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BEDEL Skip to content Bazı ibadet ve borçlarda aslî şekliyle ifanın mümkün olmaması durumunda onun yerini alan ifa şekli.
Bedel sözlükte “karşılık, yok olan bir şeyin yerine geçen başka şey” anlamına gelir. İslâm hukuk literatüründe aynı anlamda kullanımı oldukça yaygındır. Meselâ toprakla teyemmümün su ile abdest almaya, fidyenin oruca, otuz günün bir aya bedel sayılması, iki veya üç kademeli kefâretlerde bir sonraki kefâret şeklinin öncekinin bedeli kabul edilmesi böyledir. Ancak bedel kelimesinin bazı ibadetlerde ve bir kısım akdî veya fiilî borçların ifasında özel bir kullanımı ve ıstılahî bir mânası vardır.
İbadetlerde Bedel. İslâm dininde dar anlamda ibadet, kulun yaratanına karşı sorumluluğu demek olup bunda da niyet ve şahsî ifa asıldır. Ancak bir kısım ibadetler üçüncü şahısların da haklarını ilgilendirdiğinden bu hakların korunması amacıyla bu nevi ibadetlerin bedel ve niyâbet yoluyla ifası câiz görülmüştür. Bu açıdan ibadetler bedenî, malî, hem bedenî hem malî olmak üzere üç grupta ele alınır. Namaz, oruç, Kur’an okuma gibi bedenî ibadetlerde niyet ve şahsî ifa asıl olup bunlarda bedel ve niyâbet câiz değildir. Zekât, kurban, bazı kefâretler, sadaka-i fıtır gibi malî amellerin ibadet mahiyetini kazanması için asıl borçlunun bu yönde niyeti ön şart ise de bizzat ifa etmesi şart olmayıp bunları bedel veya vekil vasıtasıyla yapabilir. Hatta üçüncü şahısların haklarının ödenmesi açısından mücerret ifa dahi yeterlidir. Asıl borçlunun haberi olmadan malî ibadetlerin onun adına başkası tarafından ifa edilmesinin geçerliliği konusundaki tartışma, bu nevi ibadetlerde şahsî niyet ile üçüncü şahsın hakkının taalluku gibi iki ayrı yönün bulunmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.
Hac ibadetinin hem malî hem de bedenî yönü bulunduğundan ibadetlerde bedel ve niyâbet konusu burada ayrı bir önem kazanmaktadır. Haccın ifasındaki bedenî ibadetler, ruhî ve mânevî eğitim göz önüne alınınca hacda niyâbetin geçerli olmaması ve haccın bizzat ifa edilmesi gereği düşünülebilir. Fakat gerek haccın malî yönünün de bulunması, gerekse bedel haccı ile ilgili hadisler, acz ve zaruret halinde hacda niyâbete imkân vermektedir. İslâm âlimlerinin büyük ekseriyeti bu ibadetin belli şartlarda bedel yoluyla ifa edilebileceğini belirtmiş, bu yönde zengin bir fıkhî literatür ve uygulama ortaya çıkmıştır.
Hac ibadetini başkası adına ifaya bedel haccı veya hac ani’l-gayr , hac için bedel göndermeye ihcâc , gönderene âmir , menûb veya mahcûcün anh , gönderilene de nâib veya vekil denilir.
Bedel haccı ile ilgili olarak Hz. Peygamber’den rivayet edilen hadisler genelde aynı mahiyettedir. Hz. Peygamber, hayvana binemeyecek derecede yaşlı olan babası için haccetmek isteyen sahâbîye babası adına haccedebileceğini belirtmiştir (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 1; “Cezâʾü’ṣ-ṣayd”, 23-24; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 407-408; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 26). Bir başka hadiste sahâbeden bir kadın, haccetmeyi adadığı halde bunu yapamadan ölen annesinin yerine haccedip edemeyeceğini sormuş, Hz. Peygamber de, “Evet, onun adına haccet. Eğer annenin bir borcu olsaydı onu ödemeyecek miydin? Öyleyse Allah’a olan borcu da ödeyin. Allah’a olan borç ödenmeye en lâyık olanıdır” demiştir (Buhârî, “Cezâʾü’ṣ-ṣayd”, 22, “İʿtiṣâm”, 12). Benzeri bir rivayette ise hacda, yakını Şübrüme adına telbiyede bulunan sahâbîye Hz. Peygamber, “Önce kendin için haccet, sonra Şübrüme adına haccedersin” buyurur (Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 26).
Görüldüğü gibi hadisler bedel haccına imkân vermekle birlikte şartları ve ayrıntıları açısından oldukça kapalıdır. Bu sebeple fıkıh âlimleri arasında bu yönde önemli görüş farklılıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Fakat bedel haccı üzerindeki tartışmalar genelde farz olan hac ile ilgili olup nâfile hac için bedel gönderme konusunda âlimler oldukça müsamahakârdır.
Bedel haccı, yaşayan adına veya ölen kimse için olmak üzere iki türlüdür. 1. Âlimlerin çoğunluğuna göre, üzerine hac farz olduğu halde sürekli hastalık, yaşlılık, sakatlık gibi ömür boyu devam edebilir mahiyette bir engel sebebiyle bizzat haccedemeyecek durumda olan kimseler yerlerine bedel gönderebilirler. Bu tür bedel göndermenin ihtiyarî mi, yoksa gerekli mi olduğu hususu o kimseye haccın vâcip olup olmadığı hükmüne bağlıdır. Âlimlerin çoğunluğuna göre bu vâciptir. Hanefî mezhebinde kuvvetli görüş de bu yöndedir. Ebû Hanîfe’den nakledilen bir rivayete göre ise bulûğdan itibaren bedenen mâlul olan varlıklı kimselere hac farz olmadığından onların bedel göndermeleri de gerekmez. Devam edecek zannedilen bu engelin sonradan ortadan kalkması, meselâ sakatlığın geçmesi halinde, daha önce hacca bedel gönderilmişse, tartışmalı olmakla birlikte yeniden hac gerekmez. İmam Mâlik’e göre hac, bedenî yönü ağır basan, malî yönü ise ârızî olan bir ibadettir. Buna göre bir müslüman yaşadığı sürece bedel gönderemez, haccı bizzat ifa etmek için beklemelidir. Eğer bizzat ifaya gücü yetmiyorsa o takdirde âyette (Âl-i İmrân 3/97) yer alan “güç yetirme” şartı gerçekleşmemiş olacağından kendisine hac vâcip olmaz. Yaşayan kimse bedel gönderecek olursa hac bedel için nâfile olarak vâki olur, gönderene de yapılan malî harcamanın sevabı yazılır.
Öyle anlaşılıyor ki iki farklı görüş, hac ibadetinde malî yönün mü, yoksa bedenî yönün mü esas alınacağı tartışması ve buna bağlı olarak hacca güç yetirmenin farklı tanımlanmasından ve bir de bedel haccına cevaz veren hadislerin, her şahsın mükellef olduğu ibadeti bizzat ifası şeklindeki genel ilkeyle çatışmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu sebeple olmalıdır ki İmam Muhammed bedel haccına, “esasında bedel haccının nâib için, malî harcamaların da gönderen için vâki olacağı, ancak gönderenin aczi sebebiyle bu malî harcamanın fidyenin oruç yerine geçtiği gibi hac fiili yerine geçeceği” şeklinde bir açıklama getirmişse de, bu görüş Hanefî mezhebi içinde de fazla benimsenmeyip bedel haccının doğrudan gönderen için vâki olacağı fikri ağır basmıştır.
2. Kendisine hac farz olduğu halde sağlığında gitmemiş veya gidememiş kimse ölümünden sonra adına bedel haccı yapılmasını vasiyet etmelidir. Ölenin vasiyeti mevcut olduğu ve bıraktığı malın üçte biri masraflarını karşıladığı takdirde mirasçıların onun adına hac için bedel göndermeleri gereklidir. Hatta ölenin vasiyeti olmasa bile mirasının üçte biri yeterli olduğu sürece Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre adına bedel gönderilmesi vâciptir. Mâlikîler’e göre de vasiyeti mevcut olup mirasının üçte biri yeterli ise ve başka yönde harcamayı gerektiren bir vasiyeti de bulunmuyorsa bedel gönderilmesi câizdir; bu durumda bedel olarak ölenin velilerinden birinin gitmesi daha doğrudur. Ölenin bedel haccı için vasiyeti yoksa Mâlikîler’e göre ölü adına sadaka verilmesi hac yapılmasından faziletlidir. Bununla birlikte bedel haccı yapılırsa hac borcu yerine geçmeyip nâfile olarak vâki olur. Hanefîler’e göre ise ölenin vasiyeti yoksa veya malının üçte biri bu hac için yeterli değilse mirasçıların bedel haccı yükümlülüğü yoktur. Bununla birlikte bedel gönderecek olurlarsa ölenin hac borcunun sâkıt olması ihtimal dahilindedir.
Bedel haccının geçerliliği için fıkıh mezhepleri tarafından ayrı ayrı şartlar öngörülmüştür. Özetle belirtmek gerekirse, adına hac yapılacak kimsenin bizzat ifadan âciz olması, yaşıyorsa bedel göndermeyi istemiş bulunması gerekir. Nâibin de adına hac yapacağı kişi için niyet edip onun şart ve tâlimatına uyması, şer‘an mükellef bir müslüman olması, yol masrafının tamamının veya çoğunun gönderen tarafından karşılanması gereklidir. Nâibin daha önce kendisi için hacca gitmiş olması Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre efdal, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise şarttır. Nâibin, gönderenin izni olmaksızın görevini başkasına devretmesi câiz değildir.
Nâibin mûtat masrafları gönderen tarafından karşılanır, meblâğın artan kısmı iade edilir. Nâibin hac için sabit bir ücretle tutulması Hanefîler’e göre câiz olmayıp Mâlikî ve Şâfiîler’e göre câizdir. Nâibin haccı ifsat etmesi halinde aldığı parayı tamamen geri vermesi, kendi kusurundan kaynaklanan ceza ve kefâretleri de kendi parasıyla karşılaması gerekir. Nâibin erkek veya kadın olması câizdir. Bedel haccında mümkün olduğu kadar ölenin vasiyetine veya gönderenin tâlimatına uyulmalıdır (ayrıca bk. HAC ).
Akitlerde Bedel. Her iki tarafa da borç yükleyen akitlerde (ivazlı akitler) karşılıklar arasında genelde mâkul bir denge bulunur. Bu nevi akitlerde mevcut iki karşılıktan biri “akdin mevzuu”, diğeri de geniş anlamıyla “ivaz”, daha dar anlamıyla “bedel”dir. Hatta her biri diğerinin karşılığı olduğundan her iki karşılık için de ivaz ve bedel tabirleri kullanılabilmektedir. Fakat gerek akdin mevzuu gerekse bedel her akit nevinde özel isimlerle anılmakta olup meselâ alışverişte “mebî” ve “semen”, icârede “menfaat” ve “ücret”, selemde “re’sü’l-mâl” ve “müslem fîh” olarak anıldığı gibi akit mevzuuna karşılık teşkil eden borca, para veya mislî eşya borcu olması halinde bile “bedel” tabir edilmesi pek yaygın değildir. Böyle olmakla birlikte bazı akit nevilerinde akdî karşılığın bedel olarak adlandırıldığı ve bunun belli hukuk ekollerinde yaygın bir kullanım kazandığı görülmektedir. “Bedel-i sulh” ve “bedel-i hul‘” tabirleri böyledir.
Bedel-i Sulh. Sulh, mevcut anlaşmazlığı karşılıklı rıza ile ortadan kaldıran bir akit demek olup (Mecelle , md. 1531) taraflardan birinin bu amaçla karşı tarafa verdiği veya vermeyi üstlendiği şeye “bedel-i sulh” veya “musâleh aleyh” denir. Bedel-i sulh ayn ise mebî, deyn ise semen (Mecelle , md. 1545), menfaat ise icâre hükümleri geçerli olup bunlarda aranan şartlar bedel-i sulh için de söz konusudur. Hatta karşılıklı olarak açılan davalardan vazgeçme örneğinde olduğu gibi semen ve ücret olmaya elverişli bulunmayan bazı konular da bedel-i sulh olabilir. Fakat faize yol açabileceği endişesiyle dava konusu mal (musâleh anh) ile bedel-i sulhun aynı nevi ribevî mal olması doğru bulunmamıştır (bk. SULH ). Yabancı devletlerden harp edilmeksizin anlaşma gereği alınan mallara da bedel-i sulh veya bedel-i musâlaha denilir.
Bedel-i Hul‘. İslâm aile hukukunda boşama hakkı kural olarak kocaya aittir. Ancak kadın evlilik bağından kurtulmak istiyor, fakat koca boşamaya rıza göstermiyorsa kadının baş vuracağı yollardan biri de aldığı mehri geri vermek veya başka türlü bir ödemede bulunmak suretiyle kocasını boşamaya razı etmektir. İslâm hukukunda evliliğin bu yolla sona ermesine muhâlea, kadının vereceği bu karşılığa da bedel-i hul‘ denir. Kadının maddî bir karşılık vererek kocasını boşamaya razı etmesi, İslâm aile hukukunda eşlerin karşılıklı hak ve borçları açısından kurulan dengenin tabii bir gereğidir. Çünkü mehir alarak evliliğe razı olan kadın evlilik bağından belli bir maddî fedakârlıkla kurtulabilecek, erkek de yaptığı harcamayı kısmen veya tamamen karşılatarak yeni bir evliliğe malî yönden imkân bulacaktır.
Bedel-i hul‘un miktarı taraflar arasında varılacak anlaşmaya bağlı ise de geçimsizliğin kadından kaynaklanması halinde kocanın kadına verdiği mehir miktarını aşmayacak ölçüde bir bedel alması câiz görülmüş, geçimsizliğe kocanın sebep olması halinde ise kocanın böyle bir bedel alarak karısını boşaması, kazâen olmasa bile diyâneten doğru bulunmamıştır.
Evlenmede mehir olabilen her şey muhâleada bedel kabul edilebileceği gibi mehir olup olmayacağı tartışmalı bir kısım mal ve menfaatler de bedel-i hul‘ olarak kabul edilebilir. Mâlikîler bu konuda daha müsamahakâr davranmaktadır. İhtilâf, bedel-i hul‘un alışverişteki ivaza mı, yoksa bağışlama veya vasiyetteki ivaza mı daha çok benzediği tartışmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Ancak bedel-i hul‘un hukuken geçersiz bir maldan belirlenmesi veya çocuğun haklarını ihlâl edici bir mahiyette olması câiz görülmemiş, böyle durumlarda bedelin yok sayılıp muhâlea değil talâkın vâki olacağı belirtilmiştir (ayrıca bk. HUL‘ ).
Borçların İfasında Bedel. Borçların ifası ve tazmin hukuku açısından bedel ise, asıl borcun ödenmesi imkânsız olunca onun yerine geçen yeni ödeme şeklini ifade etmekte olup bu husus Mecelle’de, “Aslın ifası kabil olmadığı takdirde bedeli ifa olunur” (md. 53) kaidesiyle belirtilmiştir. Bu açıdan bedel aslın halefi durumundadır. Bedel ile ifaya “kazâ” da denir.
Para borcu aynen değil de sayı ve cins itibariyle zimmette sabit olduğundan para borçlarında bedel söz konusu olmaz. Buğday, demir, basılmış kitap, kumaş gibi sayı, ölçü ve tartı ile alınıp satılan mislî eşya da, cins ve kalite eşitliği şartıyla yine zimmette misil olarak sabit olduğundan, bu nevi borçlarda da aynı miktar ve cins mislî malın ödenmesi “kazâ-yı kâmil” (tam ödeme) sayılır. Ancak para ve mislî mal borçlarında asıl ödeme nevi mümkün değilse, meselâ o nevi para tedavülden kalkmış veya buğday, kitap… bulunamaz olmuşsa o takdirde bunların bedeli ödenir. Bedel ise bu malların rayiç para ile kıymetleridir.
“Kıyemî mal” tabir edilen ve her birinin ayrı özellik ve değeri olan malların borca konu olması halinde ise bu malların aynen ifası asıl ödemedir. Fakat bu çeşitli sebeplerle mümkün olmazsa, o zaman bu nevi malların bedelleri sayılan kıymetleri ödenir. Bu ödeme şekli ise “kazâ-yı kāsır” (eksik ödeme) sayılır. Meselâ, Mecelle ’de de ifade edildiği gibi (md. 891), gasbedilen mal telef ve zayi edilmiş olup sahibine aynen iadesi mümkün olmazsa bedeli, yani misliyattan ise misli, kıyemî mal ise kıymeti ödenir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 298-300 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.