katîf’te, kahvehanelere ve topluca oturulan yerlere Bahreyn’in Osmanlı toprakları içinde olduğu ve İngilizler’le ilişkisinin bulunmadığı resmî beyan olarak asıldı ve birkaç yıl daha bu alenî hak iddiaları devam etti. 1901 yılında İngiltere Bahreyn şeyhine vergi toplama memurunun tayini konusunda tavsiyede bulundu ve kendilerinden kredi alması hususunda baskı yaparak Bahreyn’in iç işlerine karışma fırsatı yakalamak istedi. 1903’te Lord Curzon’un Bahreyn’i ziyareti sırasında en önemli konulardan birini yeni bir vergi sisteminin getirilmesi ve bu işin idaresi oluşturdu. Ancak İngiliz tekliflerine rıza göstermeyen şeyh bu işin en azından kendi ölümüne kadar dondurulmasını istedi ve dış kredileri kabul etmedi. Bahreyn meselesi I. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar Bâbıâli ile İngiliz hükümeti arasında çeşitli notaların verilmesine sebep olmuştur. 29 Temmuz 1913’te, Hakkı Paşa ile Sir Edward Grey arasında Londra’da imzalanan beş numaralı mukavelenâme uyarınca, Osmanlı Devleti Bahreyn adaları üzerindeki haklarından vazgeçerek buranın bağımsızlığını tanımak ve İngiltere de bu adaları ilhak etmeyeceğini açıklamak suretiyle meseleyi kapatmışlardır. Bu tarihte Osmanlılar’ın hükümranlıktan vazgeçmeleri üzerine İngiliz himayesine giren Bahreyn 1968’de komşu Arap ülkeleriyle Arap Emirlikleri Federasyonu’nu oluşturmuş, ancak 1970’te bu birlikten ayrılıp 15 Ağustos 1971 tarihinde istiklâlini ilân etmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra Birleşmiş Milletler, Milletlerarası Para Fonu, Arap Birliği, İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı ve İslâm Kalkınma Bankası gibi kuruluşlara üye olan Bahreyn, 1981 yılında da körfez ülkeleri arasında kurulan Meclisü’t-teâvün li-düveli’l-Halîc (Gulf Cooperation Council) birliğine katılmıştır.
BAHREYN EMÎR AİLESİ; ÂL-İ HALÎFE Halîfe (ö. 1747)Muhammed (ö. 1776)Ahmed el-Fâtih (ö. 1796)Halîfe (ö. 1782)Müştereken idarede bulundular: Abdullah (ö. 1848) Selmân (ö. 1825) Muhammed (ö. 1877)Halîfe (ö. 1834)Muhammed b. Halîfe (ö. 1890)Ali b. Halîfe (ö. 1869)Îsâ b. Ali (ö. 1932)Hamed (ö. 1942)Selmân (ö. 1961)Îsâ b. Selmân (Devlet Başkanı) (d. 3 Temmuz 1933)Hamed b. Îsâ (Veliaht) (d. 28 Ocak 1950)
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 492-495 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.