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BATI SAHRÂ Skip to content Afrika’nın batısında eskiden İspanyol Sahrâsı denilen bölge.
Fas’ın güney, Moritanya’nın kuzey sınırları arasında kalan ve Atlas Okyanusu’na kadar uzanan 266.000 km2 yüzölçümünde, 195.000 nüfuslu (1989) bir bölgedir. En önemli şehri 1937’de İspanyollar tarafından kurulan el-Uyûn’dur. Batı Sahrâ (es-Sahrâu’l-garbiyye) adı coğrafî olmaktan çok siyasî bir terimdir. Bugünkü Moritanya ile birlikte Batı Sahrâ ve Batı Sûs’un tamamı müslümanların bölgeyi fethinden itibaren Sûsülaksâ (uzak Sûs) adıyla tanınmıştır. Bölge çok az yağmur aldığından burada oturan Berberî kabileleri asırlardır vahadan vahaya göç ederek yaşarlar. Bölgenin en büyük yer altı zenginliği, kuzeyde Sâkiyetülhamrâ’da bulunan fosfat yataklarıdır; balıkçılık da önemli bir gelir kaynağıdır.
Ukbe b. Nâfi‘ kumandasındaki ilk İslâm orduları Afrika’nın fethi sırasında Sâkiyetülhamrâ’ya kadar olan toprakları ele geçirmişler ve bu bölge daha sonra sırasıyla İdrîsîler’in (789-926), Zîrîler’in (972-1148), Murâbıtlar’ın (1061-1147) ve Muvahhidler’in (1130-1269) yönetiminde kalmıştır. Bu dönemlerde Sûsülaksâ’da yaşayan yerli halk, Berberîler ile Bahreyn civarından geldikleri bilinen Benî Ma‘kıl ve Benî Hilâl gibi kabilelerden oluşuyordu. Berberîler çeşitli kabilelerin karışımından meydana geliyordu ve bunlar içinde en meşhur olanı Tevârık (Tuvâregler) kabilesi idi. Zenâga ve Zenâte de bölgede yaşayan diğer Berberî kabilelerinin önemlilerindendi. Benî Ma‘kıl Fas’a göç ettikten sonra Benî Hilâl kabilesiyle karışarak Sahrâ’da yerleşmişlerdi. Ancak Merînîler zamanında Sûs ve Der‘a civarında otururken sonraları Sâkıyetülhamrâ bölgesine göç ettiler.
XV. yüzyıldan itibaren Sâkıyetülhamrâ ile Senegal arasında bir tehdit unsuru olan İspanyol ve Portekizliler, XVI. yüzyılda Fas’ta hüküm süren Sa‘dîler tarafından geri püskürtüldüler. Sa‘dîler Osmanlılar’ın yardımıyla 1578’de Vâdilmehâzin Savaşı sonunda bölgeyi ele geçirdiler ve Ahmed el-Mansûr devrinde (1578-1603) Tuvat ve Edrar’ı alarak Tinbüktü’ye ulaştılar (1591). XVII. yüzyılda, içinde Batı Sahrâ’nın da yer aldığı bölge Filâlîler’in idaresine geçti ve Fas’a bağlandı.
XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Fas ekonomik sebepler yüzünden Avrupa devletleriyle ilişki kurarak İspanya, İngiltere, Fransa, İsveç ve Norveç ile dostluk ve barış antlaşmaları imzaladı. Fransa ve İspanya’nın Batı Sahrâ’ya ilgi duymaları, burada bulunan Tuvat’ın Fransız coğrafyacılarının ilmî araştırmalarına konu teşkil etmesi üzerine başladı. Bölgenin maden bakımından zengin olduğunun ortaya çıkması sömürgeci fikirlerin doğmasına sebep oldu. Bunun üzerine Fas sultanları bölge halkını uyarıcı faaliyetlerde bulundular. I. Hasan Tuvat ahalisine gönderdiği 7 Ağustos 1884 tarihli mektubunda Fransızlar’ın asıl maksatlarına temas ederek dikkatli olmalarını, kendi temsilcilerini seçerek Tafilât valisine bağlanmalarını ve Fas yönetiminde yerlerini almalarını istedi. Bölgede yaşayan halk Senûsî ve Derkāvî tarikatlarına mensup olduğundan yabancı müdahalesine karşı hassas davranıyor ve Fas sultanına bağlılıklarını sürdürüyordu. Bu sebeple Fransızlar XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar bölgeye nüfuz edemediler. Hatta 1845 antlaşmasıyla Fas’ın bölgeden çekildiğini iddia ederek buraya bir vali tayin etmek istedilerse de başarılı olamadılar. Daha sonraki mücadeleler sırasında Fransızlar Batı Sahrâ’nın önemli merkezlerinden Aynisâlih’i işgal ettiler (1900) ve direnenlerden ileri gelenleri öldürdüler. Aynı yıl Tuvat’ı da işgal eden Fransızlar Batı Sahrâ’yı idarî bakımdan üç bölgeye ayırarak Cezayir’deki Fransız generaline bağladılar. 1901 yılında Fas ve Fransa arasında yapılan protokole göre bölgede Fransız nüfuzu kabul edildi ve 1902’de imzalanan ikinci bir protokolle de bu durum pekiştirildi.
Fransızlar’ın Batı Sahrâ’ya el attıkları tarihlerde İspanyollar da aynı maksatlarla bölgeye geldiler. Ancak Faslı Sahrâlılar’ın mukavemeti karşısında varlık gösteremediler. Batı Sahrâlılar 1884, 1887 ve 1894 yıllarında Dahle, Sâkıyetülhamrâ, Vâdizzeheb ve İfni gibi yerlerdeki İspanyol merkezlerine saldırarak buraları tahrip ettiler. Bu mücadeleler sırasında Şeyh Mâülayneyn (ö. 1910) bir lider olarak önemli rol oynadı. Bölgenin Fransız kontrolüne geçmesinden sonra 1934’te Fransa ile İspanya arasında bir antlaşma imzalandı ve İspanya Moritanya’yı Fransa’ya, Fransa da Batı Sahrâ’yı İspanya’ya bıraktı.
İspanya Sâkıyetülhamrâ’da el-Uyûn şehrini kurup buradaki fosfat madenlerini işletmeye başladı. Madenlerin işletilmesiyle ilgili olarak diğer Avrupa topluluklarından teknik personel yanında asker de gönderilmesi, bölgeye yöneltilen istilâ hareketinin bir kısmını oluşturdu. İspanyollar’la mücadeleler Fas’ın bağımsızlığını kazanmasından sonra şiddetlenerek devam etti ve nihayet 7 Nisan 1956’da Batı Sahrâ’nın bir kısmı Fas’ın eline geçti.
Bu dönemde İspanyol hâkimiyetindeki bölgede Avrupalı nüfus arttırılmaya çalışıldı. Çoğunluğunu İspanyollar’ın oluşturduğu yabancılar 1959’da 5267 iken 1970’lerde 42.000’e ulaştı. Bu yeni nüfusun iskânı amacıyla yerliler Agādîr, Tanta, Terfaye ve Rabat gibi şehirlere göç etmeye zorlandılar. Ayrıca 1970’te el-Uyûn’da yapılan bir katliamla yerli nüfus eritilmeye çalışıldı ve halkın bir kısmı baskı karşısında bölgeyi terketti.
İspanya Batı Sahrâ’nın bağımsız bir devlet olmasını istediğinden 11 Mayıs 1967’de Genel Sahrâ Cemiyeti (el-Cem‘iyyetü’l-âmme li’s-Sahrâ) adıyla kırk üyeden oluşan bir örgüt kurdu. Böylece Batı Sahrâ’yı Fas etkisinden uzak tutmak ve kurulacak yeni devletin siyasî, askerî ve iktisadî hayatına müdahale etmek kolay olacaktı. Diğer taraftan İspanyol idaresine karşı mücadele vermek ve Batı Sahrâ’nın bağımsızlığını elde etmek amacıyla, kısa adı Polisario Cephesi (Frente Popular para la Liberacion de Sakiet el-Hamray Rio de Oro) olan bir teşkilât kuruldu (1970). Bu teşkilât Batı Sahrâ ile ilgili gelişmelerde önemli rol oynadı. Batı Sahrâ üzerinde hak iddia eden Fas, Moritanya ve Cezayir 1970’te bir araya gelerek sömürge kuvvetlerinin bölgeyi terketmesini isteyen bir karar aldılar. Daha sonra Fas Kralı II. Hasan 1974’te Birleşmiş Milletler’e başvurdu ve alınan bir kararla mesele Lahey Milletlerarası Adalet Divanı’na havale edildi. Lahey’de İspanyollar’ın Batı Sahrâ’ya geldikleri tarihte bölgenin hangi devletin mülkiyetinde olduğu ve Batı Sahrâ ile Fas ve Moritanya’nın hukukî bağlantılarının tesbit edilmesi konuları görüşüldü. Fas bölge üzerinde tarihe dayanan hakları olduğunu iddia etti. İspanya ise bölgede mahallî yöneticilerle anlaşmak suretiyle hâkimiyet kurduklarını ve durumlarını 1904’te Fransızlar’la yaptıkları antlaşmayla pekiştirdiklerini savundu. Açılan davanın sonuçsuz kalması üzerine II. Hasan ülkesinin ileri gelenleriyle yaptığı görüşmeler sonunda Batı Sahrâ’yı Fas’a ilhak etmeye karar verdi. İspanya’nın bölgede müstakil bir hükümet kurulması teklifini Fas ve Moritanya kabul etmediler. Batı Sahrâ’nın Fas’a ait olduğuna dair kendi mahkemelerinden bir karar çıkartan ve bunu dünyaya ilân eden II. Hasan, 6 Kasım 1975’te 350.000 kişilik bir toplulukla Batı Sahrâ’daki el-Uyûn şehrine doğru “yeşil yürüyüş” (el-mesîretü’l-hadrâ’) adını verdiği bir toplu gösteri hareketi başlattı. İspanya, Birleşmiş Milletler nezdindeki mukabil teşebbüslerinin sonuçsuz kalması üzerine, 14 Kasım 1975’te Madrid’de yapılan bir antlaşma ile Batı Sahrâ’dan çekilmeyi ve bölgeyi Fas ile Moritanya’ya bırakmayı kabul etti. Ancak bölgenin üçüncü komşusu Cezayir bu antlaşmaya karşı çıkarak Batı Sahrâ’nın bağımsızlığı için çalışan Polisario Cephesi’ni destekleyeceğini ve askerî müdahalede bulunacağını açıkladı. Bu durum karşısında Fas birlikleri bölgeyi işgal ederek el-Uyûn şehrine yerleştiler (11 Aralık 1975).
Polisario Cezayir’de Sahrâ Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (Sahara Arab Democratic Républic) adıyla sürgünde bir hükümet kurdu (27 Şubat 1976) ve bu sırada bölgeden Cezayir’e bazı ilticalar oldu. Batı Sahrâ Nisan 1976’da imzalanan bir antlaşma ile Fas ve Moritanya arasında taksim edildi. Buna göre bölgenin kuzey kesimleri ve fosfat madenleri Fas’a, güney kesimi Moritanya’ya kaldı. Moritanya’nın Polisario gerillaları karşısında başarılı olamaması üzerine Fas bütün bölgeyi koruma görevini yüklendi. Cezayir’in Sahrâ Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’ni tanıması Fas ile ilişkilerinin tamamen bozulmasına sebep oldu. Moritanya’nın isteği üzerine Fransa da Fas’ı destekler mahiyette hava müdahalelerinde bulundu. 1978’de Moritanya’da bir ihtilâlle meydana gelen hükümet değişikliğinden sonra Moritanya-Polisario ilişkilerinde yumuşama başladı ve 1980’de Moritanya Batı Sahrâ’daki haklarından Polisario lehine vazgeçti. Bunun üzerine Fas Polisario’nun denetimine geçen Batı Sahrâ’daki toprakları işgal etmeyi planladı ise de Birleşmiş Milletler’in araya girmesi buna engel oldu ve 1981’de Batı Sahrâ kırk beş ülke tarafından tanındı; ardından da Afrika Birliği Teşkilâtı’na kabul edildi. Ancak Fas buna karşı çıktı ve çatışmaların yeniden başlaması üzerine Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nden askerî yardım almaya yöneldi (1982). 1983’te Adisababa’da yapılan Afrika Birliği toplantısında Batı Sahrâ’da referandum yapılması kararı alındıysa da uygulanmadı. 1986’da Polisario Cephesi Batı Sahrâ’ya sahip çıkarak denizde ve karada dış güçlere karşı mücadeleye girişti. Şubat 1987’de Fas kuvvetleriyle Polisario kuvvetleri arasında çatışmalar oldu ve aynı günlerde Cezayir’de bulunan Sahrâ Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti Başkanı Muhammed Abdülaziz’e başarısız bir suikast düzenlendi. Haziran 1987’de Birleşmiş Milletler, Batı Sahrâ’da referandum yapılması ile ilgili olarak özel bir heyetin incelemelerde bulunmak üzere Fas, Cezayir ve Kongo’ya gönderilmesini kararlaştırdı ve ayrıca Fas ordusunun da Batı Sahrâ’daki faaliyetlerine son vermesini istedi. II. Hasan Temmuz 1987’de Fas’ın Avrupa Topluluğu’na girmek için yaptığı müracaatı hesaba katarak referandum sonuçlarını olumlu karşılayacağını açıkladı. Ancak Polisario, bölgede kontrolün Birleşmiş Milletler veya Afrika Birliği tarafından sağlanmasını istedi.
Fas’ın, 1976 yılında Sahrâ Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’ni tanıması üzerine Cezayir’le kestiği diplomatik ilişkileri on iki yıl sonra 16 Mayıs 1988 tarihinde yeniden kurması Batı Sahrâ sorununun çözümü için umut verdi. Fas ve Cezayir’in diplomatik ilişki kurduktan sonra yaptıkları görüşmelerde meselenin halk oyu ile çözümlenmesi konusunda anlaşmaya varmaları, Batı Sahrâ’nın geleceği için yeni bir dönemin başlangıcı oldu. Fas Kralı II. Hasan 4-5 Ocak 1989 tarihinde Polisario yetkililerinden oluşan üç kişilik bir heyetle görüştüyse de Fas-Polisario görüşmeleri süreklilik kazanamadı. Diğer taraftan Fas-Cezayir ilişkilerinin gelişmesinden sonra Birleşmiş Milletler genel sekreteri meselenin çözümüyle ilgilendi. Genel sekreter referandum teklifinin Fas ve Polisario tarafından şartlı olarak kabul edilmesi üzerine Haziran 1989’da bölgeye gelerek ilgili taraflarla görüşmeler yaptı. Birleşmiş Milletler’in denetiminde bir referanduma gidilmesi konusu hâlâ tartışılmakta olup taraflar arasında görüş ayrılıkları devam etmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 141-143 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.