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BA‘S Skip to content البعث
Kıyametin kopmasından sonra Allah tarafından ölülerin diriltilmesi hadisesi.
Sözlükte “birini kaldırıp harekete geçirmek; uykudan uyandırmak, diriltmek” gibi mânalara gelen ba‘s kelimesi, genel olarak Allah’ın herhangi bir şeyi yoktan var etmesi, Hz. Îsâ gibi bazı peygamberlerin ölüleri diriltme mûcizesi, Hz. Peygamber’in düzenlediği en çok üç kişilik askerî müfreze gibi ıstılahî mânaları yanında İslâmî literatürde asıl ve en yaygın olarak, “kıyamet gününde Allah’ın âhiret hayatını başlatmak üzere ölüleri yeniden canlandırması, onları kabirlerinden çıkararak hayata göndermesi” anlamında kullanılır.
Ba‘s inancı bazı farklılıklarla birlikte İslâmiyet’ten önce eski Mısır, İran, Çin ve Hint dinlerinde bulunduğu gibi (EI2 [İng.] , I, 1093), Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık’ta da vardır (Hezekiel, 37/1-14; İşaya, 27/19; Daniel, 12/2, 3, 13; Korintoslular’a I. Mektup, 15/32). Kur’an’da ifade edildiği üzere Câhiliye devri Arapları’nın büyük bir kısmı ölümden sonraki dirilişi inkâr ederken bir kısmının buna inandığı bilinmektedir (Cevâd Ali, VI, 123-133). Kıyamet hallerinden olan ba‘s Kur’an, sünnet ve icmâ ile sabit olduğundan İslâm dinindeki iman esaslarından biridir, bunu inkâr eden dinden çıkmış kabul edilir. Kur’an’da kıyamet gününün mutlaka geleceği, kabirlerin açılacağı (el-İnfitâr 82/4), yeryüzünün, içindeki ağırlıkları dışarıya atacağı (ez-Zilzâl 99/2) ve Allah’ın insanları tekrar dirilterek yerden ot bitirir gibi topraktan çıkaracağı (Nûh 71/17-18) bildirilmiş, “Cibrîl hadisi”nde de ba‘s iman edilmesi gereken esaslar arasında sayılmıştır (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 37). Ehl-i sünnet’e göre ba‘s kesin naslarla sabit olduğu gibi aklen de mümkündür. Mu‘tezile ise mümine mükâfat, kâfire ceza vermenin Allah’a vâcip olduğu şeklindeki temel görüşünden hareketle ba‘sı mümkün olmanın ötesinde aklen zorunlu görmüştür (Kemâl b. Ebû Şerîf, s. 213-214). Kerrâmiyye de aynı kanaati paylaşmıştır (Bağdâdî, s. 237). Şîa’nın konu ile ilgili görüşü Ehl-i sünnet’inkinden farklı değildir (Muhammedî er-Reyşehrî, VII, 95). Mansûriyye ve Cenâhiyye gibi bazı İslâm dışı fırkalar ise ba‘sı inkâr etmişlerdir (bk. GĀLİYYE ).
Kur’an’da, sûr a birinci üflemenin ardından -Allah’ın diledikleri müstesna- bütün canlıların yok olacağı, ikinci üfleme üzerine de ba‘s hadisesinin gerçekleşeceği ve ölmüş bütün yaratıkların yeniden canlanarak (ez-Zümer 39/68) belli bir hedefe doğru koşuyormuş gibi (el-Meâric 70/43) rablerinin huzuruna çıkacakları (Yâsîn 36/51) anlatılır ve dirilişin, gerçeği öğrenme ve amellerin karşılığını görme hikmetine bağlı olduğu (en-Nahl 16/38-39; et-Tegābün 64/7) vurgulanır. “Yevmü’l-ba‘s” (er-Rûm 30/56) ve “yevmü’l-hurûc” (Kāf 50/42) ismi de verilen o günde insanlar arasındaki soy yakınlığının fayda vermeyeceği, herkesin kendi derdine düşeceği ve bu yüzden kişinin kardeşinden, anne baba, eş ve çocuklarından kaçacağı (Abese 80/34-36), kimsenin birbirine bir şey sormayacağı (el-Mü’minûn 23/101), herkesin tek başına muhatap alınıp sorumlu tutulacağı, bazı yüzlerin ak, bazılarının kara olacağı (Âl-i İmrân 3/106) şeklinde kıyametle ilgili bilgiler (kıyamet halleri) Kur’an’da ayrıntılı bir şekilde zikredilmektedir. Kur’an, ölümden sonra dirilişi hayretle karşılayan ve bu konuda kesin bilgi sahibi olmak isteyenlere cevap teşkil etmek üzere, ölmüş ve parçalarına ayrılmış bazı canlıların yeniden diriltildiğini haber vermek suretiyle (el-Bakara 2/72-73, 259-260) duyulur âlemden de insan zihnini diriliş gerçeğine yaklaştırıcı örnekler sergilemektedir.
Hadislerde anlatıldığına göre bir cuma günü gerçekleşecek olan (İbn Kesîr, I, 257-260) yeniden diriliş, insandaki acbü’z-zeneb adı verilen ve hiçbir zaman çürüyüp yok olmayan bedene ait maddî unsurların gökten inecek bir nevi hayat suyu sayesinde bir anda canlanmasıyla gerçekleşecek ve insan kabirden veya acbü’z-zenebin bulunduğu yerden bir bitkinin topraktan çıkışı gibi süratle canlanıp ortaya çıkacaktır (Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 39/3, 78/1; Müslim, “Fiten”, 141, 142; Müsned , II, 322; İbn Ebû Âsım, II, 433; İbn Kesîr, I, 244-247). Bazı din bilginleri ba‘sın, meniye benzeyen bir çeşit suyun gökten inip kabirdeki acbü’z-zeneble karışması sonucunda tahakkuk edeceğini söylemişlerdir (Şa‘rânî, II, 148). Bazıları ise bu açıklamayı uygun bulmayarak ilâhî kudretin bu tür vasıtalara muhtaç olmaksızın ölüleri diriltebileceği görüşünü benimsemişlerdir (Râzî, XIV, 143). İbn Kesîr’in naklettiği bir hadiste, İsrâfil’in sûra ikinci defa üflemesinden sonra göklerle yeryüzü arasında bulunan ruhların kabirlerdeki cesetlere gireceği ve dirilişin böylece gerçekleşeceği anlatılır (en-Nihâye, I, 241). Kıyamet tasvirleriyle ilgili hadislerde kabirden ilk defa Hz. Muhammed’in kalkacağı ve organları teşekkül etmiş düşük çocuklar (es-sıkt) dahil bütün insanların dirileceği bildirilir (Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 39/3; İbn Mâce, “Cenâʾiz”, 58). Ayrıca ba‘s sırasında kişilerin çıplak, tüysüz, sünnetsiz, sağlıklı ve otuz yaşlarında olacakları belirtilir (Müsned , V, 232; Buhârî, “Riḳāḳ”, 45; Müslim, “Cennet”, 55-59; Nesâî, “Cenâʾiz”, 118). Ebû Dâvûd ise insanların ölümleri sırasında giyinmiş oldukları elbiselere bürünmüş olarak diriltileceklerini ifade eden bir hadis nakleder (“Cenâʾiz”, 18). Fakat Müslim’deki, “Her kul öldüğü hal üzere diriltilir” (“Cennet”, 83) hadisi dikkate alınarak Ebû Dâvûd’un rivayetindeki “elbise” kelimesi “iman ve amel elbisesi” anlamında te’vil edilmiştir (İbn Kesîr, I, 269). Hadislerde ba‘sın aklen mümkün görülen bir hadise oluşu üzerinde durulmuş ve Kur’an’dakine benzer tarzda ispatlar yapılmıştır (Beyhakī, s. 649).
Ba‘s ile ilgili âyetler yeniden dirilişin cismanî olacağını göstermektedir. Nitekim ölüp toprağa karıştıktan sonra dirileceklerini akıllarına sığdıramayan inkârcılara, “Biz toprağın onlardan yiyip tükettiklerini de, geride bıraktıklarını da çok iyi biliriz, katımızda her şeyi muhafaza eden bir kitap vardır” (Kāf 50/4) şeklinde cevap verilmiş; çürümüş kemikleri göstererek, “Bunları kim diriltebilir?” diyenlere, “Onları ilk defa yaratan diriltecektir” (Yâsîn 36/78-79) buyurulmak suretiyle kemiklerin diriltilmesi ba‘sın kapsamında gösterilmiş, böylece dirilişin cismanî olacağı vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca cennet ve cehenneme, cennet ehli ve onlara verilecek nimetlere, cehennem halkı ve onlara uygulanacak azaba dair birçok âyet ve hadiste yer alan tasvirler âhiret hayatının cismanî olacağını, yani ruh ile bedenin birleşmesiyle kurulup devam edeceğini açıkça göstermektedir. Bu kadar açık ve kesin nasları te’vil edip âhiret hayatının sadece ruhanî olduğunu iddia etmek, tutarlı te’vil çeşitlerinin hiçbiriyle bağdaşmaz. Bu sebepledir ki Gazzâlî bu tür te’villeri inkârla eşit tutmuş ve buna taraftar olan filozofları tekfir etmiştir (Tehâfütü’l-felâsife , s. 84-90). Ehl-i sünnet, Mu‘tezile ve Şîa gibi ana İslâmî mezhepler yeniden dirilişin cismanîliğini kabul ederler. Bunu imkânsız görenlere karşı Kur’an, spermanın uygun ortamda gelişmesini tamamlayarak güçlü, güzel endamlı, akıllı ve mükemmel bir varlık haline gelinceye kadar geçirdiği gelişme sürecini, aynı şekilde kupkuru ve ölü toprağın yağmur suyuyla canlanışını ve çeşit çeşit bitkilerle bezenişini, yeniden dirilmenin mümkün olduğunu ispatlayan deliller olarak gösterir (el-Hac 22/5). Ayrıca Kur’an şunu da hatırlatır ki eğer insan bir çeşit ölüm sayılabilecek olan uykuya dalışından sonra tekrar hayata dönüşü üzerinde fikir yürütür veya kâinatın akıllara durgunluk veren kozmik işleyişini araştırırsa cismanî haşri anlamakta güçlük çekmez. Çünkü bunların gerçekleşmesi insanların ölümden sonra diriltilmelerinden daha kolay değil, aksine daha zordur. Kur’an tecrübe dünyasından aldığı bu nevi delillere dayanarak hem diriliş olayının aklî temellerini göstermiş, hem de bunu inkâr edenlerin hiçbir delile sahip bulunmadığına ve itirazlarının ilmî bir değer taşımadığına işaret etmiştir (el-Câsiye 45/24). Gazzâlî’ye göre yeniden dirilme hakkındaki şüpheler, bu dünyadaki benzer olayların mahiyetini iyi kavrayamamaktan ileri gelmektedir. Nitekim canlıların üremesi ve ceninin oluşumu hakkında bilgi sahibi olmayan bir kimseye, insan gibi yüksek bir varlığın döl suyu (nutfe) denilen bayağı bir nesneden yaratıldığı söylenecek olsa bunu kabul etmekte güçlük çekecektir. Şu halde canlıların hayata geliş biçimi dikkatle düşünüldüğü takdirde ilk yaratılışın ba‘s denilen ikinci yaratılıştan daha şaşırtıcı olduğu kolaylıkla anlaşılacaktır (İḥyâʾ , IV, 511). Esasen ölülerin diriltilmesinde önemli olan husus bunu gerçekleştirecek bir gücün bulunmasıdır. Sonsuz kudret sahibi yaratıcının varlığına inanıldığı takdirde ba‘sın imkânsızlığı görüşü tamamen geçersiz kalır.
Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcıları, toprağa karışan bedenin tamamen yok olması halinde bile ölümden önceki varlık ve keyfiyetleriyle (cevher ve arazlarıyla) yeniden diriltilebileceği görüşündedirler. Kalânisî ile Mu‘tezile’den Kâ‘bî bedene ait hiçbir niteliğin (araz), Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf, Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî ve oğlu Ebû Hâşim ise bazı niteliklerin iade edilmesini imkânsız görürler. Kerrâmiyye’ye göre ister maddî ister mânevî olsun tamamen yok olan hiçbir nesnenin aynen iade edilmesi mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple onlar ölülerin bedenlerinin yok olmayacağını, sadece parçalanıp dağılacağını, ba‘s sırasında bu parçalar bir araya getirilerek yine bir beden olarak birleştirileceğini savunmuşlardır (Bağdâdî, s. 233-234). Gazzâlî ise ikinci hayatın ancak ruh (nefis) ve bedenle birlikte gerçekleşeceğini, yalnız bu bedenin dünya hayatındaki beden olabileceği gibi farklı unsurlardan yaratılmış yeni bir beden olarak da düşünülebileceğini belirtmiştir (Tehâfütü’l-felâsife , s. 285).
İslâm Meşşâî filozoflarının cismanî diriliş konusundaki olumsuz tavırları (meselâ bk. İbn Sînâ, s. 291-295), “ma‘dûmun aynıyla iadesi”ni imkânsız görmelerinden ileri gelmektedir. Onlara göre çürüyüp yok olan (ma‘dûm) bedenin âhirette tekrar aynıyla meydana getirilmesi mümkün değildir. Halbuki ruh bâkidir, onda değişiklik söz konusu değildir. Gerçi Allah yeni bir beden yaratıp ruhla birleştirmeye muktedirdir; fakat aynı ruhun farklı bedenlerle birleşmesi bâtıl bir inanç olan tenâsüh ü gerektirir. O halde ba‘s ve kıyamet sadece ruhlar için söz konusudur. Âyet ve hadislerde geçen cismanî tasvirler ise insana âhiret hayatıyla ilgili gerçekleri daha kolay anlatmak, iyiliğe teşvik etmek ve kötülükten vazgeçirmek için başvurulan sembollerden ibarettir (İbn Rüşd, s. 152-155).
İslâm filozoflarının bu görüşünü kelâmcılar “eczâ-i asliyye” formülüyle cevaplandırmışlardır. Buna göre her canlının bedeni doğumundan ölümüne kadar sürekli değişikliğe uğrasa da değişmeyen bazı aslî parçalar mevcuttur. İşte kıyamet gününde canlının bedeni onun bu aslî cüzlerinden meydana getirilecektir. Şu halde fazlalıkların çürüyüp yok olması, toprağa karışması, hatta başka bir canlının bedenine intikal etmesi yeniden diriliş için bir problem teşkil etmez. Diriliş olayının gerçekleşmesi için dünyadaki bedene ait çürümüş parçaların aynen iade edilmesi de gerekli değildir. Organların kendisinden teşekkül ettiği aslî unsurun mevcut oluşu yeterlidir. Nitekim dünyadaki beden de devamlı olarak yenilenmekte ve değişmektedir (M. Reşîd Rızâ, VIII, 473).
İslâm filozofları içinde özellikle Fârâbî ve İbn Sînâ, devirlerinde, hem matematik ve tabiat ilimlerini hem de metafizik konuları sinesinde toplamış bulunan felsefe adına konuşmuş ve Helenistik felsefeden de etkilenerek spekülatif metotla cismanî ba‘sın mümkün olmadığını öne sürmüşlerdi. Kelâmcılar da aynı metotla, fakat vahyin ışığından faydalanarak bunun mümkün olduğunu söylüyorlardı. Çağımızda ortaya çıkan ve canlıdaki fizyolojik ve psikolojik bütün özelliklerin “gen” adı verilen çok küçük bir parçada bulunduğunu keşfeden genetiğin verileri kelâmcıların görüşüyle büyük bir uygunluk arzetmektedir. Genetiğin bu keşfi aynı zamanda, hazırlanacak uygun fizikî şartlar içinde, insanların acbü’z-zenebden diriltileceklerini bildiren hadisleri de teyit eder mahiyettedir.
Hayvanların tekrar diriliş olayına dahil olup olmadıkları hususu da kelâmcılar arasında tartışılmıştır. Bazı kelâmcılar hayvanların da diriltileceğini ve hesaplaşmadan sonra toprak haline getirileceğini kabul eder, Nazzâm ise bunların da cennete gireceğini ve burada yaşamaya devam edeceğini ileri sürer (Bağdâdî, s. 237).
Ba‘s ba‘de’l-mevt (ölümden sonra diriliş) akîdesi kelâm kitaplarının sem‘iyyât kısmında işlendiği gibi bu konuda İslâm düşüncesinin teşekkül dönemlerinden itibaren müstakil eserler de yazılagelmiştir. Hâris el-Muhâsibî’nin el-Baʿs̱ ve’n-nüşûr (Beyrut 1986), İbn Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî’nin el-Baʿs̱ (Beyrut 1987), Beyhakī’nin el-Baʿs̱ ve’n-nüşûr (Beyrut 1988), İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ’nın el-Baʿs̱ ve’n-nüşûr , Abdülhak b. Abdurrahman el-İşbîlî’nin Kitâbü’l-ʿÂḳıbe fi’l-baʿs̱ (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1402, 1437), Gazzâlî’nin el-Budûr fî aḫbâri’l-baʿs̱ ve’n-nüşûr (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 171), Muhammed Ahmed Abdülkādir’in ʿAḳīdetü’l-baʿs̱ ve’l-âḫire adlı eserleri bunlardan bazılarıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “baʿs̱” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “baʿs̱” md.
Kāmus Tercümesi , “baʿs̱” md.
Müsned , II, 322; V, 232.
Buhârî, “Îmân”, 37, “Tefsîr”, 39/3, 78/1, “Riḳāḳ” 45.
Müslim, “Fiten”, 141, 142, “Cennet”, 55-59, 83.
İbn Mâce, “Cenâʾiz”, 58.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Cenâʾiz”, 18.
Nesâî, “Cenâʾiz”, 118.
İbn Ebû Âsım, Kitâbü’s-Sünne , Beyrut 1980, I, 59; II, 430, 433.
Ebû Abdullah el-Halîmî, el-Minhâc fî şuʿabi’l-îmân (nşr. Hilmî M. Fûde), Beyrut 1399/1979, I, 345-377.
İbn Sînâ, en-Necât , Kahire 1357/1938, s. 291-295.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 232-237.
Beyhakī, el-Esmâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣıfât , s. 647-651.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , IV, 511.
a.mlf., Tehâfütü’l-felâsife (nşr. Süleyman Dünyâ), Kahire 1955, s. 84-90, 268-292.
İbn Rüşd, el-Keşf ʿan menâhici’l-edille (Felsefetü İbn Rüşd içinde), Kahire 1388/1968, s. 152-155.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 204.
a.mlf., Telbîsü İblîs , s. 47-48, 78.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , II, 123-125; XIV, 143; XVII, 16-28; XXIII, 7-9; XXV, 116-117.
Ali b. Ebü’l-İz, Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye , Beyrut 1980, s. 267-275.
İbn Kesîr, en-Nihâye (nşr. Tâhâ Muhammed ez-Zeynî), Kahire 1389/1969, I, 241-269.
Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 159-161.
Şa‘rânî, el-Yevâḳīt ve’l-cevâhir , Kahire 1378/1959, II, 148.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , III, 30; XIV, 140; XX, 148; XXIII, 57-63.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1402, 1437.
Rahmetullah el-Hindî, İẓhârü’l-ḥaḳ (nşr. Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā), Kahire 1406/1986, II, 479-484.
M. Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , Beyrut 1353-54 ⟶ Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), VIII, 473-478.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 171.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VI, 123-133.
Tihâmî Nakra, ʿAḳīdetü’l-baʿs̱ fi’l-İslâm , Tunus 1975, s. 33-38, 120-140.
Denise Masson, Monothéisme coranique et monothéisme biblique , Paris 1976, s. 968 vd.
Muhammedî er-Reyşehrî, Mîzânü’l-ḥikme , Kum 1979, VII, 95-97.
Helmer Ringgren, “Resurrection”, ER , XII, 344-350.
A. S. Tritton, “Baʿt̲h̲”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1092-1093.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 98-100 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.