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BASRİYYÛN Skip to content II-IV. (VIII-X.) yüzyıllar arasında Basra’da yetişen ve Arapça’nın gramer kaidelerini tesbit etmeye çalışan dilcilerle bunların görüşlerini benimseyen âlimlere verilen ad.
İslâmiyet’in doğuşundan sonra Araplar’ın Arapça’yı bilmeyen topluluklarla ilişkileri sonucunda hayat tarzlarında bazı değişmeler ve dillerinde bozulmalar oldu. Konuşma dilinde fasih Arapça’dan farklı özellikler görülmeye başlandı. Bu durum sadece günlük konuşmalarda değil Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in okunmasında da kendini gösterdi. Kur’an’ın doğru okunmasını ve doğru anlaşılmasını temin etmek için Arapça’nın İslâmiyet’i yeni kabul etmiş Arap olmayan milletler tarafından öğrenilmesini kolaylaştırmak, bunun için de Arap dili gramerini ilmî usullere dayalı kaideler halinde tesbit etmek gerekiyordu. Böylece Arap filolojisinin kuruluşu, klasik dil ve edebiyat malzemesinin derlenmesi, ayrıca ihtiyaç duyulan gramer ve lugat çalışmaları, ilk defa Arap yarımadasının kuzeydoğusunda Araplar’la Arap olmayanlar arasında âdeta bir sınır vazifesi gören Basra’da, yaklaşık bir asır sonra da ona paralel olarak Kûfe’de başlayıp üç asır kadar devam etti.
Bu iki muhitteki dil ve edebiyat çalışmaları, prensipleri ve meselelere bakış tarzları birbirinden farklı, dolayısıyla aralarında ihtilâflar bulunan iki dil mektebinin doğmasına yol açtı. Önceleri Basriyyûn’dan faydalanarak yetişen ve II. (VIII.) yüzyıl sonlarında ayrı bir grup teşkil eden Kûfiyyûn, rekabet duygusunun etkisiyle hararetli bir çalışma içine girdi. Kûfe’de Ali b. Hamza el-Kisâî ve Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ gibi iki büyük nahiv âlimi yetiştikten sonra bu iki mektep mensupları arasında görüş ayrılıkları çoğalmış, ihtilâfları müstakil kitaplara konu teşkil eden çalışmaları, Arapça’nın edebî mahsullerinin derlenmesi ve kaidelerinin tesbitinde önemli rol oynamıştır.
İlk ihtilâf, Kûfe’nin temsilcisi olan Ebû Ca‘fer er-Ruâsî ile Basra’nın temsilcisi ve alfabetik Arap lugatçılığının kurucusu olan Halîl b. Ahmed el-Ferâhîdî (ö. 175/791) arasında başlamış, daha sonra Kûfeli Kisâî ile Basralı Sîbeveyhi (ö. 180/796) arasında devam etmiştir. Bu iki âlimin Hârûnürreşîd’in emriyle “Zünbûriyye” meselesi üzerinde yaptıkları tartışma çok meşhurdur (bk. Zeccâcî, s. 910). Bu ihtilâflarda tarafların muhalifleri ve müdafileri vardı. Münakaşa ve münazaraların çoğu halifelerin saraylarında cereyan etmiştir. Kûfe’nin Bağdat’a yakın olması ve Kûfeliler’in Hâşimîler’e olan sempatileri sebebiyle Abbâsî hânedanı ve vezirleri daha çok Kûfeliler’in tarafını tutmuştur. Basriyyûn’la Kûfiyyûn arasında cereyan eden münazaralar nahivcilere dair ilk tabakat kitaplarında yer almış, daha sonra bunların bir kısmını Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zeccâcî (ö. 337/949) Mecâlisü’l-ʿulemâʾ adlı eserinde toplamıştır. Bu ilk kaynaklar daha sonra kaleme alınan tabakat ve hal tercümesi kitaplarıyla iki mektebin ihtilâfına dair eserlere de kaynak teşkil etmiştir.
Her iki mektebin çalışmaları semâ a ve kıyasa dayanmakla beraber farklı sonuçlar elde etmelerinin birtakım sebepleri vardır. Arap dilini hatasız bir şekilde konuşan bedevîlerin çöle yakın bir şehir olan Basra’da toplanması, Câhiliye dönemindeki Ukâz panayırını andıran ve İslâmî dönem panayırlarının en önemlilerinden biri olan Merbid’in Basra’da bulunması gibi sebeplerden ötürü Basriyyûn, titizlikle seçtikleri bedevî Araplar’ın fasih lehçesini esas alıp dile ait genel kurallar koymuşlar, bu kurallara uymayan şekilleri şâz kabul ederek onlar için ayrıca kaide koymaya gerek görmemişlerdir. Buna karşılık Kûfe’nin dil bakımından karışık unsurlarla dolu olması sebebiyle Kûfiyyûn semâın kaynağını seçmede aynı titizliği göstermeyerek Araplar’dan rivayet edilen her kullanıma itibar etmişler, nâdir ve şâz olsa bile duydukları her şekli kaideye esas almışlardır. Bunun için Süyûtî İbn Dürüsteveyh’ten naklen, “zaruret sebebiyle kullanımı câiz olan şâz lugatları birer asıl kabul ettiği için Kisâî’nin nahiv ilmini ifsat ettiğini” söylemiştir (Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 164).
İki mektep arasındaki anlayış farkı ve ihtilâf sebeplerine örnek olarak aşağıdaki kelimelerin çoğul yapılması hususu gösterilebilir: “Kapı” mânasına gelen bâb kelimesi ebvâb, bîbân ve ebvibe şeklinde çoğul yapılır. Ancak ebvibe fazla kullanılmayan nâdir bir şekildir. Aynı vezinde olup “köpek dişi” anlamında kullanılan nâb kelimesinin çoğul şekilleri ise enyüb, enyâb ve nüyûb dur. Aynı vezinde olan deff (tef), raff (raf) ve saff (sıra, dizi) kelimeleri sadece düfûf, rufûf ve sufûf şekillerinde cemilenir. Def vezninde olup “el ayası” ve “yumruk” mânasına gelen keff kelimesinin çoğul biçimleri ise eküff, küfûf ve küff dür. Basriyyûn’a göre bu kelimelerden bedevî Araplar’ın kullandığı şeklin dışında çoğul yapılması câiz değildir. Dolayısıyla “nâb” kelimesinin, “bâb”ın çoğulu olan “bîbân”a kıyasla “nîbân”, “deff” ve “saff” kelimelerinin de “keff”in çoğulu olan “eküff”e kıyasla “edüff” ve “asuff” şeklinde çoğul yapılması doğru değildir. “Bâb”ın en çok kullanılan esas çoğul şekli “ebvâb”dır. Bu kelimenin “ebvibe” şeklindeki çoğulu ise nâdir ve şâzdır, sadece Arap’tan duyulması halinde kabullenilir, fakat kullanılmaz. Kûfiyyûn’a göre ise “deff” ve “saff” kelimeleri “keff” kelimesiyle aynı vezinde olduğundan bunların da tıpkı “keff” kelimesi gibi “edüff” ve “asuff” şeklinde, “nâb” kelimesinin aynı vezinde olan “bâb”ın nâdir ve şâz çoğulu “ebvibe”ye kıyasla “enyibe”, “câr”ın (komşu) “ecvire”, “tâc”ın (taç) “etvice” şeklinde çoğul yapılması câizdir.
Buna göre Basriyyûn duydukları şekillerden seçtiklerini, Kûfiyyûn ise duydukları her şekli kıyasa esas almışlardır. Diğer bir ifadeyle Basriyyûn prensiplere, Kûfiyyûn Araplar’dan işittiklerine daha çok önem vermişlerdir. Bu bakımdan Basra mektebinde fikir hürriyeti daha çok, aklî istidlâller daha caziptir. Dolayısıyla Basriyyûn Arap dili ve edebiyatı üzerinde yüksek bir hâkimiyet kurmuşlardır. Daha sonraki Arap dilciliği Basriyyûn görüşüne dayanmaktadır. Bunun için de baştan beri genellikle Basra mektebi üstün tutulmuş, dil öğrenimi için Basra’dan Kûfe’ye çok az kişi gittiği halde Kûfe’den Basra’ya bu maksatla, özellikle de Sîbeveyhi’nin el-Kitâb’ını okumak için pek çok talebe gelmiştir. İki mektep arasındaki ihtilâflar ilmî olduğu kadar siyasî idi. Basra ve Kûfe siyasî ve ilmî birer merkez olmaktan çıkıp her iki şehrin önde gelen âlimleri Bağdat’a göç edinceye ve münakaşayı devam ettiren üstatların ölümleri sebebiyle iş ehemmiyetini kaybedinceye kadar (IV./X. yüzyıl) bu ihtilâf sürüp gitmiştir. Bundan sonra Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zeccâcî, Ebû Ali el-Fârisî (ö. 377/987) ve İbn Cinnî (ö. 392/1001) gibi âlimler tarafından temsil edilen Bağdat mektebi Abbâsîler’in Kûfiyyûn’u desteklemelerine rağmen bu çalışmalara uzlaştırıcı bir yön vermiştir.
Basra mektebinin ilk temsilcileri Ebü’l-Esved ed-Düelî (ö. 69/688), Îsâ b. Ömer es-Sekafî (ö. 149/766), Ahfeş el-Ekber (ö. 177/793) ve Yûnus b. Habîb’dir (ö. 182/798). Bunlardan sonra gerek bu mektebin gerekse Arap dilinin iki büyük âlimi olan Halîl b. Ahmed el-Ferâhîdî ile talebesi Sîbeveyhi gelir. Basra mektebi mensupları arasında Sîbeveyhi’den sonra da Ahfeş el-Evsat (ö. 215/830 [?]), Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ (ö. 209/824-25 [?]), Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî (ö. 215/830), Asmaî (ö. 216/831), Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm (ö. 224/838), Ebû Osman el-Mâzinî (ö. 249/863), Müberred (ö. 285/898) ve İbn Düreyd (ö. 321/933) gibi büyük âlimler birbirini takip etmiştir.
Basra mektebi mensuplarından Ebû Saîd Hasan b. Abdullah es-Sîrâfî (ö. 368/979), Basriyyûn’un hal tercümelerine dair Aḫbârü’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn (nşr. Krenkow, Beyrut 1936; Tâhâ Muhammed ez-Zeynî – Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî, Kahire 1374; Muhammed İbrâhim el-Bennâ, Kahire 1405/1985) adıyla müstakil bir eser kaleme aldığı gibi Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî de (ö. 351/962) Basra ve Kûfe mekteplerine mensup dilcilerin hal tercümelerini Merâtibü’n-naḥviyyîn ’de (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim, Kahire 1955) bir araya getirmiştir. Ayrıca Ebû Bekir ez-Zübeydî (ö. 379/989) Ṭabaḳātü’n-naḥviyyîn ve’l-luġaviyyîn (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim, Kahire 1955; Muhammed Sâmî Emîn el-Hancî, Kahire 1373/1954) adlı eserinin yarısından fazlasını Basralı dil bilginlerine tahsis etmiştir. Günümüzde de Basra mektebiyle ilgili olarak Abdurrahman es-Seyyid’in Medresetü’l-Baṣra ’sı gibi (Kahire 1968) müstakil çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Şevkī Dayf da el-Medârisü’n-naḥviyye (Kahire 1968) adlı eserinin büyük bir kısmını bu mektep mensuplarının çalışmalarına ayırmıştır.
Her iki mektep mensuplarının ihtilâfları, fıkıhta hilâfiyat a dair kaleme alınan eserler gibi, nahvin meseleleri hakkında müstakil eserler yazılmasına vesile olmuştur. Bunların en tanınmışları Ebü’l-Berekât Kemâleddin İbnü’l-Enbârî’nin (ö. 577/1181) el-İnṣâf fî mesâʾili’l-ḫilâf beyne’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn ve’l-Kûfiyyîn ’i (nşr. Gothold Weil, Viyana 1913; M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd, Kahire 1961, 4. baskı), Ebü’l-Bekā el-Ukberî’nin (ö. 616/1219) et-Tebyîn ʿan meẕâhibi’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn ve’l-Kûfiyyîn ’i (nşr. Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Useymîn, Beyrut 1406/1986; bu kitap Muhammed Hayr el-Hulvânî tarafından 1961’de Halep’te Mesâʾilü ḫilâfiyye fi’n-naḥv adıyla da yayımlanmıştır) ile Abdüllatîf b. Ebû Bekir ez-Zebîdî’nin (ö. 802/1400) İʾtilâfü’n-nuṣra fi’ḫtilâfi nüḥâti’l-Kûfe ve’l-Baṣra ’dır (nşr. Târık el-Cenâbî, Beyrut 1407/1987). Bu konuda daha başka eserlerin de yazılmış olduğu bilinmektedir (bk. Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Useymîn’in Ukberî’nin et-Tebyîn ’ine yazdığı mukaddime, Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 77-83) (ayrıca bk. KÛFİYYÛN ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ilse Lichtenstädter – [Nihad M. Çetin], “Nahiv”, İA , IX, 35-37.
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a.mlf., “Arap [Edebiyat]”, DİA , III, 296-297.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 117-118 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.