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BARKAN, Ömer Lutfi Skip to content (1902-1979)
Türk iktisat tarihçisi.
Edirne’de doğdu. Eskizağralı İsmâil Efendi ile Gülsüm Hanım’ın oğludur. İlk tahsilini Edirne Numûne Mektebi’nde, orta tahsilini yine buradaki Muallim Mektebi’nde tamamladıktan sonra 1920’de bir yıl Orta Muallim Mektebi’nde okudu. Üç yıl kadar Edirne’de ilkokul öğretmenliği yaptıktan sonra 1923’te İstanbul’a giderek Yüksek Muallim Mektebi’ne girdi, daha sonra Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Bölümü’nü bitirdi. 1927’de gönderildiği Strasbourg Üniversitesi Edebiyat ve Hukuk fakültelerinde ikinci lisansını tamamlayıp yurda dönünce Eskişehir Lisesi felsefe muallimliğine tayin edildi (1931). 1933’teki üniversite reformu sırasında doktora ve doçentlik tezi hazırlamadan doğrudan Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk İnkılâb Tarihi Kürsüsü doçentliğine getirildi. 1937’de bu vazifesi de devam etmek üzere İktisat Fakültesi İktisat Tarihi ve İktisadî Coğrafya Kürsüsü’ne nakledildi. Şubat 1939’da “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Kuruluş Devrinde Toprak Meseleleri” konulu tezini bitirerek doçentlik imtihanlarını başarı ile tamamladı. 1941 Şubatında profesörlüğe yükseltildi. 1950’de İktisat Tarihi Kürsüsü başkanı oldu; 1950-1952 yıllarında İktisat Fakültesi dekanlığı yaptı. 1955’te, emekliliğine kadar müdürlüğünü yürüttüğü Türk İktisat Tarihi Enstitüsü’nü kurdu. 1957 yılında ordinaryüs profesörlüğe yükseltildi.
Ömer Lutfi Barkan, İktisat Fakültesi’ndeki derslerinin yanında Edebiyat ve Fen fakültelerinin inkılâb tarihi derslerini de yürüttüğü gibi 1939’da Hayriye Lisesi’nde felsefe hocalığı, 1940’ta Yüksek Muallim Mektebi’nde müzakerecilik görevinde bulundu. Yine 1940’tan başlayarak Hukuk Fakültesi’nde Türk hukuk tarihi ve toprak hukuku, Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde Türkiye teşkilât ve müesseseleri tarihi; 1963-1972 yıllarında da İstanbul Özel İktisadî ve Ticarî İlimler Okulu’nda genel iktisat tarihi dersleri verdi. 1973’te yaş haddinden emekliye ayrıldı. 23 Ağustos 1979’da vefat etti.
Ömer Lutfi Barkan yurt içinde Türk Tarih Kurumu (1940) ve Türk İnkılâb Tarihi Enstitüsü üyeliklerinden başka UNESCO Türkiye Millî Komisyonu 5 ve 7. dönem genel kurul üyeliklerinde bulunmuş, 1955’te Strasbourg Üniversitesi tarafından kendisine “şeref doktoru” pâyesi verilmiştir. Sırbistan İlimler Akademisi’ne de üye seçilen Barkan, 1967-1973 arasındaki dönemde Milletlerarası Şarkiyatçılar Birliği’ne bağlı Osmanlı ve Osmanlı Öncesi Tetkikleri Komitesi başkanlığına getirilmiştir.
Barkan, öncelikle Türkiye’de tarih anlayışı ve incelemelerine yenilik getirmiş bir ilim adamıdır. Daha çok Türk iktisat tarihi alanında yaptığı yeni ve orijinal araştırmalarıyla dikkati çekmiştir. Tahrir defterleri ilk defa onun tarafından sistematik bir şekilde incelenmiş ve bunların ziraî, sosyal ve demografik bakımdan önemleri ortaya konmuştur. Osmanlı bütçeleri ve muhasebe bilançoları gibi konular da yine ilk defa onun üzerine eğildiği konulardır. Barkan son derece titiz çalışan bir ilim adamıydı. Bütün yazılarını üç dört kere her defasında yeniden yazarcasına elden geçirirdi. Aslında ham malzemeyi toplayıp işlemek gibi hususlarda kendisi fazla vakit sarfetmez, bu işleri nezareti altında olmak üzere mesai arkadaşlarına bırakırdı. O işlenmiş malzemenin tahlil ve tefsiriyle uğraşırdı. Bu titizliği dolayısıyla asistanlarının belli bir olgunluğa gelmeden yazı yazmalarına da müsaade etmezdi.
Eserleri. Ömer Lutfi Barkan’ın araştırmaları daha ziyade XVI. yüzyıl üzerindedir. 1935’te başladığı yayınlarının sayısı 150’den fazladır. Bunların içinde kitapların sayısı az olmakla birlikte makale olarak çeşitli dergilerde yayımladıklarının çoğu kitap hacmindedir. Özellikle İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası ’nın bazı sayılarında birbirini tamamlayıcı mahiyette birden fazla makalesini bulmak mümkündür. Aynı şekilde TTK Belgeler ’inde ve Vakıflar Dergisi ’nde kitap hacminde geniş makaleler neşretmiştir. Ölümünden sonra makalelerinin toplu olarak yayımlanmasına teşebbüs edilmişse de ancak toprak meselesiyle ilgili olanlar bir ciltte toplanabilmiştir (Türkiye’de Toprak Meselesi-Toplu Eserler 1 , İstanbul 1980).
Barkan’ın incelemelerinin çoğu öncü niteliği taşıyan çalışmalardır. Onun bu çalışmalarını birkaç ana başlık altında toplamak mümkündür. Bunların başında Osmanlı kanunları gelmektedir. Barkan önce arazi kanunları üzerinde sistemli bir şekilde durmuş, bunların mahiyetiyle Osmanlı iktisat ve idare tarihi açısından önemini ortaya koymuştur. Bu konudaki ilk sistemli makalesini “Türk Toprak Hukuku Tarihinde Tanzimat ve 1274 (1858) Tarihli Arazi Kanunnâmesi” adıyla yayımlamıştır (Tanzimat I , İstanbul 1940, s. 321-421). Burada Tanzimat’tan önceki toprak hukuku ile mîrî arazi konusunu ve geçiş döneminin özelliklerini verdikten sonra 1274 arazi kanunnâmesini etraflıca ele alarak hazırlanışını ve ihtiva ettiği esasları incelemiştir. Barkan’ın Osmanlı toprak hukuku ile ilgili en geniş çalışması ise XV ve XVI ıncı asırlarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Ziraî Ekonominin Hukukî ve Malî Esasları, I. Kanunlar (İstanbul 1945) adlı eseridir. Eserin uzun girişinde (s. I-LXXII) Osmanlı kanun ve kanunnâmeleri üzerinde durulmuş, burada Osmanlı müesseselerinin şer‘îliği meselesi, mevcut kanunnâmelerin niteliği ve sistemsizliği, fetva sistemi ve kanunnâmeler, şeyhülislâmın durumu, Osmanlı sultanlarının kanun koyuculuğu gibi hususlar incelenmiştir. Barkan’ın daha sonra başta İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’ndeki “Kanunnâme” maddesi (İA , VI, 185-196) olmak üzere çeşitli makalelerinde küçük farklılıklarla tekrarladığı bu görüşler Osmanlı Devleti’nin laik olup olmadığı tartışmalarını gündeme getirmiş ve farklı görüşlerin doğmasında öncülük etmiştir. Barkan Kanunlar kitabının metin kısmında ise bir ikisi dışında hemen tamamı XVI. yüzyıla ait Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Ankara Tapu Kadastro Arşivi ve bir tanesi de Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nden olmak üzere 107 arazi kanunnâmesini vermiştir. Onun eksik ve yeniden gözden geçirilmesinin gerekli olduğuna inandığı bu eser, Osmanlı sosyal ve ekonomik tarihi araştırmalarında daima müracaat edilen bir kaynak olmuştur. Barkan’ın Osmanlı toprak sistemiyle ilgili İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’ndeki “Timar” maddesi ise (XII, 286-333) üzerinde uzun süre titizlikle çalıştığı bir araştırması olup toprak sistemi konusunda o güne kadarki çalışmalarının neticesini aksettirmektedir. Kendi ifadesine göre Osmanlı toprak rejimini konu alan birçok makalesi yerine sadece bunun okunması kâfidir.
Barkan Osmanlılar’da vakıflar konusunda çok yönlü çalışmalar yapmıştır. Vakıfların statüsü, türleri ve işleyişi hususundaki incelemeleri büyük bir yekün tutmaktadır. Diğer çalışmalarında olduğu gibi vakıflarla ilgili yayınları da sadece bir belge neşri olmayıp başında giriş niteliğinde çok geniş değerlendirmeler bulunmaktadır. Nitekim Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi ile birlikte yayımladığı İstanbul Vakıfları Tahrîr Defteri 953 (1546) Târîhli (İstanbul 1970) adlı eserin başındaki vakıf tesislerin hukukî durumu, iktisadî ve içtimaî problemleriyle ilgili incelemeleri buna bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası ve Vakıflar Dergisi ’nde sistematik olarak yayımladığı vakıflara ait muhasebe bilançoları ise Osmanlılar’da vakıfların işleyişini gösteren çok değerli kaynaklardır. Kendisinden önce ve kendi döneminde pek çok araştırmacının statik bir belge olan vakfiyeleri yayımlamasına karşılık Barkan’ın, müessesenin işleyişini ve tatbikatta aldığı şekli yansıtan muhasebe defterlerini seçmesi, meselelere yaklaşım tarzını ve teşhisteki isabetini ortaya koymaktadır. “Fatih Camii ve İmareti Tesislerinin 1489-1490 yıllarına Ait Muhasebe Bilançoları” (İFM , XXXII/1-2, s. 297-341) ve “Süleymaniye Cami ve İmareti Tesîslerine Âit Yıllık Bir Muhasebe Bilânçosu 993/994 (1585-1586)” (VD , IX, s. 109-161) adlı makaleleri bu nevi çalışmalarının iki örneğini teşkil etmektedir.
Barkan’ın Osmanlı bütçeleri üzerindeki mukayeseli incelemeleri ise bu alanda çığır açan çalışmalar olmuştur. Hicrî 933-934 (1527-1528) (İFM , XV/1-4, s. 251-329), 1079-1080 (1669-1670) (İFM , XVII/1-4, s. 193-303), 1070-1071 (1660-1661) (İFM , XVIII/1-4, s. 304-347) 954-955 (1547-1548) (İFM , XIX, s. 219-276) ve 974-975 (1567-1568) (İFM , XIX/1-4, s. 277-332) yıllarına ait beş bütçe, XVI-XVII. yüzyıllardaki Osmanlı devlet hazinesinin gelir ve giderlerinin sistematik olarak verildiği ve tahlil edildiği çalışmalarıdır. Barkan aynı sistemle İstanbul saraylarına ait muhasebe defterlerini de yayımlamıştır. “Saray Mutfağının 894-895 (1489-1490) Yılına Ait Muhasebe Bilançosu” (İFM , XXIII, s. 380-398) ve “İstanbul Saraylarına Ait Muhasebe Defterleri” (Belgeler , sy. 13, 380 sayfa) adlı makaleler bu alandaki çalışmalarına örnek teşkil eder.
“Edirne Askerî Kassamına Ait Tereke Defterleri (1545-1659)” (Belgeler , III/5-6, s. 1-479) adlı kitap hacmindeki makalesi ise arşiv ve kütüphanelerdeki şer‘iyye sicilleri arasında yüzlerce örneği bulunan tereke defterlerinin nasıl değerlendirilip yayımlanabileceği konusunda mükemmel bir incelemedir. Müellif diğer araştırmalarında olduğu gibi bu çalışmasının girişinde de (s. 1-78) belgelerin tanıtılması ve muhtevası, şer‘î miras kaideleri, kölelerin durumu, faizle işletilen paralar, askerî sınıf mensuplarının çiftlikleri, ticaret ve sanatla ilgileri gibi hususları ele almıştır.
Barkan’ın ismini unutulmaz kılan kitaplarından en fazla yankı uyandıranlarından birisi de Süleymaniye Cami ve İmareti İnşaatı ’dır (I-II, Ankara 1972-1979). İnşaata ait defterlerin Türk İktisat Tarihi Enstitüsü elemanlarınca dökümünün yapılması ve Barkan’ın değerlendirmeleriyle meydana gelen bu eser, inşaat ve kültür tarihimize ışık tuttuğu gibi Osmanlı Türkleri’nin o asırdaki titiz ve disiplinli çalışmalarının da çok açık bir delilidir.
Enver Meriçli ile birlikte metnini hazırladıkları ve başında Barkan’ın tamamlanmamış geniş bir değerlendirmesi (s. 1-144) ile yayımlanan Hüdavendigâr Livâsı Tahrir Defterleri I (Ankara 1988), Osmanlı sosyal ve ekonomik tarihinin bir hazinesini oluşturan tahrir defterlerinin nasıl yayımlanması gerektiği konusunda önemli bir deneme niteliği taşımaktadır.
Barkan’ın Türk hukuk ve iktisat tarihinin çeşitli konularına ait birbirinden değerli Türkçe makalelerinden bazılarının Fransızca ve İngilizce tercümeleri Avrupa’da şarkiyatla ilgili çeşitli dergilerde neşredilmiştir. Ayrıca Barkan kendi sahasıyla ilgili bazı kitapların tanıtım ve değerlendirmesini de yapmıştır. F. Braudel, R. Mantran, S. Ülgener ve Ziya Karamursal’ın eserlerine yazdığı bazıları bir makale hacmindeki değerlendirmeler misal olarak verilebilir. Özellikle “annales” ekolünün en başta gelen temsilcilerinden F. Braudel’in Akdeniz dünyası ile ilgili eserinin Osmanlı sosyal ve ekonomik tarihi bakımından önemi ve değeri onun tarafından tanıtılmış ve burada yer alan görüşlerin Osmanlı belgeleri çerçevesinde desteklenip yeni ipuçlarının ortaya konmasında önemli rol oynamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İÜ İktisat Fakültesi’ndeki dosyası.
Osman Öndeş, “Yeri Doldurulamayacak Büyük İlim Adamımız Ord. Prof. Lûtfi Barkan’ın Ardından”, Yıllarboyu Tarih , sy. 10, İstanbul 1979, s. 34-35.
M. E. [Muzaffer Erdost], “Yitirdiğimiz İktisat Tarihçisi Ömer Lûtfi Barkan”, Yeni Ülke , sy. 9, İstanbul 1979, s. 262-270.
Lütfi Güçer, “Barkan ile Aydınlanan Tarih”, Milliyet , İstanbul 30.09.1979, s. 2.
Murat Çizakça, “Bir Büyük Hocayı Yitirdik”, Cumhuriyet , İstanbul 31.08.1979, s. 2.
Mahmut H. Şakiroğlu, “Ord. Prof. Ömer Lûtfi Barkan: 1902-1979”, TTK Belleten , XLIV/173 (1980), s. 153-177.
Halil Sahillioğlu, “Ömer Lûtfi Barkan”, Ord. Prof. Ömer Lütfi Barkan’a Armağan (İFM özel sayısı), XLI/1-4 (1985), s. 3-38.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 74-76 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.