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BÂLÂ KÜLLİYESİ Skip to content İstanbul Silivrikapı’da tekke, mektep, sebil gibi binalardan oluşan bir külliye.
İstanbul’un fethinden sonra Silivrikapı’da inşa edilmiş olan bir mescidin XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı içinde daha büyük boyutlarla ihyası ve Nakşibendiyye’ye bağlı geniş kapsamlı bir tekkenin kurulmasının yanı sıra sebil, muvakkithâne, çeşme ve mektep gibi bölümlerle donatılması sonucunda meydana gelmiştir.
Külliyenin bulunduğu yerde önce İstanbul’un fethine katılmış olanlardan “ni‘mel ceyş”ten ve “bölükât-ı erbaa” mensuplarından Topçubaşı Bâlâ Süleyman Ağa, 1453-1457 yılları arasında kâgir duvarlı, ahşap çatılı mütevazi bir mescid ile bir kuyu yaptırmış, vefatında bu mescidin yanına gömülmüştür. Daha sonra mescide meşihat vazedildiği ve XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Rifâiyye’ye bağlı Bâlâ Yokuşu Zâviyesi olarak anıldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Zamanla harap olan Bâlâ Mescidi Sultan Abdülaziz devrinde 1279’da (1862-63), Sultan II. Mahmud’un saraylılarından Sazkâr Kalfa tarafından eskisinden daha geniş ve Nakşibendiyye’ye mensup bir tekkenin cami-tevhidhânesi olarak yeniden inşa ettirildi. Bu arada cami-tevhidhâneye bitişik bir türbe ile harem dairesi, avlusunda derviş hücreleri, mutfak, kiler, helâlar, su haznesi vb. müştemilâtın yaptırıldığı bilinmektedir. Sazkâr Kalfa vakfiyesini 19 Rebîülevvel 1277’de (5 Ekim 1860), Nakşibendiyye – Müceddidiyye şeyhlerinden olan ve saray muhiti ile yakın ilişkileri bulunan Şumnulu Elhâc Ali Efendi’nin Çemberlitaş’taki evinde toplanan şer‘î mecliste tescil ettirmiş, adı geçen şeyhin yeni kurulacak cami-tekkenin imâmet ve meşihatı ile vakfının tevliyetini üstlenmesini, kendisinden sonra neslinden gelen erkeklerin, sülâlesinden erkek evlât kalmadığı takdirde halifelerinin, mânevî silsilesi de inkıraz bulursa aynı tarikattan el almış ehil bir mürşidin bu görevleri yerine getirmesini şart koşmuştur. İnşaat bitmeden Sazkâr Kalfa’nın vefat ettiği ve Şeyh Ali Efendi’nin yapıları tamamlattığı anlaşılmaktadır. Az sonra 1280’de (1863-64) Sultan Abdülmecid’in dördüncü kadını ve Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in analığı Piristû Kadınefendi tekkenin yanına Bâlâ Mektebi olarak anılan okulu inşa ettirmiştir. Tekkenin ilk postnişini olan Şumnulu Ali Efendi 24 Rebîülevvel 1282’de (17 Ağustos 1865) tescil ettirdiği bir ek vakfiye ile İstanbul’daki bazı mallarını tekkeye vakfetmiş, bunların geliri ile dervişlere yemek pişirilmesini, muharremde aşure kaynatılmasını ve mevlid cemiyetleri tertip edilmesini şart koşmuştur. Yine tekkenin bu ikinci inşa döneminde ikinci postnişin Mehmed Sâdeddin Efendi’nin delâletiyle ve babası Şumnulu Ali Efendi’nin ruhu için Piristû Kadınefendi 1309’da (1891-92) bir sebil-muvakkithâne-çeşme manzumesi inşa ettirmiştir.
İstanbul’da büyük hasara yol açan 1310 (1892-93) depreminde Bâlâ Tekkesi’nin binaları da harap olmuş, 1312’de (1894-95) cami-tevhidhâne-türbe-harem grubu Sultan II. Mahmud’un hayır sever ve dervişmeşrepli kızı Âdile Sultan tarafından daha geniş tutularak yenilenmiş; derviş hücrelerini, selâmlık mekânlarını ve mutfağı barındıran yapı da muhtemelen çok hürmet ettiği analığının teşvikiyle Sultan II. Abdülhamid tarafından tekrar ihya edilmiştir. Piristû Kadınefendi bir yıl sonra bu yapının duvarına bir çeşme ilâve ettirmiştir. Tekkelerin 1925’te kapatılmasından sonra tekkenin çekirdeğini teşkil eden cami-tevhidhâne kullanılmadığından harap olmaya başlamış, harem dairesi 1941 – 1942 arasında son şeyhin oğlu tarafından yıktırılmış, böylece doğu yönünde muhafazasız kalan cami – tevhidhâne ile türbe büsbütün harap olmuş, tekkenin akarsuları çevredeki bostanlara satılmış, sonuçta çeşmeler de muattal kalarak tahribe uğramıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminde derviş hücrelerini barındıran avlulu bina Silivrikapı İlkokulu olarak kullanılmış, girişi üzerinde yer alan kitâbe Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’ne nakledilmiştir. Aynı şekilde Bâlâ Mektebi de Topçubaşı İlkokulu olarak bir müddet kullanıldıktan sonra terkedilmiş ve günümüzde harabe haline gelmiştir. 1951’de üstünkörü bir onarım geçiren cami-tevhidhâne ile türbe daha sonra esaslı bir restorasyona tâbi tutulmuş olup halen cami olarak hizmet vermektedir.
Bir tarikat külliyesi niteliğinde olan bu topluluk dik açı ile birleşen iki sokağın çevresine yerleştirilmiştir. Bâlâ Tekkesi sokağının güneyinde bulunan cami – tevhidhâne – türbe grubunun basık kemerli girişi yanlardan aynı türde kemerleri olan birer pencere ile kuşatılmış, Abdülaziz’in tuğrasını ihtiva eden 1279 (1862-63) tarihli ve ta‘lik hatlı manzum bir kitâbe ile taçlandırılmıştır. Ayrıca kitâbenin üzerinde istiridye kabuğu, volüt ve rozet motiflerinin yanı sıra beyzî bir madalyon içinde “mâşallah” ibaresi içeren kabartma tepelik oturtulmuştur. Birbirini takip eden iki giriş bölümünden dikdörtgen planlı olan ilki taşlık, beşgen planlı olan ikincisi ise cami-tevhidhânenin kapalı son cemaat yeri niteliğindedir. Halen tek katlı olan bu giriş kanadının doğu yönünde ve üst katında ahşap harem bölümünün yer aldığı, haremin yıktırılması sırasında aslında ahşap olan doğu duvarının ortadan kalktığı, 1951 onarımında kâgir olarak ihya edildiği bilinmektedir. Bu arada harimin kuzey kesiminde yer alan, haremle bağlantılı ahşap fevkanî kadınlar mahfili ile son cemaat yerinden bu mahfile çıkan ahşap merdiven iptal edilmiştir. Giriş bölümünün batı duvarında türbeye açılan kapı ile üç pencere sıralanır. Güneyden kuzeye doğru Bâlâ Süleyman Ağa ile hanımına, Şumnulu Şeyh Ali Efendi’ye, Mekke meşâyihinden Said Can Efendi’ye, Şeyh Ali Efendi’nin hanımı Sıdıka Hanım’a ve Şeyh Mehmed Sâdeddin Efendi’ye ait olan toplam altı adet ahşap sandukayı barındıran türbe kuzey kesiminde dikdörtgen, güney kesiminde ise düzgün olmayan bir plana sahiptir. İlk mescidle beraber inşa edilen kuyu da türbenin içinde bulunmaktadır. Türbenin, aslında üstü nakışlı brandalar ile kaplı olan düz ahşap tavanında günümüzde çıtaların teşkil ettiği sekizgen yıldız biçiminde bir göbekten başka hiçbir şey görülmemektedir. Güneybatıda türbenin duvarı ile kaynaşmış olan kare planlı minare kaidesi içeri doğru taşmakta ve cami – tevhidhâne ile kaide arasına bir pencere sıkıştırılmış bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca türbenin, dördü batıya üçü de kuzeye açılan toplam yedi adet penceresinin üstünde cephede basık kemerler ile çubuklu ahşap saçak arasında uzanan ve hattat Ömer Fâik Efendi’nin istifli sülüsü ile yazılmış olan âyet kuşağı Türk hat sanatının şaheserlerindendir.
Sekizgen prizma biçiminde bir gövde ile bunu örten bir kubbeden oluşan cami – tevhidhânede girişin karşısındaki kenarda mihrap, diğer altı kenarda birer büyük pencere ve dairevî tepe penceresi yer almaktadır. Girişin sağındaki pencere türbeye açılarak bu iki mekân arasında tarikat yapılarına has bir bağlantı kurmaktadır. Büyük pencereler Hint – İslâm mimarisinde görülen türde kaş kemerlerle taçlandırılmış, mihrabın bulunduğu kenarın cephesine aynı görünümde bir sağır pencere ile tepe penceresinin yerine aynı ebatta dairevî bir çerçeve içine Ömer Fâik imzalı istifli sülüsle yazılmış bir kelime-i tevhid yerleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca cephelerde köşelerde ikişer pilastır ile birer kasnak penceresi vardır.
Bütünüyle beyaz mermerden yontulmuş olan mihrapta mukarnası hatırlatan yaprak dizileriyle son bulan pilastırlar, istiridye kabuğu biçimindeki kavsara, tam ortada üç adet kandil kabartması, üstte çok sayıda yatay silmeler, zikzaklı şeritler, (C) ve (S) kıvrımları ile bitki hevenkleri ve çiçekli vazolardan oluşan tepelik, geç devir Osmanlı eklektizmini yansıtan unsurlardır. Tuğra şeklinde istiflenmiş iki besmele arasında yer alan mihrap âyeti ile mihrabın üstünde, yuvarlak kemerli bir niş içinde bulunan 1285 (1868 – 69) tarihli, ahşaba oyma âyet levhası hattat Mehmed Şefik Bey’in eseridir. Aynı karmaşık zevkin ürünü olmakla birlikte mihraba göre daha sade tutulmuş olan mermer minberde, korkulukları süsleyen, (C) kıvrımları ile kuşatılmış porfirden beyzî kabaralar, kapıda ve köşkte aynı taştan yapılmış olup ilkinde silmeler, diğerinde iyon nizamında başlıklar ile son bulan sütunlar dikkati çeker. Mihrabın solunda ikinci köşeye yerleştirilmiş olan ve âdeta sekizgen çanaklı bir kadehi andıran vaaz kürsüsünün korkuluklarında da minberdekilerin eşi olan kabaralar göze çarpar. Kubbeyi ve pandantifleri süsleyen kalem işleri klasik üslûba uygun palmet dizisi, rûmîler ve salbekli şemseler türünden unsurlardan oluşmaktadır. Kubbe merkezindeki İhlâs sûresi Mehmed Şefik Bey’in, pandantiflerde yer alan sekizgen çerçeveli Allah, Hz. Muhammed, cihâryâr-i güzîn ve Haseneyn levhaları ise Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin kaleminden çıkmıştır. Vaaz kürsüsü üzerinde asılı duran, Hasan Rızâ Efendi’ye ait 1305 (1887-88) tarihli muhteşem hilye-i şerif emsalinin en büyüklerinden biridir. Ayrıca cami-tevhidhânede Pertevniyal Vâlide Sultan, Piristû Kadınefendi ve aynı dönemin saraylılarından Dilbifelek ve Zihnifelek hanımlar tarafından vakfedilmiş altı adet Kur’an bulunduğu, söz konusu mushaflardan birisinin ta‘lik hatlı, ikisinin Kayyûmzâde Seyyid Mehmed Sâlih, birisinin de Hatibzâde Mehmed Reşid imzalı olduğu bilinmektedir. Bunların yanı sıra bir sancak-ı şerif, iki Kâbe örtüsü, sedefli rahleler ile Hasan Rızâ Efendi imzalı iki hilye-i şerif daha bulunduğu kayıtlıdır (bk. Hattatoğlu, IV, 190).
Cami-tevhidhânenin güneyinde, Tekke Maslağı sokağı üzerinde ufak bir hazîreden sonra meskene dönüşmüş karakol binası ile harap durumdaki Bâlâ Mektebi yer almaktadır. Moloz taş ve tuğla ile örülmüş, sıvaları dökülmüş duvarları, basık tahfif kemerli, kesme taş söveli dikdörtgen pencereleriyle mektep gösterişsiz bir mimariye sahiptir. İki katlı, (U) planlı yapının sokağa bakan cephesinde saçak hizasında II. Abdülhamid tuğralı, 1323 (1905) tarihli kitâbe yer almaktadır. Bâlâ Tekkesi sokağının kuzeyinde derviş hücreleriyle selâmlık mekânlarını barındıran ve halen Silivrikapı İlkokulu olarak kullanılan tek katlı yapı yer almaktadır. Osmanlı medreseleriyle bazı tarikat yapılarında görülen geleneksel avlulu revaklı planın geç döneme ait bir uygulamasının sergilendiği bu yapıda yamuk planlı bir şadırvan avlusunun çevresinde camekânlarla kapatılarak koridor görünümü kazanmış bir revak ile buna açılan farklı büyüklükte birçok mekân sıralanmaktadır. Kiremit kaplı bir ahşap çatı ile örtülü olan binada kuzey-güney doğrultusunda uzanan revak kolları kuzeye doğru uzatılmış, avlunun ortasına, halen ahşap direkleri ve çatısı ortadan kalkmış olan sekizgen mermer hazneli bir şadırvan yerleştirilmiştir. Güneye açılan dikdörtgen açıklıklı girişin üstünde yer alması gereken ve halen Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nde bulunan kitâbe son devir tekke kitâbelerinin en güzellerindendir. Sülüsle yazılmış olan kısımları Ömer Fâik Efendi’ye, ta‘likle yazılmış olan esas metin Mısrîzâde Ali Rızâ Efendi’ye ait olan kitâbenin üst kesimi sülüs hatlı bir âyet kuşağına ayrılmış, alt kesimin iki ucuna sehpa üzerinde duran birer sikke içine istifli sülüsle Muhammed Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in ismi yazılmış, ortasına II. Abdülhamid’in tuğrası kondurulmuş, arada kalan iki yüzeye de 1312 (1894-95) tarihli ta‘lik hatlı manzum kitâbe yerleştirilmiştir. Girişin solunda dış duvara yerleştirilmiş olan çeşme barok üslûba has (S) kıvrımları, beyzî madalyonlar, bileşik kemerler, korint başlıklı sütunçeler gibi hemen bütün motifleri sergilemekte ve külliye yapılarından daha eski bir döneme, muhtemelen XVIII. yüzyılın son çeyreğine ait olduğu, ancak sülüs hatlı muhdes kitâbesinden 1313’te (1895-96) Piristû Kadınefendi tarafından buraya konduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Bâlâ Külliyesi’nin en fazla dikkati çeken bölümü, Tekke Maslağı sokağının batı kenarı boyunca kuzey-güney doğrultusunda uzanan sebil – muvakkithâne – çeşme grubudur. Sokağa bakan cephesi bütünüyle mermer kaplı olan yapının iki ucunda birer giriş ile yarım altıgen planlı birer çıkma görülmektedir. Köşelerinde yükselen sütunlara oturan basık kemerlerle dışarı açılan bu çıkmalardan güneydeki su haznesi ile bağlantılı sebile, kuzeydeki de muvakkithâneye tahsis edilmiştir. Tam ortada barok üslûpta, muhtemelen XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarından kalma büyük bir çeşme yer almakta, bunun yanlarında üçerden altı tane abdest musluğu sıralanmaktadır. Son derecede ince bir işçilik arzeden çeşmenin (S) kıvrımları, bitki hevenkleri, birleşik kemerler ve çeşitli kıvrık dallar ile zengince süslenmiş olan cephesinde, çoğu yerinden sökülmüş olan renkli taş kakma motiflerin yuvaları göze çarpmaktadır. Sonradan buraya monte edildiği anlaşılan çeşmenin, empire (ampir) üslûbunda beyzî bir şemse ile süslü olan yalak taşı son döneme aittir. Gerek çeşmenin gerekse kaş kemercikler içine alınmış olan abdest musluklarının lüleleri sökülmüştür. Bütün bu cephe boyunca çubuklu ahşap saçağın altında devam eden kitâbe kuşağı iki parçadan oluşmaktadır. Üsküdarlı Ali Rızâ Efendi’nin eseri olan ta‘lik hatlı 1309 (1891-92) tarihli manzum kitâbe muvakkithâneden başlamakta, orta kesimde kesintiye uğrayarak sebilin bitiminde son bulmaktadır. Ortada çeşmenin tam üstüne gelen yerde boş bir kartuş yer almakta, bunun sağında ve solunda da Ömer Fâik Efendi’nin eseri olan birer âyet kitâbesi bulunmaktadır. Manzumenin içinde kuzey-güney doğrultusunda yapı boyunca devam eden bir koridora açılan farklı boyutlarda meşruta odaları ile bir helâ sıralanmaktadır. Yapının bostanlara bakan ve sokak cephesiyle büyük bir tezat teşkil eden ahşap kaplamalı arka ve yan cephelerinde bu odalara ait dizi dizi pencerelerden başka bir şey görülmemektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 58.
Mecmûa-i Cevâmi‘ , I, 16-17, nr. 31, 85.
1328 Senesi İstanbul Belediyesi İhsâiyât Mecmuası , İstanbul 1329 r./1913-14, s. 19.
Mehmed Ziyâ, İstanbul ve Boğaziçi , İstanbul 1336, I, 61, 64, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 117; II, 15.
İzzet Kumbaracılar, İstanbul Çeşmeleri , İstanbul 1943, I, 298, 342.
Ayverdi, Fâtih Devri Mi‘mârîsi , s. 12 vd.
a.mlf., Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi III , s. 322-323.
Tahsin Öz, İstanbul Camileri , Ankara 1962, I, 31.
M. Baha Tanman, “Osmanlı Dönemi Eserleri”, Fotoğraflarla Fatih Anıtları , İstanbul 1988, s. 47-126 (119-121).
Semra Ögel, “İstanbul’da 19. Yüzyılın Sekizgen Camileri”, Sanat Tarihinde Doğudan Batıya / Ünsal Yücel Anısına Sempozyum Bildirileri , İstanbul 1989, s. 65-70.
Muhiddin Hattatoğlu, “İstanbul Silivrikapı’da Topçubaşı Balâ Süleyman Ağa Mimarî Manzumesi”, VD , IV (1958), s. 183-191.
a.mlf. – H. Göktürk, “Bâlâ Camii ve Tekke, Türbe, Sebil ve Çeşmeleri”, İst.A , IV, 1955-1959.
“Bâlâ Camii”, “Bâlâ Kapısı”, “Bâlâ Mektebi”, “Bâlâ Süleyman Ağa, Topçubaşı”, “Bâlâ Tekkesi Çeşmesi”, İstanbul Kültür ve Sanat Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1983, II, 1005-1009.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 554-556 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.