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BELH Skip to content Afganistan’ın kuzeyinde bir şehir ve eyalet.
Belh şehri Amuderya’nın güneyindeki Dehâs ırmağı üzerinde ve Kûhibâbâ dağının eteğinde kurulmuştur. Adını eski Farsça’da (Persçe) Bāḥtriş, Avesta’da Bāḥdi (Bahdrî) ve Grekçe’de Baktra şeklinde geçen Baktres’ten (muhtemelen Dehâs ırmağının eski adı) alır.
Şehrin kuruluşu ile ilgili birçok rivayet vardır. Bunlardan bazılarına göre bu şehri İran yaratılış efsanelerinde geçen Keyûmers yaptırmaya başlamış, efsanevî hükümdarların üçüncüsü olan Tahmûras tamamlatmıştır. Bir rivayete göre de Belh yine efsanevî hükümdarlardan olan Menûçihr b. Îrec tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Belh’in bir süre Turan Hükümdarı Efrâsiyâb’ın başşehri olduğu da rivayet edilir. Milâttan önce 329’a kadar Persler’in (Ahamenîler) Bahtriş satraplığının merkezi olan Belh bu tarihte İskender’in eline geçti. İskender’in ölümünden sonra Selevkos Krallığı sınırları içinde kaldı; daha sonra Baktriana Krallığı’nın ve Kuşanlar ile Eftalitler’in (Ak Hunlar) başşehri oldu. Sâsânîler döneminde (226-651) burada Horasan merzübân larından biri kalırdı. İslâm fethinden bir süre önce Nevbahâr adlı mâbedi ile Budistler’in ziyaretgâhlarından biri olduğu gibi Zerdüştîler için de büyük önem taşıyordu.
Belh’in İslâm egemenliğine hangi tarihte girdiği kesin olarak belli değildir. Bazı kaynaklara göre, Hz. Osman döneminde Basra Valisi Abdullah b. Âmir b. Küreyz’in kumandanlarından Ahnef b. Kays 32 (653) yılında Belh’e bir sefer düzenlemiş ve halk 700.000 dirhem haraç ödemeyi kabul etmiştir (Belâzürî, s. 592). Ancak şehir ve bölgenin Arap egemenliğine tam olarak girişi Muâviye dönemine rastlar. Belh 42 (662-63) veya 43’te (664) Kays b. Heysem veya Abdurrahman b. Semüre tarafından fethedildi, bu seferler sırasında Nevbahâr adlı ünlü mâbed yıkıldı (Belâzürî, s. 594). 671’de Rebî‘ b. Ziyâd adlı Emevî kumandanı bir ayaklanmayı bastırmak üzere Belh’e geldi. 709’da Vali Kuteybe b. Müslim’e karşı ayaklanan Eftalit Prensi Tarhan Nîzek Belh’i aldıysa da daha sonra Kuteybe’nin gönderdiği kuvvetlere yenildi. Halkın sık sık ayaklanması şehrin harabe haline gelmesine sebep oldu. Bunun üzerine Araplar Belh’i bırakıp oraya 2 fersah (yaklaşık 12 km.) mesafede bulunan Berûkān adlı bir yeri ordugâh haline getirerek buraya yerleştiler; böylece Belh 725’e kadar harabe halinde kaldı. Bu tarihte Esed b. Abdullah el-Kasrî şehri yeniden inşa ederek ordugâhı buraya taşıdı ve yönetimini de sonradan Abbâsî veziri olan Hâlid’in babası Bermek’e verdi. 735’te yeniden Horasan valiliğine tayin edilen Esed, bu tarihe kadar Horasan’ın başşehri olan Merv’in yerine Belh’i merkez yaptı ve gelişmesini sağladı. Esed ölünce (738) onun yerine gelen Nasr b. Seyyâr el-Kinânî Belh’i daha çok askerî maksatlarla imar etti ve bu amaçla yaptırdığı Hinduvan Kalesi içine 10.000 kişilik bir kuvvet yerleştirdi. Ancak Belh’in diğer bölgelere uzaklığını ileri sürerek yine Merv’i Horasan’ın başşehri yaptı.
Abbâsîler’in ilk dönemlerinde adı pek geçmeyen Belh’i Hârûnürreşîd döneminde (786-809) kumandan Ali b. Mâhân, âsi Râfi‘ b. Leys b. Nasr’a karşı üs olarak kullandı. Sonraları Abbâsîler’den bağımsız olarak Horasan’da hüküm süren Tâhirîler’in eline geçen şehir bu dönemde Bânîcûrî emîrlerinin idaresinde kaldı. Bunlardan Dâvûd b. Abbas el-Bânîcûrî babasının yerine buranın valisi oldu (847). Ancak 870’te (veya 871) Ya‘kūb b. Leys tarafından şehirden çıkarıldı. Semerkant’ta Sâmânîler’e sığınan Dâvûd bir süre sonra Belh’e dönebildi ve burada öldü. Ölümünden sonra Belh’in yönetimi akrabalarından Ebû Dâvûd Muhammed b. Ahmed’e kaldı (874). Saffârîler’den Amr b. Leys bu bölgeyi egemenliği altına almasına rağmen Belh’in Ebû Dâvûd’un elinde kaldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Amr b. Leys’in Belh civarında Sâmânîler’e esir düşmesi üzerine burası da onların eline geçti (900). Şehir Sâmânîler’in son dönemlerinde büyük bir gelişme gösterip ticaret ve yüksek kültürü ile diğer şehirlerden ayrıldı. Arap coğrafyacılar bu dönemlerdeki Belh’in güzelliğini ve ihtişamını anlata anlata bitiremezler ve ona “beldelerin anası” anlamına gelen “ümmü’l-bilâd” lakabı ile görkemli, muhteşem anlamına gelen “behiyye” (el-Belhü’l-behiyye) sıfatını verirler. Sâmânîler’in bu dönemlerinde buraya vali olarak tayin ettikleri Fâik Hassa, Alp Tegin ve Sebük Tegin hemen hemen bağımsız idiler. Sâmânî toprakları Gazneli Mahmud’la Karahanlılar arasında bölüşülünce Belh Mahmud’un payına düştü. Ancak Karahanlılar’dan İlig Han Nasr, Çağrı Tegin adlı kumandanını Belh’in zaptına memur etti. Çağrı Tegin şehri aldı ve bizzat Gazneli Mahmud tarafından yaptırılan Bâzâr-ı Âşıkan’ı yıktırdı. Bunu Hindistan’da haber alan Mahmud geri dönüp Çağrı’yı uzaklaştırdı; ancak bundan sonra Belh Gazneliler’le Selçuklular arasında devamlı bir mücadele alanı haline geldi. Dandanakan Savaşı (1040) sonunda geçici bir süre için Selçuklular’ın elinde kaldı; sürekli Selçuklu egemenliğine ise Gazneliler’den Mevdûd döneminde girdi (1043). Alparslan burasını Kuzey Afganistan’ın zaptı için bir hareket üssü haline getirdi. Alparslan’ın hükümdarlığı sırasında (1063-1072) oğlu Ayaz Belh’e vali oldu (1072). Çok geçmeden Ayaz’ın yerini Melikşah’ın diğer kardeşi Tekiş aldı. Burada ayaklanmalar eksik olmuyordu. Nitekim Berkyaruk, hükümdarlık iddiasında bulunan ve emîr-i emîrân denilen Muhammed b. Süleyman b. Çağrı Bey’in ayaklanmasını bastırmak üzere Belh’e geldi ve burada yedi ay kaldı. Sultan Sencer döneminde (1118-1157) İmâdüddin Kamaç adında bir valinin yönettiği Belh parlaklığını korudu. 1152’de Gurlular’dan Alâeddin Hüseyin Belh’i aldı. Ancak ikinci yıl Oğuzlar, Kamaç’a önerdikleri anlaşma kabul edilmeyince şehre girip yağmaladılar ve Sencer’in yeğeni Karahanlı Mahmud Han’a itaatlerini arzederek burada kaldılar. Arkasından şehrin egemenliği Karahıtaylar’a geçti ve Gurlular’dan Bahâeddin Sâm b. Muhammed, Karahıtaylar’a bağlı Türk valisi ölünce burayı işgal etti (1198) ve Gurlu Devleti topraklarına kattı. Daha sonra Belh’i Gurlular’ın düşmanı Hârizmşah Alâeddin aldı (1205) ve vali olarak Türk kumandanı Çağrı’yı (veya Câfer) tayin etti. 1221’de Cengiz Han’ın yönettiği bir ordu tarafından yerle bir edilip halkı kılıçtan geçirildi ve yaklaşık 100 yıl harabe halinde kaldı. İbn Battûta şehrin VII. (XIII.) yüzyıl başlarındaki harabe halini tasvir eder. Cengiz Han’ın ölümünden sonra Belh Çağatay Hanlığı emîrlerinin payına düştü ve Timurlular dönemine kadar onların yönetiminde kaldı; bu dönem Belh’in en parlak devirlerinden birini oluşturur. Şehri 1506’da Özbekler’den Şeybânî Han, üç yıl sonra da Safevî Hükümdarı Şah İsmâil zaptetti. Şah İsmâil’in Çaldıran’da Osmanlılar’a yenilmesi üzerine (1514) tekrar Özbekler’e geçti. 1751’de Afgan Şahı Ahmed Dürrânî Belh’i kendi egemenlik alanı içine aldı. 1826’da Buhara Emîri Özbek Han’ın işgaline uğrayan şehir 1841’de Afganlılar tarafından tekrar ele geçirildi ve bundan böyle sürekli olarak onların elinde kaldı. Ancak Hz. Ali’ye atfedilen bir mezarın üzerine büyük bir türbe yapıldıktan sonra XX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren bu türbenin etrafında Mezârışerif isimli bir şehir oluşmaya başladı (1988’de tahminî nüfusu 130.000) ve nüfusu gittikçe azalan Belh eski rolünü kendi aleyhine gelişmekte olan bu yeni şehre bıraktı. Bugün küçük bir kasaba izlenimini veren Belh’in nüfusunu Özbekler’le Türkmenler ve Tacikler oluşturmaktadır.
1964’te kurulan Belh eyaletinin yüzölçümü 11.833 km2 , nüfusu da 600.000’dir (1982 tah.). Eyalet merkezi Mezârışerif, belli başlı yerleşim merkezleri ise Belh, Devletâbâd ve Şolgere’dir.
Belh’te hemen hemen bütün binaların kerpiçten yapılmış olması sebebiyle anıt niteliği taşıyan yapılar günümüze yok denecek kadar az gelmiştir. Eskiden görkemli bir şehir olduğu anlaşılan Belh’in harabeleri geniş bir alana yayılmış durumdadır. Şehrin yüksekliği ve uzunluğu ile dikkati çeken surları eski dönemlere ait en önemli kalıntılardır. Bunun dışında, XVI. yüzyıl sonunda Özbek Han Abdülmü’min döneminde yapılmış Timurlu mimarisi üslûbundaki Mescid-i Sebz ve onun karşısında yer alan meşhur sûfîlerden Hâce Muhammed Pârsâ’nın (ö. 822/1420) türbesi, XVII. yüzyılda Seyyid Sübhan Kulı Han tarafından yaptırılan medrese ve surun iç tarafında kuzeydoğuda harabeleri kalmış olan Timurlu dönemi anıtlarından Hâce Ukkâşe Türbesi şehrin zikre değer eserlerini teşkil etmektedir.
Belh’in İslâm kültür ve medeniyet tarihinde çok önemli bir yeri vardır. Bir rivayete göre kâğıt ilk defa Belh’te imal edilmiş ve İslâmî dönemde Abbâsî Veziri Ca‘fer b. Yahyâ el-Bermekî’nin gayretiyle Bağdat’ta da kâğıt yapımına başlanmıştır. Belh’te hadis, tefsir, fıkıh, felsefe, tıp ve coğrafya alanında yetişen âlimler daha sonra Bağdat ve Dımaşk başta olmak üzere çeşitli şehirlere dağılarak İslâm kültür ve medeniyetinin gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Bundan dolayı şehir “Kubbetü’l-İslâm” ve “Dârü’l-fıkh” adıyla anılmıştır. İslâm tarihinde adını duyurmuş Belhli birçok âlim arasında tâbiînden Dahhâk b. Müzâhim (ö. 105/723), Mukātil b. Hayyân (ö. 135/752), Atâ b. Meysere (ö. 135/752), Mukātil b. Süleyman (ö. 150/767), meşhur sûfî İbrâhim b. Edhem (ö. 166/783), Ebû Hanîfe’nin talebelerinden kadı Ebû Mutî‘ el-Belhî (ö. 197/812), sûfî Şakīk-ı Belhî (ö. 194/810), muhaddis Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Belhî (ö. 295/908), Sûfî Muhammed b. Fazl el-Belhî (ö. 319/931), Mu‘tezilî kelâmcı Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Belhî el-Kâ‘bî (ö. 319/931), tanınmış coğrafyacı ve astronom Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî (ö. 322/934), Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin babası Sultânülulemâ Bahâeddin Veled (ö. 628/1231) sayılabilir.
Belh’in ilim ve medeniyet tarihindeki seçkin yeri ve önemi birçok müellifi bu konuda eser yazmaya sevketmiştir. Büyük bir bölümü günümüze gelmeyen bu eserlerden bazıları şöyle sıralanabilir: Muhammed b. Ukayl el-Belhî (ö. 316/928), Târîḫu Belḫ ; Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî, Feżâʾilü Belḫ ; Şeyhülislâm İbrâhim b. Ahmed (ö. 376/986), el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr fî ʿulemâʾi Belḫ ; Şeyhülislâm Yûnus b. Tâhir (ö. 411/1020), el-Behce ; Ebû Halef Muhammed b. Abdülmelik et-Taberî (ö. 470/1077-78), Sülvetü’ṣ-ṣâbirîn ; Nâsırüddin Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Semerkandî (ö. 556/1161), Târîḫu Belḫ (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 289; Muhammed Mahrûs Abdüllatîf el-Müderris, I, 42-43).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbnü’l-Fakīh, Kitâbü’l-Büldân , s. 322 vd.
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Ebû Bekir Abdullah b. Ömer el-Belhî, Feżâʾil-i Belḫ (trc. Abdullah Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Belhî), Tahran 1350 hş.
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R. Hartmann, “Belh”, İA , II, 485-487.
R. N. Frye, “Balk̲h̲”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 1031-1032.
X. de Planhol v.dğr., “Balḵ”, EIr. , III, 587-596.
DMF , I, 439-440.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 410-411 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.