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BAYEZİD I Skip to content (ö. 805/1403)
Yıldırım lakabıyla tanınan Osmanlı padişahı (1389-1403).
755’te (1354) doğdu. I. Murad’ın büyük oğlu olup annesi Gülçiçek Hatun’dur. 1381 yılı dolaylarında Germiyanoğlu Süleyman Çelebi’nin kızı Sultan Hatun ile evlendi ve hanımının çeyizi olarak Osmanlılar’a bırakılan topraklara sancak beyi tayin edildi. Yerleştiği Kütahya’da Osmanlılar’ın doğu sınırlarının muhafaza ve gözetimi ile görevlendirildi. 1386’da babasının Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Bey’e karşı giriştiği sefere katıldı, Frenk Yazısı Savaşı’nda gösterdiği cesaret ve atılganlık dolayısıyla Yıldırım lakabını aldı. Onun ilk Amasya valisi olduğu kanaati, Kadı Burhâneddin’e karşı Osmanlı hâkimiyetini kabul eden Amasya Emîri Ahmed ve Çandarlı Süleyman Bey ile olan münasebetler sırasında (1384-1388) bazı bölgelerin Osmanlı idaresine girmesi hadisesinden ortaya çıkmıştır. Şehzade Bayezid, 15 Haziran 1389’da Türkler’in Rumeli’deki geleceğini tayin eden Kosova Savaşı’nın kazanılmasında önemli rol oynadı. Bu savaş sırasında babası I. Murad çok ağır bir şekilde yaralanınca, büyük oğul olması ve üstün yeteneği dolayısıyla kendi yerine onun getirilmesini vasiyet etti. I. Murad’ın ölümü ile de bu vasiyet gereği tahta çıkarıldı. Devlet erkânının tavsiyesiyle, hayattaki tek kardeşi Yâkub’u herhangi bir iç savaşa sebep olmaması için öldürttü. Bu arada esir düşen Sırp Prensi Lazar da savaş meydanında idam edildi.
Yeni padişah savaştan sonra Bursa’ya dönmek üzere derhal harekete geçti. Çünkü bu sırada Anadolu’da Osmanlılar’a tâbi olan beylikler isyana kalkışmışlar, eski topraklarına yeniden sahip olabilmek için Karamanoğlu’nun etrafında toplanmışlardı. Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Bey Beyşehir’i alarak Eskişehir’e kadar uzanmış, Germiyanoğlu II. Yâkub Bey miras yoluyla kaptırdığı toprakları yeniden zaptetmiş, Kadı Burhâneddin ise Kırşehir’i almıştı. Bayezid Anadolu’ya geçmeden önce Sırp kralının oğlu Stefan Lazareviç ile müzakereye girişerek kız kardeşi Olivera’yla (Maria Despina) evlenmek ve Sırplar’dan yardımcı kuvvet olarak faydalanmak üzere bir antlaşma yaptı. Bundan sonra Stefan sürekli Macar baskısı sebebiyle Bayezid’e sadık kaldı ve hatta onun seferlerine katıldı. Fakat Yukarı Sırbistan (Üsküp, Priştine bölgeleri) hâkimi Vuk Brankoviç, kendi bölgesindeki önemli maden şehirlerine sahip olmaya çalışan Osmanlılar’a karşı koydu. Ancak bu yörede faaliyet gösteren Paşa Yiğit Bey 1391’de Üsküp’ü almayı başardı. Böylece Bosna ve Arnavutluk’a yönelecek akınlar için bir üs elde edilmiş oldu.
Anadolu’ya geçen Bayezid 1389-1390 kışında Alaşehir’i zaptettiği gibi Batı Anadolu’daki Türkmen beyliklerini, Aydın, Saruhan, Menteşe, Hamîd ve Germiyan’ı Osmanlı idaresi altına aldı. Candaroğlu Süleyman Bey ve Bizans imparatorunun oğlu Manuel Palaeologus da kuvvetleriyle birlikte Osmanlı ordusunun yanında bu sefere katılmışlardı. Bayezid 1390 Mayısında Afyonkarahisar’da bulunuyor ve Karamanoğlu’na karşı sefer hazırlığı ile uğraşıyordu. Nihayet harekete geçerek Beyşehir’i aldı, ardından Konya’ya yürüdü ve şehri kuşattı. Bu sırada ittifaktan ayrılıp Kastamonu’ya dönen Süleyman Bey Karamanoğlu’na yardım için Kadı Burhâneddin ile bir anlaşma yaptı. Ortak kuvvetlerin Kırşehir’e gelmeleri, muhtemelen Bayezid’in Konya kuşatmasını kaldırmasına ve Karamanoğlu’nun antlaşma teklifini kabul etmesine yol açtı. Bu antlaşma ile iki devlet arasında Çarşamba suyu sınır oldu, Beyşehir ve civarındaki bazı yerler ise Osmanlı hâkimiyetinde kaldı. Bayezid 1391’de Süleyman Bey üzerine yürüdü. Ancak Süleyman’ın müttefiki Kadı Burhâneddin’in kuvvetleri karşısında başarılı olamadı. 1392 ilkbaharında yeniden Süleyman Bey üzerine yürümek için büyük hazırlıklar yapmaya başladı. Hatta 6 Nisan 1392 tarihli bir Venedik raporunda, Bayezid’in vasal ı durumunda bulunan Manuel Palaeologus’un Sinop’a karşı yapılacak deniz seferine katılmak üzere olduğu bildirilmekteydi. Bu sefer, Sinop hariç Süleyman’a ait yerlerin zaptı ve onun ölümü ile sonuçlandı. Daha sonra Bayezid, Kadı Burhâneddin’in protesto ve tehditlerine rağmen Osmancık üzerine yürüyerek burayı ele geçirdi. Fakat Çorumlu mevkiinde iki taraf arasındaki mücadeleyi Kadı Burhâneddin kazandı ve yenilgiye uğrayan Osmanlı kuvvetleri geri çekildi. Kadı Burhâneddin bu galibiyetin verdiği cesaretle hücumlarını Sivrihisar ve Ankara’ya kadar uzattı, yağma ve tahribatta bulundu. Ancak Burhâneddin’in kuşatması altındaki Amasya emîri 1392’de Amasya’yı Osmanlılar’a teslim etti. Ertesi yıl bölgeye gelen Bayezid Amasya’ya girerek şehri teslim aldı. O yörede bulunan, Çarşamba vadisindeki Tâceddinoğulları, Merzifon bölgesindeki Taşanoğulları ve Bafra hâkimi gibi mahallî beyler Bayezid’in hâkimiyetini tanıdılar. Bu arada müttefikleriyle bozuşan Kadı Burhâneddin ise geri dönüş sırasında Osmanlı kuvvetlerine karşı tâciz edici hücumlar dışında önemli bir harekâta girişemedi.
Bayezid daha sonra dikkatini batıya çevirdi ve burada hâkimiyetini sağlamlaştırmaya çalıştı. Kosova Savaşı’ndan sonra Bizans üzerindeki kontrolü oldukça artmıştı. Bizans İmparatoru VII. Johannes’in tahta çıkışını (1390) destekledi. V. Johannes ve oğlu ortak imparator Manuel’e de aynı desteği verdi (1391). Hatta Manuel Anadolu seferlerinde ona yardımda bulunmuş ve bağlılık göstermişti. Doğuda Anadolu işleriyle ilgilendiği sırada batıda sınır boylarındaki uç beyleri düşmanlarını baskı altında tutuyor ve gazâ faaliyetlerini sürdürüyorlardı. Paşa Yiğit Vuk Brankoviç’e boyun eğdirmiş, Evrenos Bey Kitros ve Vodena’yı fethederek Tesalya’ya doğru ilerlemiş, Firuz Bey Eflak’a, Şahin Bey ise Arnavutluk’a karşı akınlarda bulunmuştu. Fakat Eflak prensi Mirčea, Bayezid’in Anadolu’daki meşguliyetinden faydalanarak Silistre’yi geri almayı başarmış ve Karinâbâd’daki akıncılara karşı başarılı hücumlar yapmıştı. Venedikliler bir yandan Bizans üzerinde baskı kurmaya çalışırken aynı zamanda Mora ve Arnavutluk’ta da faaliyet gösteriyorlar, Macarlar ise Eflak ve Tuna Bulgaristanı’nda nüfuzlarını yaymak için uğraşıyorlardı. Bu durum karşısında Bayezid bütün gücünü Balkan işlerine vermeye mecbur oldu. 1388’den beri Osmanlı kontrolü altında bulunan Tırnova’yı 17 Haziran 1393’te aldı, Bulgar Kralı Şişman bir Osmanlı vasalı olarak Niğbolu’ya gitmek zorunda kaldı. 1393-1394 kışında Bayezid bütün Balkan prenslerini ve Palaiologoslar’ı Serez’de toplantıya davet ederek kendisine olan bağlılıklarını güçlendirmeye çalıştı. Özellikle Theodore Palaiologos’tan Venedik’e karşı Mora’daki belli başlı şehirlerin teslimini istedi. Ümitsizlik içindeki Palaeologlar, Theodore ve Manuel ona karşı çıktılar ve batıdan özellikle Venedikliler’den yardım talep ettiler. Bunun üzerine Bayezid bizzat Yunanistan üstüne yürüdü ve ilk olarak 1387’de alınan, ancak daha sonra 1389’da kaybedilen Selânik’i yeniden ele geçirdi (1394). Ayrıca Tesalya bölgesini Salone, Neopatras gibi şehirler de dahil olmak üzere fethetti. Evrenos Bey’i kuvvetleriyle Mora’ya gönderdi. Fakat Theodore bu arada Argos’u Venedikliler’e vermişti (27 Mayıs 1394). Diğer bir Osmanlı toprağını ise doğrudan doğruya hâkimiyet altına alınan Güney Arnavutluk teşkil etti. Lala Şâhin Arnavutluk sahilleri üzerindeki Venedik hâkimiyeti altında bulunan yerlerde tâciz edici bir baskı kurdu. Bayezid ayrıca yedi yıldır abluka altında tuttuğu İstanbul’u 1394 ilkbaharında yeniden sıkı bir kuşatma altına aldı. 1395’te ise Macaristan üzerine hücuma geçti ve yolu üzerindeki Slankamen, Titel, Beçkerek, Tımışvar, Kraşova ve Mehâdiye gibi kalelere saldırdı. Eflak’ta Argeş nehri civarında 17 Mayıs 1395’te meydana gelen savaşta yenilgiye uğrattığı Mirčea’nın yerine Vlad’ı tahta geçirdi. Ardından Tuna’yı geçerek Niğbolu’ya ulaştı ve Kral Şişman’ı yakalatıp öldürttü (3 Haziran 1395).
Bayezid’in bu âni ve süratli fetihleri, Macarlar ve Venedikliler’in bir ittifak kurarak Osmanlılar’a karşı yeni bir Haçlı seferi başlatmalarına yol açtı. 1396’da Bayezid İstanbul’u almak için büyük bir gayret sarfederken Macar Kralı Sigismund idaresindeki Haçlı kuvvetleri Niğbolu’yu kuşattılar. Acele olarak kuşatmayı kaldırıp oraya giden Bayezid onları büyük bir bozguna uğrattı (25 Eylül 1396). Ardından son bağımsız Bulgar prensi Stratsimir’den Vidin’i aldı. Artık Balkanlar ve İstanbul’un kaderi tamamıyla Bayezid’in elindeydi. Bizans İmparatoru Manuel, İstanbul’da bir Türk mahallesi kurulması, cami yapılması ve bir kadı yerleştirilmesi teklifini kabul etmek zorunda kaldı. Evrenos Bey 1397’de Argos ve Atina’yı aldı. Bayezid Niğbolu mücadelesi sırasında düşmanca hareketlerde bulunan Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Bey üzerine yürümek için Anadolu’ya geçti. Akçay Savaşı’nda mağlûp olan Alâeddin Bey Konya Kalesi’ne kapandıysa da yakalanarak öldürüldü. Konya ve diğer Karaman toprakları Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altına girdi (1397 sonbaharı). Ertesi yıl Canik bölgesi ve Kadı Burhâneddin’in hâkim olduğu yerler Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Ancak Bayezid, Timur tehlikesine karşı Memlük sultanı ile anlaşmak yerine onlara ait Elbistan, Malatya, Behisni, Kâhta ve Divriği gibi şehirleri ele geçirdi.
Öte yandan Bizans’a yardım için Türk sahillerine gelen Mareşal Boucicaut, Gelibolu önlerinde zayıf Türk filosunu vurarak İstanbul’a ulaşmış, ancak onun getirdiği az sayıdaki yardım kuvveti Bizans’ı rahatlatmaya yetmemişti (1399 yazı). Manuel Türkler’e karşı daha fazla yardım talebinde bulunmak üzere Avrupa’ya gitti (10 Aralık 1399). Fakat İstanbul kuşatmasına iyice hız verildiği ve şehrin düşmesinin an meselesi olduğu bir sırada doğuda Timur tehlikesi baş gösterdi. Nitekim 1399 sonbaharında Timur Doğu Anadolu’da bulunuyordu. Timur 1394’te Anadolu’nun doğu kesimindeki ilk işgalinin ardından batı taraflarını da ele geçirmeyi arzu ediyordu. İran’a hâkim olan Timur, Büyük Selçuklular’ın ve İlhanlılar’ın vârisi olmak iddiasıyla Anadolu üzerinde hâkimiyet kurmak istiyordu. Bayezid ise Selçuklular’ın mirasçısı sıfatıyla Anadolu’da birliği sağlamak düşüncesindeydi. Ancak Timur, başlangıçta gazânın liderliğini elinde tutan Bayezid’e karşı harekete geçmekte tereddüt etti. Bayezid’e karşı koyan ve kaçıp kendisine sığınan Anadolu beylerini iyi karşıladı. Buna mukabil Bayezid de Timur’un düşmanları Sultan Ahmed Celâyir ve Kara Yûsuf’u korudu, onları kendi hizmetine aldı. Bu durum Timur’u çok kızdırdı. Anadolu’ya yürüyüp Erzincan’a geldi ve Erzincan Emîri Mutahharten tarafından karşılandı. Ardından Osmanlılar’a ait Sivas Kalesi’ni kuşattı (1400 Ağustosu); şehir teslim olduysa da kanlı bir şekilde yağmalandı, sonra da Mutahharten’e bırakıldı (1401). Nihayet Timur ile Bayezid, Ankara yakınında Çubuk ovasında karşı karşıya geldiler (28 Temmuz 1402). Yapılan savaşta Bayezid yenildi ve esir düştü, bir süre sonra da esaret altında Akşehir’de vefat etti (8 Mart 1403). Ankara Savaşı, Bayezid’in süratli bir şekilde genişlettiği devletin çökmesine yol açtı. Eski topraklarına yeniden sahip olan Anadolu beyleri gibi ülkenin geri kalan kısmı için birbirleriyle mücadeleye girişen Osmanlı şehzadeleri de Timur’un hâkimiyetini tanıdılar. Osmanlı tarihinde Fetret Devri adıyla anılan bu döneme ait meseleler, ancak II. Mehmed devrinde kesin bir çözüme kavuşturulabildi.
Bayezid Anadolu ve Rumeli’de tâbi hânedanları ortadan kaldırmak ve Yakındoğu İslâm devlet anlayışı çerçevesinde merkezî bir devlet kurmak gayesini benimsemişti. Bu gayesinde kısmen başarılı olmuş, ilk merkezî idareyi kurarak kul sistemini düzenleyip yerleştirmiş, yeni örfî hukuk uygulamaları getirmiş, kanunnâmeler çıkartmıştır. Onun zamanında Tuna’dan Fırat’a kadar, padişahın kulları tarafından idare edilen merkezî bir devlet sistemi başarıyla uygulanmış, böylece Osmanlı Devleti Batı Avrupa’dan Orta Asya’ya, Mısır’dan Altın Orda sahasına kadar uzanan bölgede milletlerarası siyasetin başlıca odak noktasını oluşturmuştur. Fakat bu yeni merkezî devlet çok uzun ömürlü olmamış, Timur darbesiyle Osmanlı Devleti Anadolu’da hemen hemen I. Murad devri başlarındaki sınırlarına çekilmiştir. Ancak bütünlüğünü koruyan Rumeli toprakları sayesinde bu zor dönem tekrar aşılmış ve yeniden toparlanma mümkün olabilmiştir. Son derece cesur, faal ve yetenekli âdil bir idareci olan Bayezid sert bir mizaca sahipti. Hayatta kalan altı oğlundan Süleyman, Îsâ, Mûsâ ve Mehmed çelebilerin saltanat mücadelesine giriştikleri, en küçük oğlu Kasım’ın Süleyman Çelebi tarafından rehin bırakıldığı Bizans’ta kaldığı, Mustafa’nın ise “Düzmece” lakabıyla özellikle II. Murad zamanında taht iddiacısı olarak ortaya çıktığı bilinmektedir.
Hayatı baştan başa savaş ve mücadelelerle geçen Bayezid’in öldüğü zaman birçok hayratı da bulunmaktaydı. Bursa’da zâviye, medrese, imaret, han, köprü, dârüşşifâ yaptırmış, muhteşem Ulucami’yi de yine o inşa ettirmiştir (1400). İstanbul’u baskı altında tutmak için Güzelhisar diye de anılan Anadoluhisarı’nı yaptırdığı gibi (1396-1397), Anadolu’nun diğer bazı şehirlerinde ve Rumeli’de hayır eserleri meydana getirmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 231-234 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.