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Bazı Ticari Şalgam Sularının Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1524 – 1541, 15.09.2024
Bilal Ağırman
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1487121
Öz Ülkemizde üretimi ve tüketimi her yıl artarak önemli ölçeklere ulaşan ve dünyanın farklı bölgelerine ihraç edilmeye başlanan şalgam suyunun standardizasyon ve uygunluk değerlendirilmesi TS 11149 numaralı standarda göre belirlenmektedir. İlgili Şalgam Suyu Standardı son olarak 2016 yılında revize edilmiş olup, bu tarihten itibaren piyasada satışa sunulan şalgam sularının güncel mevzuata uygunluğunu gösteren çalışma sayısı oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye genelinde tüketime sunulan beş farklı endüstriyel şalgam suyunun kalite özellikleri belirlenmiş ve bu şalgam sularının ilgili Şalgam Suyu Standardına (TS 11149) uygunlukları araştırılmıştır. İncelenen şalgam sularının tamamının veya bir kısmının kuru madde, tuz oranı, pH, toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri sayısı bakımından standartta bildirilen değerleri karşılamadığı, kül, toplam asitlik ve laktik asit içeriği bakımından ise standarda uygun oldukları belirlenmiştir. Şalgam suları arasında; standartta herhangi bir limit değer belirtilmeyen organik asit (asetik, sitrik), toplam fenolik madde, toplam monomerik antosiyanin ve renk özellikleri (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°) açısından önemli farklılıkların bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Piyasada bulunan şalgam sularının kalite ve bileşimlerinde tespit edilen bu önemli farklılıkların oluşmasında üretimde kullanılan hammaddelerin kalitesi ve kullanım oranlarının etkisi olduğu kadar, şalgam suyunun üretim öncesi/sırası/sonrası aşamalarında uygulanan yöntemlerin çeşitlilik göstermesi de etkilidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Şalgam suyu, Fermantasyon, Laktik asit, Siyah havuç
Etik Beyan Yapılan çalışmada araştırma ve yayın etiğine uyulmuştur.
Teşekkür Bu çalışma tamamıyla Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Kaynakça Agarwal, S., Fulgoni, V.L., Spence, L., and Samuel, P. (2015). Sodium intake status in United States and potential reduction modeling: an NHANES 2007-2010 analysis. Food Science & Nutrition, 3(6), 577-585. Ağırman, B. (2014). Şalgam suyu üretiminde farklı klorür tuzları kullanılarak sodyum klorür miktarının azaltılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana. Agirman, B., and Erten, H. (2018). The influence of various chloride salts to reduce sodium content on the quality parameters of Şalgam (Shalgam): a traditional Turkish beverage based on black carrot. Journal of Food Quality, Article ID: 3292185. Agirman, B., Settanni, L., and Erten, H. (2021). Effect of different mineral salt mixtures and dough extraction procedure on the physical, chemical and microbiological composition of şalgam: a black carrot fermented beverage. Food Chemistry, 344, 128618. Ainsworth, E.A., and Gillespie, K.M. (2007). 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Gıda Analizleri, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı. Ankara: Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları No:34, Bizim Grup Basımevi. Cirak, M.A., Agirman, B., and Erten, H. (2022). The chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of şalgam during fermentation process. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6), e15440. Coskun, F. (2017). A traditional Turkish fermented non-alcoholic beverage, “Shalgam”. Beverages, 3, 49. Çakır, P. (2011). Ülkemizde üretilen şalgam sularının bileşimleri ve gıda mevzuatına uygunlukları üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ. Çankaya, A., ve Tangüler, H. (2018). Şalgam suyu üretiminde gerçekleştirilen havuç fermantasyonu sırasında mikrobiyal değişim üzerine sıcaklığın etkisi. Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(6), 749-755. Ekici, H., Kadiroglu, P., and Ilgaz, C. (2021). Next-generation sequencing of shalgam flavor influencing microflora. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6), e15982. Ekinci, F. Y., Baser, G. M., Özcan, E., Güçlü Üstündağ, Ö., Korachi, M., Sofu, A., Blumberg, J. B., and Oliver Chen C. Y. (2016). Characterization of chemical, biological, and antiproliferative properties of fermented black carrot juice, shalgam. European Food Research and Technology, 242, 1355-1368. Erten, H., Agirman, B., Boyaci-Gunduz, C.P., and Ben Ghorbal, A. (2016). Regional fermented vegatables and fruits in Europe. In S. Paramithiotis (Chief Ed.), Lactic acid fermentation of fruits and vegetables (pp. 205-235). Boca Raton: CRC Press. Erten, H., and Tanguler, H. (2016). Shalgam (Şalgam): a traditional Turkish lactic acid fermented beverage based on black carrot. In Y. H. Hui, E. Ö. Evranuz, G. Bingöl, H. Erten, M. E. J. Flores (Eds.), Handbook of vegetable preservation and processing, 2nd ed. (pp. 841-850). Boca Raton: CRC Press. Giusti, M.M., and Wrolstad, R.E. (2001). Characterization and measurement with UV-Visible spectroscopy. In R. E. Wrolstad, S. J. Schwartz (Eds.), Current protocols in food analytical chemistry (pp. 1-13). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Gök, S. (2017). Adana ilinde satışa sunulan şalgam sularının kalite özelliklerinin ve Türk Gıda Kodeksine uygunluğunun belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş. Güven, N., Yetim, H., ve Cankurt, H. (2019). Siyah havuç ve peyniraltı suyu kullanılarak üretilen tuzu azaltılmış şalgam suyunun fizikokimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 15, 599-610. Hunter, R.S., and Harold, R.W. (1987). Scales fort he measurement of color difference. In R. S. Hunter, R. W. Harold (Ed.), The measurement of appearance, 2nd ed. (pp. 162-195). Toronto: John Wiley and Sons. Jamnik, P., Mahnic, N., Mrak, A., Pogacnik, L., Jersek, B., Niccolai, A., Masten Rutar, J., Ogrinc, N., Dusak, L., Ferjancic, B., Korosec, M., Cerar, A., Lazar, B., Lovse, U., Pungert, T., Fabjan, P., and Poklar Ulrih, N. (2022). Fermented biomass of Arthrospira platensis as a potential food ingredient. Antioxidants, 11(2), 216. Kafkaskıray, E.S. (2020). Şalgam suyu fermantasyon sürecinin mikrobiyal profilinin moleküler yöntemlerle belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Kahve, H.I., Akbulut, M., and Coklar, H. (2022). Identification and technological characterization of endogenous yeast isolated from fermented carrot juice, shalgam. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 154, 112823. Mujdeci, G.N., Tanguler, H., Macit, H.,and Kabak, B. (2023). Effect of three different preservatives on the microbiota of Shalgam, a traditional lactic acid fermented beverage. Foods, 12, 4075. Nielsen, S. S. (2017). Sodium determination using ion selective electrodes, Mohr titration and test strips. In S. S. Nielsen (Ed.), Food analysis laboratory manual, 3rd ed. (pp. 75-85). Switzerland: Springer Nature. Ozturk, E., Alpas, H., and Arici, M. (2024). Effect of the high hydrostatic pressure process on the microbial and physicochemical quality of shalgam. ACS Omega, 9, 10400-10414. Özçelik, M. M., Duman, B., ve Özkan, G. (2022). Organik pekmezlerden jeli şeker üretimi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(2), 371-379. Özdemir, L., ve Acar Büyükpehlivan, G. (2022). Dijital fotoğrafçılıkta ISO değeri değişiminin renk evrenleri ve delta E (ΔE) değerleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Journal of History School, 15(56), 685-703. Özer, N., ve Çoksöyler, F. N. (2015). Şalgam suyunun bazı kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri. GIDA, 40(1), 31-38. Öztürk, O. (2009). Adana piyasasındaki şalgam sularının bileşimleri üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana. Öztürk, H. İ., Buzrul, S., Bilge, G., and Yurdakul, M. (2024). Pulsed electric field for shalgam juice: effects on fermentation, shelf-life, and sensory quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 104, 1784-1792. Öztürk, S., Bağder Elmacı, S., and Özçelik, F. (2023). Effect of fermentation processes on phenolic content and antioxidant activity during production of black carrot vinegar. GIDA, 48(1), 25-37. Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A., and Dubourdieu, D. (2006). Handbook of enology, Volume 2: The chemistry of wine-stabilization and treatments (2nd ed.). West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Rodríguez, H., Curiel, J.A., Landete, J.M., de las Rivas, B., de Felipe, F.L, Gómez-Cordovés, C., and Mañcheno, J.M., Muñoz, R. (2009). Food phenolics and lactic acid bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 132(2-3), 79-90. Şalgam-Der. (2020). Türkiye Tohumcular Birliği (TÜRKTOB): https://www.turktob.org.tr/en/tescillenen-adana-salgami-ihracati-artti/28075 (Erişim tarihi: 28.12.2022). Tangüler, H. (2021). The effect of using different size purple carrots and Lactobacillus plantarum on the properties of fermented shalgam (şalgam). Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 9(10), 1759-1766. Tangüler, H., ve Ağırman, B. (2020). Şalgam suyu üretimi. İç O. Erkmen, H. Erten, H. Sağlam (Editörler), Fermente ürünler teknolojisi ve mikrobiyolojisi (s. 511-530). Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Tanguler, H., Cankaya, A., Agcam, E., and Uslu, H. (2021). Effect of temperature and production method on some quality parameters of fermented carrot juice (shalgam). Food Bioscience, 41, 100973. Tanguler, H., and Erten, H. (2012). Chemical and microbiological characteristics of shalgam (şalgam): a traditional Turkish lactic acid fermented beverage. Journal of Food Quality, 35(4), 298-306. TSE (2016). TS 11149: 2003, T3: Nisan 2016 Şalgam Suyu Standardı. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye. Ulu, G. (2019). Fermente şalgam içeceğinin pastörizasyonu ve raf ömrünün uzatılmasında ultraviyole teknolojisinin kullanımı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bolu. Walusansa, A., Nakavuma, J. L., Asiimwe, S., Ssenku, J. E., Aruhomukama, D., Sekulima, T., Kafeero, H. M., Anywar, G., Katuura, E., Nabatanzi, A., Musisi, N. L., Tugume, A. K., and Kakudidi, E. K. (2022). Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 16647. Yanardağ Karabulut, Ş., ve Bulut, S. (2024). Glutensiz şalgam suyu üretimi ve TS11149 Şalgam Suyu Standardına uygunluğunun araştırılması. GIDA, 49(2), 269-283.
Determination of Quality Characteristics of Some Commercial Shalgam Juices Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1524 – 1541, 15.09.2024
Bilal Ağırman
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1487121
Öz The standardization and compatibility assessment of shalgam juice, which has reached significant scales in production and consumption in Turkey and started to be exported to different parts of the world, is determined according to the standard numbered TS 11149. The related Shalgam Juice Standard was lastly revised in 2016. From this date, the number of studies demonstrating the compliance of the shalgam juices commercially available in the market with current legislation is quite limited. In this study, the quality characteristics of five different industrial shalgam juices consumed throughout the Turkey were determined and the compliance of these samples with the related Shalgam Juice Standard (TS 11149) was investigated. It was determined that all or some of the examined shalgam juices did not meet the values reported in the standard in terms of dry matter, salt content, pH, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria number, while they were compatible in terms of ash, total acidity and lactic acid content. Notable differences were determined among the shalgam juices in some characteristics, such as organic acids (acetic, citric), total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanin and color properties (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°), for which no value is specified in the standard. The quality and usage ratio of raw materials in the shalgam production are as effective factors as the diversity of the methods applied during the pre-/during/post-production stages for the formation of these significant differences in industrial shalgam juice.
Anahtar Kelimeler Shalgam juices, Fermentation, Lactic acid, Black carrot
Kaynakça Agarwal, S., Fulgoni, V.L., Spence, L., and Samuel, P. (2015). Sodium intake status in United States and potential reduction modeling: an NHANES 2007-2010 analysis. Food Science & Nutrition, 3(6), 577-585. Ağırman, B. (2014). Şalgam suyu üretiminde farklı klorür tuzları kullanılarak sodyum klorür miktarının azaltılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana. Agirman, B., and Erten, H. (2018). The influence of various chloride salts to reduce sodium content on the quality parameters of Şalgam (Shalgam): a traditional Turkish beverage based on black carrot. Journal of Food Quality, Article ID: 3292185. Agirman, B., Settanni, L., and Erten, H. (2021). Effect of different mineral salt mixtures and dough extraction procedure on the physical, chemical and microbiological composition of şalgam: a black carrot fermented beverage. Food Chemistry, 344, 128618. Ainsworth, E.A., and Gillespie, K.M. (2007). Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protocols, 2(4), 875-877. Alibaş, İ., Yılmaz, A., Günaydın, S., and Arkain, B. (2021). Influence of drying methods on drying kinetics and color parameters. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 9(5), 897-908. Boyaci-Gunduz, C.P., Agirman, B., Gaglio, R., Franciosi, E., Francesca, N., Settanni, L., and Erten, H. (2022). Evaluation of the variations in chemical and microbiological properties of the sourdoughs produced with selected lactic acid bacteria strains during fermentation. Food Chemistry:X, 14, 100357. Bozdoğan, A., and Yaşar, K. (2019). Degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in shalgam beverage. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 7(2), 282-285. Cemeroğlu, B. (2009). Meyve ve Sebze İşleme Teknolojisi, Cilt I, 3. Baskı. Ankara: Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları No:38, Bizim Grup Basımevi. Cemeroğlu, B. (2010). Gıda Analizleri, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı. Ankara: Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları No:34, Bizim Grup Basımevi. Cirak, M.A., Agirman, B., and Erten, H. (2022). The chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of şalgam during fermentation process. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6), e15440. Coskun, F. (2017). A traditional Turkish fermented non-alcoholic beverage, “Shalgam”. Beverages, 3, 49. Çakır, P. (2011). Ülkemizde üretilen şalgam sularının bileşimleri ve gıda mevzuatına uygunlukları üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ. Çankaya, A., ve Tangüler, H. (2018). Şalgam suyu üretiminde gerçekleştirilen havuç fermantasyonu sırasında mikrobiyal değişim üzerine sıcaklığın etkisi. Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(6), 749-755. Ekici, H., Kadiroglu, P., and Ilgaz, C. (2021). Next-generation sequencing of shalgam flavor influencing microflora. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6), e15982. Ekinci, F. Y., Baser, G. M., Özcan, E., Güçlü Üstündağ, Ö., Korachi, M., Sofu, A., Blumberg, J. B., and Oliver Chen C. Y. (2016). Characterization of chemical, biological, and antiproliferative properties of fermented black carrot juice, shalgam. European Food Research and Technology, 242, 1355-1368. Erten, H., Agirman, B., Boyaci-Gunduz, C.P., and Ben Ghorbal, A. (2016). Regional fermented vegatables and fruits in Europe. In S. Paramithiotis (Chief Ed.), Lactic acid fermentation of fruits and vegetables (pp. 205-235). Boca Raton: CRC Press. Erten, H., and Tanguler, H. (2016). Shalgam (Şalgam): a traditional Turkish lactic acid fermented beverage based on black carrot. In Y. H. Hui, E. Ö. Evranuz, G. Bingöl, H. Erten, M. E. J. Flores (Eds.), Handbook of vegetable preservation and processing, 2nd ed. (pp. 841-850). Boca Raton: CRC Press. Giusti, M.M., and Wrolstad, R.E. (2001). Characterization and measurement with UV-Visible spectroscopy. In R. E. Wrolstad, S. J. Schwartz (Eds.), Current protocols in food analytical chemistry (pp. 1-13). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Gök, S. (2017). Adana ilinde satışa sunulan şalgam sularının kalite özelliklerinin ve Türk Gıda Kodeksine uygunluğunun belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş. Güven, N., Yetim, H., ve Cankurt, H. (2019). Siyah havuç ve peyniraltı suyu kullanılarak üretilen tuzu azaltılmış şalgam suyunun fizikokimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 15, 599-610. Hunter, R.S., and Harold, R.W. (1987). Scales fort he measurement of color difference. In R. S. Hunter, R. W. Harold (Ed.), The measurement of appearance, 2nd ed. (pp. 162-195). Toronto: John Wiley and Sons. Jamnik, P., Mahnic, N., Mrak, A., Pogacnik, L., Jersek, B., Niccolai, A., Masten Rutar, J., Ogrinc, N., Dusak, L., Ferjancic, B., Korosec, M., Cerar, A., Lazar, B., Lovse, U., Pungert, T., Fabjan, P., and Poklar Ulrih, N. (2022). Fermented biomass of Arthrospira platensis as a potential food ingredient. Antioxidants, 11(2), 216. Kafkaskıray, E.S. (2020). Şalgam suyu fermantasyon sürecinin mikrobiyal profilinin moleküler yöntemlerle belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Kahve, H.I., Akbulut, M., and Coklar, H. (2022). Identification and technological characterization of endogenous yeast isolated from fermented carrot juice, shalgam. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 154, 112823. Mujdeci, G.N., Tanguler, H., Macit, H.,and Kabak, B. (2023). Effect of three different preservatives on the microbiota of Shalgam, a traditional lactic acid fermented beverage. Foods, 12, 4075. Nielsen, S. S. (2017). Sodium determination using ion selective electrodes, Mohr titration and test strips. In S. S. Nielsen (Ed.), Food analysis laboratory manual, 3rd ed. (pp. 75-85). Switzerland: Springer Nature. Ozturk, E., Alpas, H., and Arici, M. (2024). Effect of the high hydrostatic pressure process on the microbial and physicochemical quality of shalgam. ACS Omega, 9, 10400-10414. Özçelik, M. M., Duman, B., ve Özkan, G. (2022). Organik pekmezlerden jeli şeker üretimi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(2), 371-379. Özdemir, L., ve Acar Büyükpehlivan, G. (2022). Dijital fotoğrafçılıkta ISO değeri değişiminin renk evrenleri ve delta E (ΔE) değerleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Journal of History School, 15(56), 685-703. Özer, N., ve Çoksöyler, F. N. (2015). Şalgam suyunun bazı kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri. GIDA, 40(1), 31-38. Öztürk, O. (2009). Adana piyasasındaki şalgam sularının bileşimleri üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana. Öztürk, H. İ., Buzrul, S., Bilge, G., and Yurdakul, M. (2024). Pulsed electric field for shalgam juice: effects on fermentation, shelf-life, and sensory quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 104, 1784-1792. Öztürk, S., Bağder Elmacı, S., and Özçelik, F. (2023). Effect of fermentation processes on phenolic content and antioxidant activity during production of black carrot vinegar. GIDA, 48(1), 25-37. Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A., and Dubourdieu, D. (2006). Handbook of enology, Volume 2: The chemistry of wine-stabilization and treatments (2nd ed.). West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Rodríguez, H., Curiel, J.A., Landete, J.M., de las Rivas, B., de Felipe, F.L, Gómez-Cordovés, C., and Mañcheno, J.M., Muñoz, R. (2009). Food phenolics and lactic acid bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 132(2-3), 79-90. Şalgam-Der. (2020). Türkiye Tohumcular Birliği (TÜRKTOB): https://www.turktob.org.tr/en/tescillenen-adana-salgami-ihracati-artti/28075 (Erişim tarihi: 28.12.2022). Tangüler, H. (2021). The effect of using different size purple carrots and Lactobacillus plantarum on the properties of fermented shalgam (şalgam). Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 9(10), 1759-1766. Tangüler, H., ve Ağırman, B. (2020). Şalgam suyu üretimi. İç O. Erkmen, H. Erten, H. Sağlam (Editörler), Fermente ürünler teknolojisi ve mikrobiyolojisi (s. 511-530). Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Tanguler, H., Cankaya, A., Agcam, E., and Uslu, H. (2021). Effect of temperature and production method on some quality parameters of fermented carrot juice (shalgam). Food Bioscience, 41, 100973. Tanguler, H., and Erten, H. (2012). Chemical and microbiological characteristics of shalgam (şalgam): a traditional Turkish lactic acid fermented beverage. Journal of Food Quality, 35(4), 298-306. TSE (2016). TS 11149: 2003, T3: Nisan 2016 Şalgam Suyu Standardı. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye. Ulu, G. (2019). Fermente şalgam içeceğinin pastörizasyonu ve raf ömrünün uzatılmasında ultraviyole teknolojisinin kullanımı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bolu. Walusansa, A., Nakavuma, J. L., Asiimwe, S., Ssenku, J. E., Aruhomukama, D., Sekulima, T., Kafeero, H. M., Anywar, G., Katuura, E., Nabatanzi, A., Musisi, N. L., Tugume, A. K., and Kakudidi, E. K. (2022). Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 16647. Yanardağ Karabulut, Ş., ve Bulut, S. (2024). Glutensiz şalgam suyu üretimi ve TS11149 Şalgam Suyu Standardına uygunluğunun araştırılması. GIDA, 49(2), 269-283. Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Gıda Mühendisliği Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Bilal Ağırman Çukurova Üniversitesi 0000-0002-3629-1933 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2024 Kabul Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3
Kaynak Göster APA Ağırman, B. (2024). Bazı Ticari Şalgam Sularının Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(3), 1524-1541. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1487121
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