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BARUTHÂNE-i ÂMİRE Skip to content İstanbul’daki Osmanlı devlet baruthânesi.
Tarihçe. XV. yüzyılda Atmeydanı civarında kurulmuş olan ilk Osmanlı baruthânesi 1490’da yıldırım isabeti sonucu yanmış, Kâğıthane’de inşa edilen yenisi ise Sultan İbrâhim devri sonlarına kadar faaliyetini sürdürmüştür. XVII. yüzyılda İstanbul’da daha küçük çapta olmak üzere yeniçerilere ait Yeniodalar içinde ve Unkapanı’nda Tüfenkhâne’de de barut imalâthaneleri bulunmaktaydı. İstanbul dışında Selânik, Gelibolu, İzmir gibi merkezlerdeki baruthânelerin (bk. BARUTHÂNE ) imalâtının ihtiyacı karşılayamaması üzerine 1099’da (1687-88) İstanbul’da Şehremini semtinde yeni bir baruthâne kuruldu. Fakat burası 1698 Eylülünde, depolanmış olan barutların infilâki sonunda yandığından civarda da büyük hasar meydana gelince böyle bir yapının şehir dışında kurulması gerektiği anlaşıldı ve yeni baruthânenin yeri için İskender Çelebi Bahçesi’nin Bakırköy tarafı (bugünkü Ataköy) seçildi (Râşid, II, 441-442). Araziden bir derenin geçmesi gerekli suyu temin edecek, deniz kenarında olması ise nakliye kolaylığı sağlayacaktı. 1700’de başlayan inşaat 17.000 kuruş sarfıyla iki yılda tamamlandı. 1725’te büyük bir yangın geçiren Baruthâne-i Âmire âdeta yeniden yapılarak Eylül 1727’de tekrar faaliyete geçti. Ekim 1791’de atlattığı yangın tehlikesinden sonra ise bir tedbir olmak üzere tamamen kâgir olarak yapıldı (Cevdet, V, 260).
III. Selim’in saltanatında mevcut usullerle yapılan barutun savaşlardaki başarısızlıkların sebebi olarak görülmesi, İngiliz ve Felemenk perdahtı barut yapımının denenmesine yol açtı; bu ise baruthâneye yeni bir düzen verilmesini gerektirdi. 1793-1794 ve 1799’da yeni çarhların (çark) ilâvesiyle istenilen sonuca ulaşıldı. 1208’de (1794) İstanbul’da Halkalı civarında çarhları su kuvvetiyle dönen Âzatlı Baruthânesi devreye girdikten dört sene sonra eski usulle çalışan Gelibolu ve Selânik baruthâneleri artık ihtiyaç kalmadığından kapatıldı (Nisan 1800). Baruthâneler 1835’te Mühimmât-ı Harbiyye Nezâreti’ne bağlandı (BA , Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 32.900). Tanzimat’tan sonra ise bazı yeni bölümler eklendi ve Tophane Müşirliği’nin emrine verildi. Zaman zaman makinelerin yenilenmesine de ihtiyaç duyuldu. Meselâ Kırım Harbi dolayısıyla barut ihtiyacının artması ve makinelerin bütün gücüyle çalıştığı için yıpranması sebebiyle 1854’te Barutçubaşı Bogos’un teklifiyle İngiltere’den beş dibekli yeni tip bir makinenin getirilmesi, eskisinin ise tamir edilip yedek olarak saklanması yoluna gidildi (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 20.163).
XIX. yüzyılda diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi harp alet ve malzemeleri sahasında da süratle gelişen tekniklere Osmanlı Devleti de ayak uydurmak mecburiyetini hissetti. 1830’larda ilk defa Fransa’da denenen pamuk barutunun Avrupa’da kullanılabilir hale getirilmesi 1860’ları buldu. Bu tip barutların toplarda kullanılan türleri içinde bulunan prizmatik barut (kahverengi barut) bir taraftan Avrupa’dan ithal edilirken diğer taraftan da Baruthâne-i Âmire’de imali için yeni tesisler kurulması yoluna gidildi. İlk kurulan prizmatik barut fabrikasında sadece bir tezgâh bulunuyordu. Fakat Krupp topları için gerekli prizmatik barut bu tek tezgâhın imalâtıyla karşılanamadığından 1881’de kuvveti saatte 250 kg. yani 1680 adet prizmatik barut imal eden bir tezgâhla barutu pide haline getirip kıracak bir silindirli mengenenin Almanya’dan getirtilmesine karar verildi (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 66.448). 1882 yılı sonlarında ise Âzatlı Baruthânesi’nde 24 saatte 110 okka pamuk barutu imal edecek bir fabrikanın kurulması için irade çıktı ve 364.350 kuruşa mal olacağı tahmin edilen bu tesis için 1299 (1883-84) malî yılı bütçesinde tahsisat ayrılması kabul edildi (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 69.611).
1848’de C. F. Schönbein’ın nitroselülozu keşfinden sonra dumansız barut yapımı konusunda Avrupa ülkelerinde yapılan çalışmalar, 1884’te A. Nobel’in nitroselülozu nitrogliserinle dondurmayı gerçekleştirmesinden sonra yeni bir şekil kazandı. 1893’te İstanbul’da da dumansız Osmanlı barutunun yapımı denendikten sonra ileride yapılacak dumansız barut imalâthanesine örnek olmak üzere gerekli malzemelerden Baruthâne-i Âmire ve Zeytinburnu fabrikasında bulunan aletler buralardan temin, diğerleri dışarıdan getirtilmek üzere Baruthâne-i Âmire kimyahânesi bitişiğinde bir bina yapılmasına karar verildi (BA , İrade-Tophâne, nr. 20). 1895 Nisanında yeni baruthâne tamamlanıp imalâta başlayabilecek hale geldi (Servet-i Fünûn , sy. 265, s. 36). Aynı yıl eski kimyahânenin yerine prizmatik barut fabrikasının arkasında yeni bir kimyahânenin yapımı gerekti (BA , İrade-Tophâne, nr. 8). Bütün bu faaliyetlere rağmen XX. yüzyılın başında hâlâ dumansız barut ihtiyacının büyük bir kısmı ithal edilmekteydi. Bunun önlenmesi ve dumansız barut fabrikasının mükemmel hale getirilmesi Rottweil barut fabrikasına ihale edildi. İhtiyaç duyulan suyun Baruthâne-i Âmire hududu içindeki Çukurlubahçe ve kuyulardan temin edilebilmesi için gerek bu kuyuların bulunduğu sahalar (BA , Yıldız Resmî Mâruzat, nr. 124/92), gerekse baruthânenin emniyeti bakımından etrafındaki bazı yerlerin de istimlâki cihetine gidildi (BA , aynı tasnif, nr. 142/45).
Baruthâne-i Âmire’de modern tekniklerle barut imal eden bu tesisler kurulurken kara barut yapımı da devam etmekteydi, çünkü dumansız barut her türlü kullanıma elverişli değildi. Resmî günlerde kullanılan fişeklerde, tane ve şarapnel paralamada yine kara baruta ihtiyaç vardı (BA , aynı tasnif, nr. 92/17). Nitekim XX. yüzyılda yapılan savaşlarda bile şarapnel için kara barut kullanıldığı görülmektedir (ATASE Arşivi, Trablusgarp Harbi Dosyaları Mühimmat Teslim Tezkireleri, klasör 63, dosya 34-302). Ancak Âzatlı Baruthânesi 1890’larda hemen tamamen devreden çıkmış durumda olduğundan barut yapımında bütün yük Baruthâne-i Âmire’ye binmişti. Buraya güherçile temin eden Konya ve Kayseri fabrikalarının imalâtları çok azaldığı için İstanbul Baruthânesi’nde de 1891’de bir ara kara barut imalâtının durdurulması tehlikesi belirmişti (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 99.739).
İmparatorluğun son devirlerine kadar faaliyetini sürdüren Baruthâne-i Âmire Cumhuriyet devrinde önce askerî fabrikalara, sonra Makine ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu’na intikal etti. 1955’te ise arazisi Türkiye Emlâk ve Kredi Bankası’na satıldı.
Teşkilât. Cebehâne-i Âmire’ye bağlı olan baruthâneler başlangıçta birer nâzır tarafından idare edilirken III. Selim devrinde hepsi İstanbul Baruthânesi nâzırına bağlanmış ve diğerleri birer vekille idare olunmuştur. 1835’te baruthâne Mühimmât-ı Harbiyye Nezâreti’ne bağlanınca başına bir müdür getirilmiştir.
Baruthânedeki işçilerin âmiri, barut yapımından sorumlu olan barutçubaşıdır. Emrinde üç bölükbaşı ile on beş nefer bulunan başbölükbaşı işçilerin denetleyicisiydi. 1831’de bu memuriyetin adı kâhyaya çevrilmiş, 1840’ta ise kâhyâ-yı evvelle birlikte sayıları yediye yükseltilmişti. Bunların her biri vapur, sergi ve soba, kalhâne, kalburhâne, silindirhâne, dibek çarhları gibi ayrı bir bölümün sorumlusuydu. Diğer görevliler başmülâzım, marangoz, kükürtçü, kömürcü ve mükerrerci idi; en altta da işçiler bulunuyordu. Baruthâneye girip çıkan her türlü maddenin kaydı, maaş hesapları ve devir teslim muamelelerine rûznâmçeci bakardı. Bu memuriyet de 1253’te (1837-38) Mühimmât-ı Harbiyye Rûznâmçeciliği ile birleştirildi.
Baruthânedeki işçiler yaptıkları işlere göre birkaç gruptu. Güherçile, kükürt ve kömürü çarhlarda işleyen çarhçılar, barutu kurutmakla vazifeli sergiciler, güherçileyi eritip barut yapımında kullanılabilir hale getiren kalcılar ve silindirci, tekneci, keskici, kalburcu, elekçi vb. yaptıkları işe göre adlandırılmış olan diğerleri. Ayrıca modern tekniklerin uygulanmasından önce barut yapımı için çarhların döndürülmesi hayvan gücüne dayandığından, hayvanların bakımıyla uğraşan bir de seyisler grubu vardı.
Baruthâne-i Âmire’de çalışanların maaş ve tayinat bahaları Tanzimat’a kadar ocaklık olarak tahsis edilen İstanbul cizyesinden üç ayda bir ödenirken bundan sonra tayinat kaldırılmış, ancak maaşlarına zam yapılmıştı.
İmalât. Kara Barut. Güherçile (% 75), kükürt (% 12,5) ve söğüt kömürünün (% 12,5) muamelesinden elde edilen kara barutun en önemli maddesi olan güherçile, imparatorluk içindeki ocaklardan getirilirdi. İstanbul Baruthânesi’ne güherçile temin eden ocaklar Anadolu’da Ankara, Kayseri, Aksaray, Konya, Akşehir, Karahisâr-ı Sâhib (Afyon), Ilgın, Eskiil, Kilisehisarı, Karapınar ve Aydın; Rumeli’de Atina (BA , Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 40.907); Âzatlı Baruthânesi’ne güherçile gönderen yerler ise Filibe, Tatarpazarı, Demirhisar, Selânik, Üsküp, Pirlepe, Manastır, Vodina, Vardar Yenicesi, Tesalya Yenişehri ve Eğriboz idi.
Güherçile barut imalinde kullanılabilir hale gelmesi için önce yıkanıp eritilirdi. Yıkama işi, suyun sıcaklığı 18 derecede tutulan dört ayrı havuzda yapılırdı. Dördüncü havuzdan kazanlara doldurulup 60-70 derecede kaynatılır ve tulumbalarla güherçilenin dondurulacağı havuza alınırdı. Birinci havuzda 30-35, ikinci havuzda 20-25 dereceye kadar çalkalanan güherçile şerbet havuzundan sonra kazanlarda kaynatılıp tuzu çıkarılır, suyu uçurulduktan sonra fıçılara doldurulup yıkanır ve kalhânede hamlık giderilinceye kadar eritilip kalıplara boşaltılırdı.
Barutun ikinci ana maddesi olan kükürt kısmen Erciş, Ahlat ve Lut gölü civarından getirilir, büyük kısmı ise ithal edilirdi. Barut imalinde kullanılan odun kömürü için ak söğüt çubuğu tercih edilirdi. Barut yapımı için her üç madde ayrı ayrı dibek veya çarhlarda ezilip perdahtlandıktan sonra belli oranlarda karıştırılırdı. Ancak formülün kaliteli barut yapımı için yetersizliği yanında tam olarak da tatbik edilmemesi 1768 ve 1787 seferlerinde top ve humbara tanelerinin menzillerine ulaşamamasında kendini gösterdiğinden bu oranlar 1793-1794’te İngiliz ve Felemenk perdahtı barut yapımına geçilerek değiştirilmiş, güherçile miktarı aynı kalırken kükürt 1/4 azaltılmış, kömür ise 1/2 arttırılmıştı. 6+1+1 formülü yerini 6 (güherçile) + 3/4 (kükürt) + 1.5 (kömür) formülüne bırakırken yerli barutun İngiliz barutu seviyesine çıkarılması için imalâtın her safhasının hakkının verilmesi yani kömürün yakılması, kükürdün ince ipek elekten geçirilmesi ve güherçilenin kal ve tasfiyesi ve hepsinin de çok iyi ezildikten sonra karıştırılıp perdahtlanması üzerinde durulmuştu. Hatta nâzırın bu konudaki hassasiyetini arttırabilmek düşüncesiyle olacak, barutun İngiliz barutu seviyesini tutturamaması halinde devletçe makbul bulunmayan miktarını onun İngiliz barutu alarak tazmin etmesi şartı dahi getirilmişti (BA , Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 19.849).
Dumansız Barut. Dumansız barutun esasını pamuk barutu teşkil eder. Pamuk barutu, çekirdekleri çıkarılmış ve hallaçlanmış pamuğun su ile yıkanıp temizlenmesi ve nitrik-sülfürik asit karışımı içinde bir süre bekletildikten sonra kurutulmasıyla elde edilir. Pamuk barutu görünüş itibariyle âdi pamuğa benzemekle beraber daha sert ve elastikîdir, oğuşturulduğunda ise elektriklenme meydana gelir. Bu ilk pamuk barutunun tekâmülü ile imal edilen dumansız barutlar için her Avrupa memleketinde ayrı ayrı formüller kullanılmış olmakla beraber hepsi de pamuk barutunun nitrogliserinle muamele edilip dondurulduktan sonra levha haline getirilip ufalanması esasına dayanır. Toplarda bunların prizmatik barut gibi iri taneli olanları kullanılırken tüfeklerin de büyük ve küçük çaplı oluşlarına göre barut cinsi değişiklik gösterir. Osmanlı dumansız barutunun formülü hakkında kesin bilgi olmamakla beraber sülfürik ve nitrik asitlerle birlikte eter kullanıldığı bilinmektedir (bk. Baruthâneye Ait Fotoğraf Albümleri , İÜ Ktp., nr. 90.972, 91.117).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 19.849, 32.900, 40.907.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 20.163, 66.448, 69.611, 99.739.
BA , İrade-Tophâne, nr. 8, 20.
BA , Yıldız Resmî Mâruzat, nr. 92/17, 124/92, 142/45.
Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüd Başkanlığı Arşivi (ATASE), Trablusgarb Harbi Dosyaları Mühimmat Teslim Tezkireleri, klasör 63, dosya 34-302.
Baruthaneye Ait Fotoğraf Albümleri , İÜ Ktp., nr. 90.972, 91.117.
Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekāyiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan, doktora tezi, 1979), İÜ Ed.Fak. Tarih Seminer Kitaplığı, nr. 3276, s. 846-847.
Râşid, Târih , II, 441-442.
Halil Nuri Bey, Târih , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 5996, vr. 70b -75a .
Cevdet, Târih , V, 260; VI, 126, 219.
Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ , sy. 165, İstanbul 1254; sy. 186 (1255); sy. 231 (1257); sy. 242 (1258); sy. 10 (1308); sy. 45 (1308).
Ahmed Muhtar Paşa – Hasan Tahsin, Dumansız Barutlar , İstanbul 1310.
Servet-i Fünûn , sy. 96, İstanbul 1308; sy. 113 (1309); sy. 169 (1310), sy. 265 (1312), s. 36.
İkdâm , sy. 3670, İstanbul 1322.
Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi , VI, 121.
Ahmet Erdal, Baruthâne-i Âmire: İstanbul Baruthânesi (mezuniyet tezi, 1982), İÜ Ed.Fak. Tarih Seminer Kitaplığı, nr. 3546.
Hikmet Yazıcı, Azadlu Baruthânesi (mezuniyet tezi, 1982), İÜ Ed.Fak. Tarih Seminer Kitaplığı, nr. 3604.
Muzaffer Erdoğan, “İstanbul Baruthâneleri”, İstanbul Enstitüsü Dergisi , II, İstanbul 1956, s. 117-138.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Baruthane”, İst.A , IV, 2128-2131.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 96-98 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.