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BALKAN SAVAŞI Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti ile Balkan devletleri arasında iki safhada yapılan savaş (8 Ekim 1912 – 29 Eylül 1913).
Savaşın çıkmasında Rusya’nın takip ettiği panslavizm siyasetinin ve Balkanlar’ı paylaşma konusunda Rusya ile Avusturya arasında devam eden rekabetin büyük etkisi oldu. Berlin Antlaşması (1878) Rumeli topraklarının büyük bir kısmını Osmanlı Devleti’nden kopardığı halde bu topraklar üzerindeki taksim mücadelesini durduramamış, aksine daha da şiddetlendirmiştir. Aslında Balkan devletlerinin kendi aralarında da Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı birleşmelerini önleyen birtakım meseleler vardı. Bunların başında, Bulgar kilisesinin Rum-Ortodoks kilisesinden ayrıldığı tarihten beri Makedonya’da birçok kilise ve mektebin kime ait olduğu meselesinden doğan “kiliseler meselesi” geliyordu. Ayrıca Sırbistan, Bulgaristan’a bırakılan Makedonya’da hak iddia ettiği gibi, Yunanistan da kuzeye doğru genişlemeye çalışıyordu.
Sultan II. Abdülhamid, tahtta kaldığı sürece Balkan devletleri arasındaki bu anlaşmazlıkları körükleyerek onların Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı ittifak etmelerini önlemeye çalıştı. Fakat II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra (24 Temmuz 1908), İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin Sırp, Bulgar ve Yunan komiteleriyle iş birliği yapmasından dolayı çete hareketleri geçici olarak durdu. Bunun üzerine Avrupa devletleri Makedonya ıslahatı üzerindeki kontrolün kaldırıldığını bildirdiler (3 Ekim 1908). İki gün sonra Avusturya, Berlin Antlaşması’ndan beri işgal ettiği Bosna-Hersek’i ilhak etti. Ardından Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı muhtar Bulgaristan Prensliği istiklâlini ilân etti (5 Ekim 1908). Ertesi günü de Girit Yunanistan’a katıldığını açıkladı.
Osmanlı hükümetinin Yunanlılar’a karşı Sırbistan ve Bulgaristan’ı kazanmak için giriştiği faaliyetler bu üç devletin ittifak etmesine engel olamadı. İttihat ve Terakkî yönetimi, Balkan devletleri arasındaki anlaşmazlıkların en önemlisi olan kiliseler meselesini 3 Temmuz 1911’de çıkardığı bir kanunla halletti. Bununla ihtilâflı kilise ve mekteplerin nüfus nisbetine göre aidiyeti tesbit edilecekti. Böylece Balkan milletleri arasındaki en önemli mesele de halledilmiş ve bu milletlerin aralarında anlaşmaları kolaylaştırılmış oldu.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin iç ve dış gailelerle meşgul olduğu bir sırada Rusya, Balkan devletlerinin bir birlik içinde bulunmalarını engelleyen Türkiye’ye ait Makedonya’nın taksimi konusunu ele aldı. Rusya’nın bu kışkırtmaları sonunda Osmanlı Devleti’ne ait toprakların taksimi esası üzerinde 13 Mart 1912’de Bulgaristan-Yunanistan, Ağustos 1912’de Karadağ-Bulgaristan ve 6 Ekim 1912’de de Karadağ-Sırbistan arasında ittifak antlaşmaları yapıldı. Böylece II. Abdülhamid’in büyük bir maharetle önlemeye çalıştığı Balkan ittifakı ortaya çıkmış oldu.
Ancak Bâbıâli’nin Balkanlar’daki bu gelişmelerden haberdar olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Said Paşa kabinesi, Fransa’nın ikazlarına ve Atina’daki Türk maslahatgüzarı Galib Kemâlî Bey’in (Söylemezoğlu) ihtarlarına rağmen Balkan ittifakının kurulacağına inanmıyordu. Nitekim Sofya elçiliğinden Hariciye nâzırlığına getirilen Âsım Bey, 15 Temmuz 1912’de Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’da yaptığı bir konuşmada Balkanlar’dan imanı kadar emin olduğunu, burada Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı bir ittifakın kurulamayacağını söylüyordu. Bu düşünceler içinde bulunan hükümet, Sırbistan’ın Avrupa’dan satın aldığı silâhların Selânik Limanı’ndan Belgrad’a sevkedilmesine bile izin vermişti.
Bu sırada devlet en buhranlı günlerini yaşıyordu. 1911 Eylülünde başlayan Trablusgarp Savaşı devam ediyordu. İtalyanlar Oniki Ada’yı işgal ettikten sonra Çanakkale’ye dayanmışlar ve İstanbul’u tehdit etmeye başlamışlardı. 1910’da çıkan Arnavutluk isyanı yabancı güçlerin tahrikleriyle yeniden alevlenmişti. Arnavutluk isyanının bastırılması sırasında ordu içindeki muhalif subaylar “Halâskâran/Halâskâr Zâbitân” adıyla siyasî bir grup kurarak dağlara çıktılar. Bu grubun İstanbul’daki mensuplarının baskıları sonunda Said Paşa kabinesi istifa etti. Böylece İttihat ve Terakkî yönetimi sona ermiş oldu.
22 Temmuz 1912’de Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Paşa’nın kurduğu, “büyük kabine” veya “baba-oğul kabinesi” adı verilen yeni hükümet de Balkan milletlerinin Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine birleştiklerini farketmedi. Hatta Balkan ittifakını el altından destekleyen Rusya’nın savaş olmayacağı konusunda Hariciye Nâzırı Noradungiyan (Noradounghian) Efendi’ye verdiği teminata güvenerek Rumeli’deki 120 tabur tâlimli askerini terhis etti. Muhalefette bulunan İttihat ve Terakkî de muhakkak bir mağlûbiyet yüzünden hükümetin düşmesini sağlamak için şiddetli harp taraftarlığına başladı. Dârülfünun talebelerini kışkırtarak savaş lehinde gösteriler yaptırdı.
Arnavut isyancıların Karadağ’a sığınmaları üzerine Osmanlı Devleti buraya asker sevketti. 3 Ekim 1912’de Bulgaristan, Sırbistan, Yunanistan ve Karadağ hükümetleri Bâbıâli’ye ortak bir nota vererek Türk hükümetinden üç gün içinde eski Sırbistan, Makedonya, Arnavutluk ve Girit’e muhtariyet verilmesini istediler. Sürenin bitiminde isteklerini tekrarlayarak yeniden üç günlük süre tanıyan Balkan devletleri Batılı devletlere de ortak nota vererek istekleri kabul edilmediği takdirde silâhla kabul ettireceklerini bildirdiler. Nihayet 8 Ekim 1912’de Karadağ’ın Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş ilân etmesiyle Balkan savaşlarının birinci safhası başlamış oldu. Diğer müttefikler de 13 Ekim’de ortak bir nota vererek Rumeli’nin milliyet esasına göre muhtar idarelere ayrılmasını istediler. Bâbıâli buna cevap vermediği gibi sınırlarını tecavüz eden Sırbistan ve Bulgaristan elçilerinin pasaportlarını ellerine verdi (13 Ekim 1912). Ertesi gün bu iki devlet de Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş ilân etti. Arkasından Yunanistan da bir nota vererek onlara katıldı.
Balkan Savaşı, doğu (Trakya) ve batı (Makedonya ve Arnavutluk) olmak üzere iki cephede cereyan etti. Doğu cephesinde Bulgarlar’la, batı cephesinde ise bütün müttefiklerle savaşıldı. Ayrıca denizde de Yunan donanmasıyla harbedildi. Savaş sırasında ordu içindeki siyasî görüş ayrılıkları yenilgide büyük rol oynadı. Osmanlı şark ordusu 23 Ekim 1912’de kendisinden üç kat fazla olan Bulgar ordusuna yenilerek Çatalca’ya kadar çekildi. Garp ordusu 23-24 Ekim’de Kumanova’da Sırplar’a yenildiği gibi Tahsin Paşa da 35.000 kişilik ordusu ile Selânik’te Yunanlılar’a teslim oldu. Bu başarısızlıklardan dolayı 29 Ekim’de Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Paşa kabinesi istifa etti.
Bu sırada Selânik’te sürgün hayatı yaşayan II. Abdülhamid, düşmanın ilerlemesi karşısında Selânik’in tehlikeye düşmesi üzerine 1 Kasım’da İstanbul’a nakledildi. Kendisine gazete verilmediği için Balkan Savaşı’nın çıktığından haberi dahi olmayan eski padişah, Balkan ittifakına ve Bâbıâli’nin böyle bir ittifaktan haberdar olmamasına hayret ederek kiliseler meselesini sordu. Halledildiğini öğrenince de ittifakı tabii karşıladı.
Yeni kurulan Kâmil Paşa kabinesi büyük devletlerden ateşkes için ara buluculuk etmelerini istedi. Görüşmelerin devam ettiği bir sırada Balkan yenilgisini iç politika malzemesi yapan İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası kanlı bir darbe ile hükümeti ele geçirdi (bk. BÂBIÂLİ BASKINI ). 3 Şubat 1913’te savaş yeniden başladı. Yunanlılar 6 Mart’ta Yanya’yı, Mehmed Şükrü Paşa’nın kahramanca savunmasına rağmen, Bulgarlar 26 Mart’ta Edirne’yi, Esad Toptani Paşa’nın ihaneti üzerine Karadağlılar da 23 Nisan’da İşkodra’yı işgal ettiler. Arnavutluk’taki son Osmanlı birliğinin Sırplar’a teslim olması üzerine, Edirne’yi kurtarmak iddiasıyla iktidarı ele geçiren İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası Kâmil Paşa’nın kabul etmediği şartları kabul etmek zorunda kaldı.
Londra sefiri Tevfik Paşa vasıtasıyla devletlerin aracılığının kabul edileceği bildirildi. Bir ay sonra 31 Mart’ta İstanbul’daki büyükelçiler Hariciye Nâzırı Said Halim Paşa’ya verdikleri dört maddelik bir ortak nota ile antlaşma esaslarını tebliğ ettiler. Notanın Türk hükümeti tarafından kabul edilmesi üzerine tekrar başlayan Londra Konferansı, 30 Mayıs 1913’te Osmanlı Devleti ile Balkan devletleri arasında imzalanan bir antlaşma ile sona erdi. Midye-Enez hattı Osmanlı-Bulgar sınırı olarak kabul edildi. Edirne, Trakya ve Dedeağaç Bulgaristan’a; Selânik, Güney Makedonya ve Girit Yunanistan’a; Kuzey ve Orta Makedonya Sırbistan’a; Silistre de Romanya’ya bırakıldı.
I. Balkan Savaşı’na katılmamış olan ve Bulgaristan’ın büyümesinden rahatsız olan Romanya, Silistre’nin Bulgaristan’dan alınarak kendisine verilmesinden de tatmin olmadı. Ayrıca Makedonya’nın büyük bir kısmının Bulgaristan’a bırakılmasına Sırbistan ve Yunanistan itiraz ediyorlardı. Bulgaristan 23 Haziran 1913’te Sırbistan, Karadağ ve Yunanistan’a karşı savaşa başladı. 10 Temmuz’da Romanya da Bulgaristan’a savaş ilân etti. Böylece Osmanlı mirasını paylaşamamalarından dolayı Balkan müttefikleri arasında II. Balkan Savaşı başlamış oldu.
Müttefiklerin Sofya’ya doğru ilerledikleri bir sırada İttihat ve Terakkî yönetimi fırsattan faydalanarak Edirne’yi kurtarmak üzere harekete geçti. Londra Antlaşması’nda kabul edilen Midye-Enez hattının belirlenmesine yanaşmayan Bulgaristan’ın tutumundan şikâyet edilerek 19 Temmuz 1913’te büyük devletlere bir nota verildi ve Meriç sınırının tecavüz edilmeyeceği belirtildi. Dört devletle birden savaşan Bulgaristan’ın kuvvetsiz bıraktığı Edirne hiçbir mukavemet görülmeden 21 Temmuz’da Bulgarlar’dan geri alındı.
II. Balkan Savaşı 10 Ağustos 1913’te Bulgaristan’la Sırbistan, Yunanistan ve Karadağ arasında imzalanan Bükreş Antlaşması ile sona erdi. Osmanlı-Bulgar antlaşması da 29 Eylül 1913’te İstanbul’da imzalandı. Yirmi maddeden oluşan İstanbul Antlaşması’na göre, Edirne ile batı tarafında çapı 30 km. tutan yarım daire şeklinde bir toprak parçası Osmanlı Devleti’nde kaldı. Batı Trakya ise Bulgaristan’a iade edildi. Meriç nehri iki devlet arasında sınır kabul edildi. Antlaşmaya eklenen “müftülere müteallik protokol”e göre, Bulgaristan’da kalan müslümanlar kendi müftülerini seçecek, bu müftüler de kendi aralarından birini başmüftü seçeceklerdir. Bulgar Mezâhip Nezâreti başmüftünün seçilişini Sofya’da bulunan Osmanlı büyükelçisi vasıtasıyla İstanbul’daki şeyhülislâma bildirecek, şeyhülislâmın tasdikiyle başmüftü ve ona bağlı diğer müftüler vazifelerine başlayabileceklerdir. Başmüftünün vazifesi, Bulgaristan’daki müftülerle Osmanlı şeyhülislâmlığı ve Bulgar Mezâhip Nezâreti ile olan ilişkilerde onlara aracılık etmektir. Müftülerce verilen hükümleri şeriat adına başmüftü tasdik edebileceği gibi taraflar isterlerse şeyhülislâma da gönderebileceklerdir. Başmüftü nikâh, boşanma, vasiyet, verâset, vesâyet, nafaka ve yetim mallarının korunması gibi konularda diğer müftülere tavsiye ve tebligatta bulunabilecek ve bu konudaki davalara bakabilecektir. Müftüler İslâm vakıflarının idaresinden de sorumlu oldukları için başmüftü onlardan hesap sorabilecek ve hesap defterleri isteyebilecektir. Başmüftü ve müftüler Bulgaristan’daki İslâm mektep ve medreselerinin teftişinden sorumlu olacak, gerekli yerlerde yeni okullar açabileceklerdir. Müftülerin maaşı Bulgaristan hükümeti tarafından verilecek, hükümet masrafı kendisine ait olmak üzere müslümanlar için ilk ve orta okul seviyesinde eğitim kurumları açacaktır. Buralarda eğitim Türkçe yapılacak, fakat Bulgarca öğrenmek mecburi olacaktır. Nüfusunun çoğunluğu müslüman olan yerlerde İslâm cemaati meclisleri kurulacak, eğitim ve evkaf işleri bu cemaat tarafından yürütülecektir. Bütün mezarlıklar İslâm cemaatine ait vakıflardan sayılacak ve cemaat bunları istediği şekilde kullanabilecektir. İslâm vakıf malları, ait olduğu cemaate bedeli ödenmedikçe hiçbir şekilde istimlâk edilmeyecek, mecburiyet olmadıkça hiçbiri yıkılmayacak, yıkılması gerektiği takdirde aynı değerde başka bir arsa verilecek ve binanın bedeli cemaate ödenecektir.
Osmanlı-Yunan Antlaşması 14 Kasım 1913’te Atina’da imzalandı. Bu antlaşma ile de Bulgaristan’da olduğu gibi, Yunanistan’da kalan müslümanlara Rumlar’la eşit haklar tanındı. Onların İstanbul’daki şeyhülislâmlığa bağlı müftülerle ilişkilerinde güçlük çıkarılmayacaktı. Yunanistan’daki müslümanlar da müftülerini kendileri seçecek, vakıflar ve eğitim kurumları İslâm cemaat meclisleri tarafından yönetilecekti. Adalar meselesinin halli Londra Antlaşması’nın 5. maddesi gereğince büyük devletlere havale edildi. Bu devletler de 16 Aralık 1913’te tebliğ ettikleri bir kararla İmroz, Bozcaada ve Meis’i Türkiye’ye bırakarak diğer bütün adaları, I. Balkan Savaşı’ndan beri bunları işgal altında tutan Yunanistan’a verdiler. Rumeli’deki Osmanlı topraklarının kaybedilmesinden dolayı artık Sırbistan’la bağlantı kalmamış olmakla birlikte onunla da 14 Mart 1914’te genel mahiyette bir antlaşma imzalandı.
Balkan savaşları Osmanlı tarihinde bir dönüm noktası oldu. Asırlardır Rumeli’de yaşayan binlerce müslüman nüfus katliama mâruz kaldı. Pek çoğu hunharca öldürüldü. Büyük bir kısmı malını mülkünü terkederek Anadolu’ya sığındı. Sadece Edirne’de 225.000’den fazla müslüman Bulgar ordusunun esareti altında açlıktan hayatını kaybetti. Savaştan sonra imzalanan antlaşmalarla Rumeli’de kalan müslümanların hakları tasdik edildiği halde müslüman Türkler’e yapılan baskılar durmadı. Pek çok Türk asıllı müslümanın göçü günümüze kadar devam etti.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbrâhim Hilmi, Balkan Harbinde Askerî Mağlûbiyetlerimizin Esbâbı , İstanbul 1329, II. kısım, s. 27-89.
Mirliva Pertev [Demirhan], Balkan Harbinde Büyük Karargâh-ı Umûmî , İstanbul 1927, s. 19, 24, 36, 47-68.
Ali Fuat Türkgeldi, Görüp İşittiklerim , Ankara 1943, s. 57-75.
Nihat Erim, Siyasî Tarih Metinleri , Ankara 1953, I, 457-497.
Balkan Harbi (nşr. Genelkurmay ATASE), Ankara 1979, s. 35-69.
Mahmut Beliğ, “Çatalca ve Sağ Cenah Ordularının Harekâtı”, Askerî Mecmua , sy. 21, Ankara 1931, s. 2-85.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , IV, 388-407.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 23-25 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.