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BARBAROS HAYREDDİN PAŞA Skip to content BARBAROS HAYREDDİN PAŞA (ö. 953/1546) Ünlü Türk denizci ve kaptan-ı deryâsı.
Müellif: Şerafettin Turan
Vardar Yenicesi’nden gelip Midilli’nin fethinden sonra buraya yerleşen Yâkub adlı bir sipahinin oğludur. 1478 yılı civarında doğduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Asıl adı Hızır olduğu halde Barbaros ve Hayreddin lakaplarıyla tanınır. Batılılar havuç rengine çalan kırmızı sakalından dolayı ağabeyi Oruç’a verdikleri “Barbarossa” adını daha sonra Hızır için de kullandıklarından Barbaros diye tanınmış, Hayreddin lakabını ise kendisine Yavuz Sultan Selim takmıştır.
Dört kardeşin en küçüğü olan Hızır gençliğinde yaptırdığı bir gemiyle Midilli, Selânik ve Eğriboz arasında ticarete başladı. Rodos şövalyelerine esir düşen ağabeyi Oruç’un kurtarılmasından sonra ise iki kardeş Şehzade Korkut’un himayesine girdiler. Bu sıralarda İspanyollar’ın Batı Akdeniz’e hâkim olma gayretleriyle Endülüs’te yaptıkları zulümler yüzünden buradan ayrılmak zorunda kalan müslümanların göçleri bölgedeki eski dengeyi bozdu; bunun üzerine Oruç ve Hızır kardeşler Batı Akdeniz’e yönelerek 1504’ten sonra Kuzey Afrika sahillerinde görünmeye başladılar. İki gemilik küçük filoları için emin bir liman arayan iki kardeş, Tunus Hafsî Sultanı Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Hasan (1493-1526) ile anlaşarak Halkulvâdî’de (La Goletta) yerleştiler. Gemilerinin sayısı artınca da Cerbe adasına geçip orayı üs edindiler ve akınlarını İtalya kıyılarına kadar uzattılar. İspanyol işgalindeki Bicâye (Bougie) Limanı’nı alamayan Barbaros kardeşler 1513 yılında bir yarımada üzerinde bulunan Cicelli’yi (Djidjelli) ele geçirdiler. Kendi başlarına bir şehir yönetimi kurmuş bulunan Cicelli halkı Oruç’u sultan ilân etti. Böylece Barbaroslar’ın Kuzey Afrika’da kuracakları devletin temelleri atılmış oldu.
Bir ara sıla için Midilli’ye dönen Barbaros kardeşler, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in himayesine girmek amacıyla Muhiddin Reis’i seren yüklü bir barça ve değerli hediyelerle İstanbul’a gönderdiler (1515). Böylece Osmanlı desteğini de sağlayan Barbaroslar Bicâye’yi aldıkları gibi Katolik Ferdinand’ın ölümünden (1516) faydalanarak İspanyol işgalinden kurtulmak isteyen Cezayir şehrinin yardımına da koştular. Cezayir ve onun batısındaki Şerşel’in (Césarée) ele geçirilmesinden sonra Oruç Reis Şerşel ve Cezayir sultanı ilân edildi. Bunu 1517’de Tenes ve Tlemsen (Tilimsân) şehirlerinin zaptı takip etti. Ancak yerlilerle anlaşan İspanyollar’ın 1518’de Tlemsen’i geri aldıkları savaşta Oruç Reis şehid oldu.
Yalnız kalan Hızır Osmanlı desteğini güçlendirmek için adamlarından Hacı Hüseyin’i, Cezayir halkının Ekim 1519 tarihli arîzası ve kırk esirle birlikte Osmanlı padişahına gönderdi (Türkçe tercümesi Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi’nde bulunan bu arîza Abdülcelil Temîmî tarafından yayımlanmıştır: “Lettre de la population algéroise au Sultan Sélim 1er en 1519”, Revue d’histoire maghrebine , 1976, V, 95-101). Afrika’da olup bitenleri öğrenen Yavuz Sultan Selim, “Hızır Reis nasrüddîndir, hayrüddîndir” diye memnuniyetini ifade ederek onun Cezayir hâkimi olarak tanındığını belirten bir hatt-ı şerif gönderdi. Ayrıca kendisine Anadolu’da gönüllü asker toplama imtiyazı tanınarak yeniçerilerle topçulardan oluşan 2000 kişilik bir yardımcı birlik gönderilmesi kararlaştırıldı. Böylece hutbenin padişah adına okunduğu Cezayir Osmanlı topraklarına katılmış olduğu gibi Hızır da artık Hayreddin Paşa diye anılmaya başlandı.
Cezayir’e hâkim olduktan sonra burayı idarî bakımdan ikiye ayıran Hızır Reis, doğu kısımlarını yerli emîrlerden Ahmed b. Kādî’nin, batı kısımlarını ise Muhammed b. Ali’nin idaresine bıraktı. Ancak Hızır Reis’in faaliyetleri ve Türkler’in Kuzey Afrika’da yerleşmeleri İspanyollar’ı tekrar harekete geçirdi. Sicilya kral nâibi Hugo del Moncada kumandasındaki seksen gemiden oluşan bir filonun 1519 Ağustosunda Harras bölgesine yaptığı çıkartma Hızır Reis tarafından püskürtüldü. Hâtıralarında belirttiğine göre bu savaş sırasında Avrupalılar Hızır’a ağabeyi gibi “Barbarossa” lakabını verdiler.
Barbaros Hayreddin 1520-1529 yılları arasında İspanyollar’ın elinde bulunan küçük bir adanın dışında bütün yörenin hâkimi oldu. Cicelli’den sonra Kol (Collo) Limanı ile Bone ve Konstantin’i de ele geçirdi. Fakat Tunus Sultanı Muhammed’in saldırısı ve Ahmed b. Kādî’nin isyanı üzerine 1524’te Cezayir’i terketmek zorunda kaldı. Ancak üç yıl sonra şehre yeniden hâkim olabildi. Başta Sinan ve Aydın reisler olmak üzere Akdeniz’deki Türk denizcileriyle civardaki adalar halkı onun hizmetine girdiler. Cezayir’de bir silâh atölyesi kuruldu. Barbaros mevcudu otuz beş gemiye yükselen filosu ile İtalya’dan sonra İspanya sahillerini de tehdide başladı. Çeşitli baskı ve zulümlere uğrayan Gırnata müslümanları Barbaros’un şahsında büyük bir destek buldular. Yurtlarından ayrılmak zorunda kalan bu müslümanlar (Moriscos) Türk gemileriyle Afrika sahillerine taşındı. Cezayir’e getirilen Endülüs müslümanlarının sayısı 70.000’i buldu. Ayrıca ele geçirilen ganimetlerle Cezayir şehri zenginleşti ve Türkler’in Hindistanı (veya Meksikası) diye şöhret kazandı.
Bu arada Barbaros İspanyollar’ın elindeki Adakale’yi de (Penon) alarak (1530) buraya bir dalgakıran yaptırdı. Öte yandan 1531’de Şerşel’e saldıran Andrea Doria kumandasındaki İspanyol filosu bir sonuç elde edemedi. Fakat Doria ertesi yıl Osmanlılar’a ait Koron ve Patras’ı ele geçirdi. Bunun üzerine Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman donanma kumandanlığına getirmek için Barbaros’u İstanbul’a çağırdı. Yerine evlâtlığı Kara Hasan’ı bırakan Barbaros yirmi tekne ile Cezayir’den yola çıkarak İstanbul’a vardıktan bir gün sonra, 11 Cemâziyelâhir 940 (28 Aralık 1533) günü padişah tarafından kabul edildi. Ardından Kanûnî’nin isteğiyle, Irakeyn Seferi’nde bulunan Vezîriâzam İbrâhim Paşa’nın (Makbul) yanına Halep’e giden Barbaros, Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd beylerbeyiliği pâyesiyle Kemankeş Ahmed Paşa’nın yerine kaptanıderyâlığa tayin edildi (6 Nisan 1534). Böylece o zamana kadar Gelibolu sancak beyliği pâyesiyle verilen kaptanıderyâlık beylerbeyilik derecesine yükseltilmiş oldu.
Barbaros kaptanpaşalığa getirildikten sonra İspanyollar’ın öncülük ettiği Avrupa ittifakını yenip Akdeniz’de Türk üstünlüğünü kurabilmek için bir yandan güçlü ve düzenli bir donanmanın kurulmasına çalışırken öte yandan da V. Karl’a karşı Fransa ile iş birliği yapılmasına önem vermiştir.
1534 Ağustosunda seksen gemi ile İstanbul’dan ayrılan Hayreddin Paşa Reggio, Sperlonga, Fondi gibi İtalya’nın güneyindeki kasabaları vurduktan sonra Tunus’a yöneldi ve Mevlây Hasan’ın terkettiği şehri ele geçirdi (22 Eylül). Ancak ertesi yıl Tunus seferine çıkan V. Karl şehri geri alarak (21 Temmuz 1535) Mevlây Hasan’ı yeniden iş başına geçirdiği gibi Goletta’ya da bir İspanyol garnizonu yerleştirdi. 1537’de Korfu kuşatmasına katılan Barbaros, buranın alınamaması karşısında Venedik’e ait adaların zaptına girişti. Bu amaçla 1538 baharında Ege denizine açılarak Eğriboz’un güneyindeki Paros, Antiparos, Skyros, Egina (Ekin), Naksos (Nakşa), Andros, Scarpanthos (Kerpe) ve Kasos (Kaşot) adaları ile Girit açıklarındaki adacıklardan toplam yirmi sekiz ada ve iki kaleyi Osmanlı idaresine kattı. Böylece Sakız, Kıbrıs ve Girit’in dışında Venedik’in Doğu Akdeniz ve Ege’deki hâkimiyetine son verilerek deniz yollarının emniyeti sağlanmış oldu.
Bu arada V. Karl ile Fransa Kralı I. François arasında Nice Mütarekesi’nin imzalanmasından sonra İspanya ile papalık, Venedik ve Portekiz arasında Osmanlılar’a yönelik yeni bir ittifak yapıldı. 208 veya 246 gemiden oluşan Andrea Doria kumandasındaki müttefik donanması Korfu’da toplandı. Buna karşılık 122 gemiden meydana gelen Osmanlı filosu ise Barbaros’un idaresinde Arta körfezine girdi. Doria Türk donanmasını dışarıya çekebilmek için 25 Eylül 1538’de harekete geçerek bir kısım kuvvetlerini ileri yolladı. Ancak kısa süren bir çarpışmadan sonra bu gemiler geri dönmek zorunda kaldı. Bunun üzerine Doria, hem Barbaros’u kendisini takibe zorlamak hem de muhtemel bir fırtınaya karşı Levkas ve Magenisi adacıkları arasına sığınabilmek için Preveze açıklarında demirledi (27 Eylül). Barbaros da Levkas’ın kuzeyini dolanarak müttefiklerin karşısına çıktı ve gemilerini kıvrık bir hançer şeklinde yan yana dizerek savaş düzeni aldı. Sağ kanat kumandanlığını Turgut Reis’e, sol kanadınkini de Sâlih Reis’e verdi, kendisi ise ortada yer aldı. Düşmanın sayıca üstünlüğü karşısında bir yarma hareketine girişen Barbaros müttefik Haçlı filosunun gerilerine kadar ilerledi. Donanmasını ancak ertesi gün (28 Eylül) harekete geçirebilen Doria ise Barbaros’un karşısına çıkmak yerine açık denize dümen kırdı. Böylece büyük bir bozguna uğratılan müttefik donanmasının otuz altı teknesi ele geçirildi, 2175 de esir alındı. Türk donanmasının kayıpları ise oldukça azdı.
Preveze Zaferi’yle Doğu Akdeniz’den sonra Orta Akdeniz bölgesinde de Türk üstünlüğü sağlanmış oldu. Bu arada Doria tarafından daha önce ele geçirilen Adriyatik kıyısındaki Nova da (Castelnuova) kolaylıkla geri alındı (10 Ağustos 1539). Venedik Osmanlılar’la bir barış yaparak (1540) ittifaktan ayrılırken V. Karl’ın Cezayir’e karşı giriştiği 1541 seferi ise fırtına yüzünden hezimete dönüştü.
I. François Preveze’den sonra yeniden Osmanlılar’a yaklaşmaya başladı. Başından beri Fransızlar’la iş birliğinden yana olan ve 1532’de I. François ile ilişki kurmuş bulunan Barbaros’un da uygun görmesiyle Akdeniz’de V. Karl’a bağlı yerlere karşı ortak bir harekete karar verildi. Fransa elçisi Paulin’i de yanına alarak 28 Mayıs 1543’te İstanbul’dan hareket eden Barbaros 110 gemilik filosuyla Messina, Reggio ve Ostia gibi İtalyan sahillerini vurduktan sonra 20 Temmuz’da Marsilya’ya vardı ve burada törenlerle karşılandı. Fransız donanmasının hazırlıklarının tamamlanmasından sonra Savoi Dukalığı’ndaki Nice’in alınmasına karar verildi. Şehir 20 Ağustos’ta ele geçirildiği halde kalenin zaptı uzayınca kuşatmaya son verilerek Türk donanmasının kışı Toulon’da geçirmesi uygun görüldü. Fakat altı ay kadar Güney Fransa’da kalan Barbaros, François’nin V. Karl’la anlaşması karşısında İstanbul’a dönmek zorunda kaldı. Dönüş sırasında da Cenova’da esir bulunan Turgut Reis’i kurtardı.
Nice seferi Barbaros’un son büyük seferidir. Bundan sonra daha çok tersane işleriyle meşgul olan Barbaros, 6 Cemâziyelevvel 953’te (5 Temmuz 1546) kısa bir hastalıktan sonra vefat etti ve sağlığında Beşiktaş’ta yaptırdığı medresenin yanındaki türbesine defnedildi. Ölümüne “Mâte reîsü’l-bahr = مات رئيس البحر = 953” (Denizin reisi öldü) sözü tarih düşürülmüştür.
Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa zamanında Osmanlı denizciliği gücünün zirvesine ulaşmış, onun mektebinde yetişen değerli denizciler ve teşkilâtlı tersane sayesinde bu güç varlığını bir süre daha devam ettirmiştir.
Çağdaş kaynaklara göre Barbaros iri yapılı, kumral tenli idi. Saçı, sakalı, kaşları ve kirpikleri çok gürdü. Ömrü denizlerde geçtiğinden Rumca, Arapça, İspanyolca, İtalyanca ve Fransızca gibi Akdeniz dillerini iyi bilirdi. Ayrıca mûsikiyi de seviyordu. Cezayir’de yaptırdığı caminin kitâbesinde (Nisan 1520) unvanı “es-Sultânü’l-mücâhid mevlânâ Hayreddin ibn el-emîr eş-şehîr el-mücâhid Ebî Yûsuf Ya‘kūb et-Türkî” şeklinde gösterilmiştir. Daha sonraki devirlerde, Ege’ye açılacak donanmanın Beşiktaş’taki Hayreddin İskelesi’nde demirlemesi gelenek olmuştur. Barbaros’un evlâtlığı Hasan da Cezayir beylerbeyiliği yapmıştır.
Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa sağlığında Seyyid Murâdî’ye hâtıralarını yazdırmıştır. Gazavât-ı Hayreddin Paşa adını taşıyan hâtırat, biri mensur diğeri manzum olmak üzere iki şekilde kaleme alınmıştır. Mensur olan Fransızca’ya (A. Rang – F. Denis, Histoire d’Aroudj et de Khair-ed-din, fondateurs de la Régence d’Alger. “Chronique arabe du XVIe siècle” , Paris 1837), İtalyanca’ya (E. Peleaz, la vita e la storia di Ariddeno Barbarossa , Palermo 1887) ve kısmen Arapça’ya (Nûreddin Abdülkādir, ez-Zühretü’n-nâʾire , Cezayir 1934) çevrildiği gibi sadeleştirilerek de yayımlanmıştır (Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın Hâtıraları , nşr. Ertuğrul Düzdağ, I-II, İstanbul, ts.). Manzum hâtırat ise Necip Âsım tarafından tanıtılmıştır (“Gazavât-ı Hayreddin Paşa”, TOEM , I, 4 [1326], s. 233-238; hâtıratın ve nüshalarının tam bir değerlendirmesi için bk. Aldo Gallotta, Le gazavat di Hayreddin Barbarossa Studi Maghrebini , Napoli 1970, III, 79-160).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 65-67 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.