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BARTHOLD, Vasilij Viladimiroviç Skip to content (1869-1930)
Rus Türkolog ve şarkiyatçısı.
15 Kasım 1869’da Petrograd’da (St. Petersburg) doğdu. Aynı şehirdeki üniversitenin Doğu Dilleri Fakültesi’nde 1887-1891 yıllarında öğrenim gördü. 1891’de Almanya’ya gitti. Petrograd’da ünlü Arapça uzmanı Baron Viktor Romanoviç Rosen tarafından yetiştirilen Barthold, Almanya’da Halle Üniversitesi’nde Prof. A. Müller ile E. Meyer, Strasburg Üniversitesi’nde de Prof. Theodor Nöldeke’nin derslerine devam etti. 1892’de Rusya’ya döndü, Türkistan’a giderek burada araştırma ve incelemeler yaptı. Adlarına tarihî kaynaklarda rastlanan birçok Türkistan şehir ve kasabalarının yerini buldu, buralarda yapılan hafriyata katıldı.
1896’da Petrograd Üniversitesi’ne doçent olarak tayin edildi. 1901’de Orta Asya İslâm ve Türk tarihi profesörlüğüne yükseltildi. 1910’da Petrograd İlimler Akademisi’ne muhabir üye, 1913’te de aslî üye seçildi. Daha sonra Rus İlimler Akademisi’ne üye oldu. Bu arada hocası Baron Rosen’in yönetiminde yayımlanan Rus Arkeoloji Kurumu Doğu Bölümü’nün yıllığını (Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniya Russkogo Arkheologiches kogo obshchestva ) onun ölümünden sonra çıkarmaya devam etti (1908-1912). Ayrıca İslâm tarihine yakın ilgisi sebebiyle önce Mir İslama (İslâm dünyası, 1912), sonra da Musul’manskiǐ Mir (Müslüman dünya, 1917) adlı dergileri çıkardıysa da bunların yayımı çok kısa sürdü.
Rus Arkeoloji Kurumu Doğu Bölümü’nün sekreterliği (1905-1913), sonra başkanlığı (1918-1922), Orta ve Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Rus Komitesi sekreterliği (1903-1921), Asiatic Museum’a bağlı Müsteşrikler Komitesi’nin başkanlığı (1921-1930) ve 1925-1930 yılları arasında bu kurumun yıllığı (Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov pri Aziatskom muzee Rossiǐskoǐ Akademii nauk ) ile ayrıca İran adlı derginin editörlüğü (1927-1929) gibi görevleri de üstlenen Barthold Avrupa’nın birçok ülkesinde araştırmalar yaptı, çeşitli üniversitelerde dersler verdi. Bu arada Dârülfünun’un davetlisi olarak 1926 yılında İstanbul’a geldi ve burada on iki konferans verdi. 19 Ağustos 1930’da Leningrad’da öldü.
Barthold, Rus İslâm araştırmaları ve Türkoloji dallarında büyük şöhrete sahip bir ilim adamıdır. Çeşitli sahalarda ortaya koyduğu irili ufaklı araştırmaların çokluğu onun verimliliğinin belirtisidir. Kitap ve yazılarının büyük bir kısmının Türkçe’ye çevrilmesi de, Barthold’un 1930’lu yıllarda Türkiye’de Türkiyat ve İslâm tarihi çalışmalarına tesiri olduğunu gösterir. 1917’den sonra Rusya’daki rejim değişikliğinde mevkiini muhafaza edebilmesi ve çalışmalarına büyük ölçüde destek bulması, onun Sovyet idaresi tarafından da Türk ve İslâm âlemi ile ilgili konularda iyi bir uzman olarak kabul edildiğini belli etmektedir.
Eserleri. Çeşitli kitap, makale ve The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’a yazdığı 247 maddeyle toplam 700’e yakın çalışması bulunan Barthold’un hayatta iken dokuz çalışması Batı dillerine, on sekizi de başta Türkçe olmak üzere Doğu dillerine çevrilmiştir. Kaleme aldığı ansiklopedi maddeleri, bibliyografik değerlendirmeler ve kısa notları dışında on dokuz önemli çalışması çoğu Almanca olmak üzere bizzat kendisi tarafından Batı dillerinde yayımlanmış, elliye yakın çalışması da ölümünden sonra çeşitli dillere tercüme edilmiştir. Barthold’un 228’i ansiklopedi maddesi olmak üzere 511 çalışması bir külliyat halinde yayımlanmış olup (Sochineniya, I-IX, Moscow 1963-1977) belli başlı eserlerinden bazıları şunlardır:
1. Turkestan v èpokhu mongol’skogo našestvija (I-II, St. Petersburg 1898-1900). Barthold’un doktora tezi olarak hazırladığı bu eser müellifin kaynaklara hâkimiyeti, sağlam metodu ve sağlıklı hükümleriyle yayımlandığında ilim âleminin dikkatini çekmişti. Bu sahada yapılan araştırmaların başında gelen eserin I. cildi İslâmî devir Türk tarihinin başlangıç dönemiyle ilgili temel kaynak mahiyetindeki metinlerden oluşmaktadır. II. cilt ise asıl araştırma konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Bu cilt, müellif tarafından düzeltme ve ilâvelerle, H. A. R. Gibb’in yardımıyla İngilizce’ye çevrilmiştir (Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion , E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, V, London 1928). Fatih Kerimof tarafından Özbek Türkçesi’ne çevrilen eser (Monquilar davrida Turkistan , Moskova-Semerkand 1931) Kerim Kişâverz tarafından Farsça’ya (Türkistânnâme , Tahran 1349 hş.), Selâhaddin Osman Hâşim tarafından Arapça’ya (Türkistân mine’l-fetḥi’l-ʿArabî ile’l-ġazvi’l-Moġolî , Küveyt 1401/1981), Hakkı Dursun Yıldız tarafından da Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir (Moğol İstilâsına Kadar Türkistan , Ankara 1981).
2. Kultura Musulmanstva (Petrograd 1918). Bu eser Fuad Köprülü’nün ilâve, düzeltme ve notlarıyla çok genişletilmiş bir şekilde İslâm Medeniyeti Tarihi (İstanbul 1940) adıyla Türkçe olarak da yayımlanmıştır. Tercümenin “Başlangıç” kısmında ifade edildiğine göre bu kitap Cemal Velidî’nin Tatarca tercümesinden (Kazan 1922) Ahad Ural tarafından Türkiye Türkçesi’ne aktarılmış, Fuad Köprülü tarafından da Tatarca tercümesi, Gazi Yunus’un Özbek Türkçesi’ne tercümesi (1927) ve Sh. Suhrawardi’nin İngilizce tercümeleriyle (Mussulman Culture , Calcutta 1934) karşılaştırılmak suretiyle hazırlanmıştır. Eser Tâhir Hamza tarafından Târîḫu’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-İslâmiyye (Kahire 1958) adıyla Arapça’ya da tercüme edilmiştir.
3. Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler (İstanbul 1927, yeni harflerle tekrar basımı Ankara 1975). 1926 yılında Türkiyat Enstitüsü’nün davetlisi olarak geldiği İstanbul’da Orta Asya Türk tarihi hakkında verdiği on iki konferanstan oluşmaktadır. Ahmed Said Süleyman’ın Arapça’ya çevirdiği (Târîḫu’t-Türk fî Âsya’l-vüsṭâ , Kahire 1956) bu eser ayrıca Zwölf Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Türken Mittelasiens (Berlin 1935) adıyla Almanca olarak da yayımlanmış, bundan da M. Donskis tarafından Fransızca’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Histoire des Turcs d’Asie , Paris 1945).
4. Istorija iẑučenija Vostoka v Evropě i Rossii (St. Petersburg 1911; Leningrad 1925). Avrupa ve Rusya’da Doğu araştırmaları tarihiyle ilgili olan bu eser Almanca (Die geographische und historische Erforschung des Orients mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der russischen Arbeiten , trc. E. Ramberg-Figulla, Leipzig 1913) ve Fransızca’ya tercüme edilmiştir (La Découverte de l’Asie, Histoire de l’Orientalisme en Europe et en Russie , trc. B. Nikitine, Paris 1947).
5. Musulmanskija Dynastii (St. Petersburg 1899). S. Lane-Poole’ün The Mohammadan Dynasties (London 1894) adlı tanınmış eserinin Rusça tercümesi olup yapılan ilâve ve düzeltmelerle âdeta yeni bir eser hüviyeti almıştır.
6. Istoriko Geografičeskij Obzor Irana (St. Petersburg 1903). Eser Priscilla P. Soucek tarafından İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir (An Historical Geography of Iran , Princeton 1984).
7. Ulug bek i jego vremja (Petrograd 1918). Akdes Nimet [Kurat] tarafından Uluğ Bey ve Zamanı (İstanbul 1930) ve İsmail Aka tarafından Uluğ Beg ve Zamanı (Ankara 1990) adlarıyla Türkçe’ye, Ulug Bey und seine Zeit (Leipzig 1935) adıyla da Almanca’ya tercüme edilmiştir.
8. Istorija Turkestana (Taşkent 1922).
Barthold’un 1912’de neşredilen “Chalif i Sultan” (Mir Islama , I, 203-226, 345-400) başlıklı hacimli makalesi ilim dünyasınca dikkate değer bulunmuş ve C. H. Becker tarafından biraz kısaltılarak Der Islam dergisinde (V [1914], s. 350-412) Almanca olarak tekrar basılmıştır. Barthold, Christianskij Vostok dergisinde (VI [1912], s. 203-204) yayımlanan “Karl Velikij i Harun ar-Rašid” adlı araştırmasında ise Büyük Karl (Charlemagne Şarlman) ile Hârûnürreşîd arasındaki münasebetler üzerinde durarak bu iki hükümdar arasında sanıldığı gibi elçi alışverişi olmadığını ispat etmiştir.
Barthold, gerek Türkistan’daki topluluklar ve bunların tarihleri, gerekse Türk medeniyetinin buradaki izleri hakkında geniş bilgisi olan bir araştırmacı hüviyetiyle büyük bir şöhrete kavuşmuştu. Bakü’deki İslâm el yazmalarını 1925’te, Türkistan’da rastladıklarını 1926’da yayımlanan makalelerinde tanıttığı gibi Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in şahsiyeti hakkında yeni fikirler ortaya attığı bir makalesi 1920’de basılmış (“Chalif Omar II i protivorečivyje izvestija o jego ličnosti”, Christianskij Vostok , VI, 203-234), Mesleme (Maslama) adından doğduğunu ileri sürdüğü “Müsejlima” (Izvestija Rossiǐskoǐ Akademii Nauk , s. 483-512) başlıklı makalesini de 1925’te yayımlamıştır. Bu makale 1928’de Kahire’de Arapça olarak da basılmıştır. “Koran i More” adlı makalesi (Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov , I [1925], s. 106-110), H. Ritter tarafından Almanca’ya çevrilmiştir (“Der Koran und das Meer”, ZDMG , VIII [1929], s. 37-43). Barthold’un bazı küçük yazıları da Türkçe’ye çevrilerek neşredilmiştir: “Orta Asya’da İslâmiyet’in İntişar Ettiği Zamana Ait Bir Âbide” (TM , II [1928], s. 69-74); “Radloff’un Lugatını Yeniden Neşr Meselesi” (a.y. , s. 385-387); “Orta Asya Türkleri” (kitap tenkidi, a.y. , s. 528-534) bunlardan birkaçıdır. Ayrıca Ali Şîr Nevâî hakkında da geniş bir araştırması vardır. “Mir Ali Šir Političeskaja Žizn” (Sbornik “Mir Ali-Şir” , Leningrad 1928, s. 100-164) adlı bu araştırma W. Hinz tarafından Almanca’ya (Herat Unter Husein Baigara, dem Timuriden [Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes] Leipzig 1937, XXII, 8), Ahmet Caferoğlu tarafından da Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (“Mir-Ali Şîr ve Siyasî Hayatı”, Ülkü , nr. 56 [Ankara 1937], s. 160-167; nr. 58, s. 356-365; nr. 59, s. 517-528; nr. 61 [1938], s. 43-50; nr. 62, s. 145-156).
Bunların dışında, The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın Leiden’de neşredilen ilk baskısında birçok maddesi yayımlanmış olan Barthold’un Orta Asya Türk tarihi ve coğrafyası ile ilgili yazıları bu ansiklopedinin genişletilmiş Türkçe baskısında da yer almıştır. Barthold ayrıca 1898’den 1903’e kadar Berlin Doğu Araştırmaları Semineri’nin yıllığında da (MSOS ) Orta Asya ve Uzakdoğu’ya dair Rusya’da çıkan yayınları tanıtmıştır.
Barthold 1896’da, önceleri Kazan Üniversitesi’ne ait iken daha sonra Petrograd Üniversitesi’ne nakledilen eski sikkeler koleksiyonuna muhafız (kustos) olmuş ve katalogları 1834 ve 1855’te yayımlanan Rusya’daki en zengin İslâmî paralardan oluşan bu koleksiyondaki bazı nâdir örnekleri de yayımlamıştır (“Iz Minc-kabineta pri St. Petersburgskom Universitetě”, Zapiski Vostocnavo Otdelenija , XII [1899], s. 1-3, 59-60 ve XIV [1901], s. 34-36). Bunlar arasında bilhassa 663’te (1264-65) Semerkant’ta basılan bir bakır dirhem ile Sâmânoğulları’na ait 303 (915-16) tarihli sikke ve bazı Emevî sikkelerine dair yayımladığı notlar bu konunun uzmanlarınca çok önemli görülmüştür. Ayrıca Hüseyin Baykara’nın sikkelerinde rastlanan Behbûd adının anlamını da çözmüştür (Zapiski Vostocnavo Otdelenija , XIV [1901], s. 106-107). Uluğ Bey sikkelerindeki bazı ibarelerin en doğru biçimde onun tarafından açıklandığı da bilinmektedir (“Monety Ulugbeka”, Izvestija Rossijskoj Akad. İstorii Mat. Kultury, II [Petersburg 1922], s. 190-192). Barthold İslâmî yazılı kaynakların yardımıyla Moğol hanlarının sikkelerinin değer ölçülerini de tesbit edebilmiştir. Vasmer’in belirttiğine göre, ancak tarihi çok iyi bilen, Doğu dillerine âşina ve gayretli bir eski sikkeler uzmanının başarabileceği çalışmalar yapan Barthold, yayımlarında kaynak olarak eski sikkelerden de geniş ölçüde faydalanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
J. Fück, Die Arabischen Studien in Europa , Leipzig 1955, s. 301-302.
Emel Esin, “Vassiliy Viladimiroviç Barthold ve Eseri” (Barthold, Türkistan içinde), s. XV-XVIII.
W. Ebermann, “Bericht über die arabischen Studien in Ruhland wäehrend der Jahre 1914-1920”, Islamica , III, Leipzig 1927, s. 229-231, 233-238, 262-263; IV (1928), s. 121-127, 135, 147, 229, 232, 240, 243 (bu derginin görülebilen bu sayılarında Barthold’un 1914-1927 yılları arasında çıkan bütün yayınlarının çok etraflı Almanca özetleri bulunmaktadır).
Milius Dostojevskij, “W. Barthold”, WI , XII/3 (1930-31), s. 89-135.
R. Vasmer, “Wilhelm Barthold”, Zeitschrift für Numismatik , XL (1930), s. 346-350.
Theodor Menzel, “Versuch einer Barthold-Bibliographie”, Isl. , XXI (1933), s. 236-242; XXII (1935), s. 144-162.
Inayatullah, “V. V. Barthold, His Life and Works (1869-1930)”, JPHS , IX/2 (1961), s. 81-86.
Yuri Bregel, “Barthold and Modern Oriental Studies”, IJMES , XII/4 (1980), s. 385-403.
a.mlf., “Barthold”, EIr. , III, 830-832.
N. A. Smirnov, “Bartol’d Vasilii Vladimirovich”, GSE , III, 39-40.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 85-87 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.