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Belh’in Ortaçağ Eğitim Kurumları Skip to content Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 315 – 337, 31.12.2023
Mesut Can
https://doi.org/10.20486/imad.1375295
Öz Balkh, now a small town in northern Afghanistan, was once one of the most advanced cities in medieval Islamic geography. It produced great geniuses who left their mark on Islamic culture and civilisation in the fields of rational and natural sciences as well as poetry, language and literature. This study aims to identify the educational institutions that played a role in the training of these scholars in the city of Balkh in the Middle Ages, and thus to reveal the scholarly status of the city. In this context, scattered and concise data hidden between the lines of our classical sources are collected and presented under the relevant headings. As the study shows, Balkh, which became part of Islamic culture and civilisation after coming under Muslim rule, also gave birth to educational institutions similar to those found in other Islamic cities. On the basis of the available data, it is concluded that the largest, and perhaps even the first, known kutṭāb in the eastern Islamic lands from the early period of Islamic history may have been the kutṭāb of the famous commentator Dahhāq in Balkh. The belief in some contemporary studies that the kutṭāb of this scholar was in Kufa is incorrect. In addition, the mosques, madrasas, scholarly gatherings, libraries, warrāqs and ribāts that played a role in the scholarly life of the city are also included. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who was known to visit madrasas and scholars in the places he visited, also visited Balkh during his famous journey (mid-fifteenth century), but noted that the city was in ruins and did not mention any madrasas or similar institutions in the city, nor did he mention any scholars he encountered. Apparently, there was no trace of the splendour of Balkh’s scholarly and cultural life after the Mongol invasion (1221 AD).
Anahtar Kelimeler Islamic History, Islamic Civilisation, Balkh, Educational Institutions, Kutṭāb, Mosque, Scholarly Gatherings, Madrasa, Library, Warrāq, Ribāt
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Belh’in Ortaçağ Eğitim Kurumları Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 315 – 337, 31.12.2023
Mesut Can
https://doi.org/10.20486/imad.1375295
Öz Günümüzde Afganistan’ın kuzeyinde küçük bir kasaba görünümündeki Belh, bir zamanlar Ortaçağ İslam coğrafyasının en gelişmiş şehirlerinden biriydi. Bu süreçte gerek aklî ve naklî ilimler sahasında gerekse şiir, dil ve edebiyat alanında İslam kültür ve medeniyetinde iz bırakan büyük dehalar yetiştirmişti. Bu çalışma, Belh şehrinin Ortaçağ’da söz konusu alimlerin yetişmesinde rol oynayan eğitim kurumlarının tespit edilmesini, böylece şehrin ilmî durumunun ortaya konmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede klasik kaynaklarımızdaki satır aralarında gizlenen dağınık ve öz veriler toplanarak ilgili başlıklar altında sunulmaktadır. Çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu üzere, Müslümanların hakimiyetine girdikten sonra İslam kültür ve medeniyetinin bir parçası haline gelen Belh’te de diğer İslam şehirlerinde örneklerine rastlanılan eğitim kurumları neşet etmiştir. Eldeki mevcut verilere göre İslam tarihinin erken dönemine ait, İslam topraklarının doğusunda şimdiye kadar bilinen en büyük ve hatta belki de ilk küttâbın Belh’teki, ünlü müfessir Dahhâk’ın küttâbı olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Günümüzdeki bazı çalışmalarda adı geçen alime ait küttâbın Kûfede olduğuna dair kanaat ise yanlıştır. Buna ilaveten, şehrin ilmî hayatında rol oynayan camilerine, medreselerine, ilim meclislerine, kütüphanelerine, verrâklara ve ribâtlara yer verilmiştir. Gezdiği yerlerdeki medreseleri ve alimleri ziyaret etmesiyle bilinen İbn Battûta, çıktığı meşhur seyahatinde (XIV. yüzyılın ortaları) Belh’e de uğramış, şehrin harap halde olduğunu belirtmiş, ayrıca şehirdeki medrese ve benzeri herhangi bir kurumdan ve karşılaştığı herhangi bir alimden bahsetmemiştir. Anlaşılan o ki, Moğol İstilası (1221) sonrasında Belh’in ilmî ve kültürel hayattaki eski ihtişamından eser kalmamıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler İslam Tarihi, İslam Medeniyeti, Belh, Eğitim Kurumları, Küttâb, Cami, İlim Meclisleri, Medrese, Kütüphane, Verrâk, Ribât
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Muʿcemü’l-Müellifîn. 15 Cilt. Beyrut: Mektebetü’l-Müsennâ-Dârü İhyâi’t-Türâsi’l-Arabî, 1957. Kureşî, Ebû Muhammed Muhyiddîn Abdülkādir b. Muhammed b. Muhammed. el-Cevâhiru’l-Mudıyye fî Tabakâti’l-Hanefiyye. thk. Abdülfettâh Muhammed el-Hulv. 5 Cilt. Kahire: Dâru Hicr Li’t-Tıbâ’a ve’n-Neşr, 2. Basım, 1993. Kureşî, Îmân bnt. Suʿûd bnt. Hayşân. el-Hayâtü’l-İlmiyye Fî Belh Hilâle’l-Fetra (h.205-617/820-1220). Mekke: Ümmü’l-Kurâ, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013. Kurtuluş, Rıza. “Mezârışerif”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 29/518-519. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2004. Kutluer, İlhan. “Belhî, Ebû Zeyd”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 5/412-414. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1992. Landau, Jacob M. “Küttâb”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 27/3-4. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2003. Makdisî, Ebû Abdillah Muhammed b. Ahmed. Ahsenü’t-Tekàsîm fî Maʿrifeti’l-Ekâlîm. thk. M. J. De Goeje. Kahire: Mektebe Medbûlî, 3. Basım, 1991. Mizzî, Ebü’l-Haccâc Cemâlüddîn Yûsuf b. Abdirrahmân b. Yûsuf. Tehzîbü’l-Kemâl fî Esmâi’r-Ricâl. thk. Beşşar Avvad Ma’ruf. 35 Cilt. Beyrut, 1980. Örs, Derya. “Vatvât, Reşîdüddin”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 42/573-574. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2012. Piyadeoğlu, Cihan. “Horasan’ın Doğu Bölgesi: Kubbetü’l-İslam Belh (Büyük Selçuklular Dönemi)”. Tarih Dergisi 49 (2010), 1-25. Ṣafedî, Ṣalâḥuddîn Ḫalîl b. Aybek b. ʿAbdullâh. el-Vâfî bi’l-Vefeyât. thk. Aḥmed el-Arnâʾûṭ – Turkî Muṣṭafâ. 29 Cilt. Beyrut: y.y., 1420/2000. Safiyyüddîn el-Belhî, Ebû Bekir Abdullah b. Ömer b. Muhammed b. Davud el-Vâ‘iz. Fezâil-i Belh. ed. Abdülhay Habîbî. çev. Abdullah b. Muhammed b. el-Kâsım el-Hüseyin. Tahran: İntişârât-ı Bünyâd-ı Ferng-i İran, 1971. Semʿânî, Abdülkerim b. Muhammed. el-Ensâb. thk. Abdurrahman b. Yahyâ el-Muʿallimî el-Yemânî v.dğr. Haydarabad: Meclisü Dâirati’l-Meʿârifi’l-Osmâniyye, 1962. Semʿânî, Abdülkerim b. Muhammed. el-Müntehab min Muʿcemi Şüyûhi Ebî Saʿd es-Semʿânî. thk. Muvaffak b. Abdullah b. Abdülkâdir. 4 Cilt. Riyad: Dâru Âlemi’l-Kütüb, 1417. Semʿânî, Abdülkerim b. Muhammed. et-Tahbîr fi’l-Muʿcemi’l-Kebîr. thk. Münîra Nâcî Sâlim. 2 Cilt. Bağdâd: Riâsetü Dîvâni’l-Evkâf, 1975. Söylemez, M. Mahfuz. “İslâm’ın Erken Döneminde Eğitim ve Öğretim Faaliyetleri”. Dini Araştırmalar 5/13 (2002), 57-80. Sülemî, Ebû Abdurrahman Abdullah b. Habîb b. Rubeyyia. Tabâkâtu’s-Sûfiyye. thk. Mustafa Abdulkadir Atâ. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1998. Şahinoğlu, M. Nazif. “Bahâeddin Veled”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 4/460-462. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1991. Taberî, Ebû Ca’fer Muhammed b. Cerîr. Târîhu’t-Taberî (Târîhu’l-Rusül ve’l-Mülûk). thk. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim. 11 Cilt. Mısır: Dârü’l-Meârif, 2. Basım, ts. Usta, Aydın. “Samaniler Devleti”. İslâm Tarihi ve Medeniyeti. ed. İsmal Hakkı Atçeken – Mustafa Demirci. 7/361-436. İstanbul: Siyer Yayınları, 2018. Yâkût el-Hamevî, Ebû Abdillah Şihâbüddîn. Muʿcemü’l-Üdebâ. thk. İhsan Abbas. 7 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Ġarbi’l-İslâmî, 1993. Yâkût el-Hamevî, Ebû Abdillâh Şihâbüddîn. Muʿcemü’l-Büldân. 7 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru Sâdr, 2. Basım, 1995. Yazıcı, Tahsin. “Belh”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 5/410-411. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1992. Yazıcı, Tahsin. “İbnü’l-Belhî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 20/529. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1999. Yiğit, İsmail. “Ribât”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 35/76-79. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2008. Zehebî, Şemsüddin Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osman. Siyeru Aʿlâmi’n-Nübelâ. thk. Şuayb el-Arnaûd vd. 25 Cilt. Beyrut: Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 3. Basım, 1405. Zehebî, Şemsüddin Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osman. Târîhu’l-İslâm ve Vefeyâtü’l-Meşâhiri ve’l-A’lâm. thk. Beşşar Avvad Ma’ruf. 15 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Ğarbi’l-İslâmî, 2003. Ziriklî, Ebû Gays Hayreddin b. Mahmud. el-Aʿlâm. Beyrut: Dâru’l-İlm Li’l-Melâyîn, 15. Basım, 2002. Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti, İslam Tarihi Bölüm MAKALELER Yazarlar Mesut Can Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi 0000-0001-9915-9238 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023 Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ekim 2023 Kabul Tarihi 21 Aralık 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Can, Mesut. “Belh’in Ortaçağ Eğitim Kurumları”. İslam Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/2 (Aralık 2023), 315-337. https://doi.org/10.20486/imad.1375295.
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