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BERGAMA Skip to content İzmir iline bağlı bir ilçe merkezi.
Ege bölgesinde, Bakırçay’ın geçtiği ovanın kuzey kenarında, 300 m. yükseklikteki bir tepenin eteklerinde yer alır. Ege denizi ve Çandarlı körfezine 25-30 km. mesafededir. Bugünkü adı, antik dönemdeki ismi olan Pergamon’dan gelir. Eskiçağ’da muhteşem âbideleriyle büyük bir şehir ve aynı adı taşıyan krallığın merkezi olmasının yanı sıra Ortaçağ’ın önemli stratejik mevkii, Karesioğulları’nın merkezi ve nihayet kalabalık bir Osmanlı şehri olmasıyla da dikkati çeker.
Kesin olarak kuruluş tarihi bilinmeyen Bergama’nın hakkında söylenen efsanelerden çok eski bir geçmişe sahip olduğu anlaşılmakta, yapılan arkeolojik kazılarla da milâttan önce VII. yüzyıla ait surları ortaya çıkarılmış bulunmaktadır. Tarihî belgeler arasında adına ilk defa Ksenofon’un (ö. m.ö. 355 veya 352) Anabasis ’inde rastlanır. Bu eserde verilen bilgilerden, Bergama’nın milâttan önce 547-546’da Anadolu’yu istilâ eden Persler’in eline geçtiği ve onların burada bir garnizon kurdukları öğrenilmektedir. Milâttan önce 334’te Büyük İskender tarafından zaptedilen şehir onun ölümünden sonra önce Frigya-Lykya Kralı Antigonos’un, daha sonra Trakya Kralı Lysimakhos’un eline geçti. Lysimakhos, stratejik önemi yüksek Bergama Kalesi’ni tahkim ederek devlet hazinesini buraya taşıdı ve yönetimini kumandanlarından Philaetairos’a verdi. Philaetairos, Lysimakhos’un ölümünden sonra Trakya Krallığı’ndan ayrılarak Selevkos Krallığı’na bağlı otonom bir devlet kurdu (m.ö. 283). Yirmi yıl yarı bağımsız yaşayan bu devlet Philaetairos’un yerine geçen I. Eumenes (m.ö. 263-241) tarafından tam bağımsızlığa kavuşturuldu. Bergama bundan sonraki bir buçuk asır boyunca adını verdiği krallığın önemli bir idarî ve kültürel merkezi olma özelliğini sürdürdü. I. Attalos ve bilhassa oğlu II. Eumenes zamanında en parlak devrini yaşadı; şehirde akropol, tiyatro ve muhteşem âbideler inşa edildi. Muazzam kütüphanesi, yetişen ilim ve fikir adamları, 120.000’e ulaştığı tahmin edilen nüfusu, gelişmiş sanayii ile (bilhassa şehrin adından gelen deriden mâmul parşömen [Lat. pergamen] kâğıdı) seçkin bir yere sahip olan Bergama milâttan önce 133’te Roma hâkimiyetine girdi. Bir ara Pontus Kralı Mithridates tarafından zaptedildiyse de bir süre sonra tekrar Romalılar’ın eline geçti ve Asia eyaletinin önemli bir idarî bölgesi haline getirildi. İmparator Hadrianus zamanında (117-138) yeniden bir canlanma dönemi yaşadı, ancak bu dönem uzun sürmedi ve eski ihtişamını kaybeden şehrin çöküş dönemi başladı.
Hıristiyanlığın yayıldığı yerlerden biri olan Bergama Bizanslılar zamanında önceleri Efes’e bağlı bir piskoposluk iken daha sonra metropolitlik oldu. 716’da Mesleme b. Abdülmelik kumandasındaki Emevî kuvvetlerinin hücumuna uğradı ve akropol ele geçirildi. Bir yıl kadar burada kalan ordunun geri çekilmesinden sonra yeniden Bizans hâkimiyetine girdi. XII. yüzyılda Türkmen akınlarına sahne oldu, 1113 yılında Türkler şehir civarında göründüler; hatta bazı kayıtlara göre de şehri fethettiler. Türkmen hücumları karşısında Bizans İmparatoru Manuel Komnenos tarafından tahkim edilen yerlerden biri de Bergama idi.
İzmir ve Efes’e uzanan önemli bir güzergâh üzerinde bulunması sebebiyle Haçlılar’ın geçiş yerlerinden biri olan Bergama, IV. Haçlı Seferi sırasında bir müddet işgal altında kaldı. 1302’de Bizanslılar tarafından terkedilen şehir bundan az sonra bu bölgede faaliyet gösteren Karesioğulları’nın eline geçti. Karesi Bey’in ölümü ile Karesi Beyliği Balıkesir ve Bergama olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldığında şehir ve yöresi Yahşi Han’ın idaresinde kaldı; hatta buraya Yahşi-ili dahi dendi. Onun zamanında 1333’te şehre gelen İbn Battûta buranın harap bir belde olduğunu, fakat son derece müstahkem kalesinin bulunduğunu belirtir. Yahşi Han’ın ölümünün ardından, muhtemelen 1341’den hemen sonra Bergama Osmanlılar tarafından alındı. Timur Ankara Zaferi’nden sonra Bursa-Edremit yoluyla İzmir’e yürürken Bergama’ya geldi ve bir müddet burada kaldı. Şehrin özellikle Menemen-İzmir’e inen yol üzerinde bulunması, askerî ve stratejik önemini bu dönemlerde de arttırmakta idi. Cüneyd Bey’in üstüne yürüyen Çelebi Mehmed 1413’te buradan geçtiği gibi II. Murad da aynı yolu takip ederek Bergama’ya uğramıştı.
Önceleri, tepede etrafı surlarla çevrili bir kale-şehir olan Bergama, Attaloslar zamanında etrafı iki defa surla çevrilmiş oldukça büyük ve müstahkem bir şehir durumundaydı. Romalılar zamanında ise ovaya doğru yayılmış bir görüntü arzetmekte idi. Türkler’in eline geçtiğinde de bu fizikî özelliğini korudu, hatta yeniden canlılık kazandı ve bir Türk-İslâm şehri halinde gelişti. 1487 tarihli bir tahrir e göre şehir otuz dört mahalleli kalabalık bir yerleşim merkeziydi (BA, TD , nr. 1050, s. 6-20). Bu sırada toplam nüfusu 6000 dolayında idi ve bunun ancak 90-100 kadarını hıristiyan nüfus teşkil ediyordu. 1520-1530 yıllarında şehrin nüfusu 5600 dolayına indi (BA, TD , nr. 166, s. 186-196), mahalle sayısı ise aynı kaldı. Bu son tarihlerde şehirde bir başhâne, bozahâne ve mum imalâthanesi bulunuyor, büyük kısmının gelirleri çeşitli vakıflara ait en az 350 dükkân, bir bedesten, en az üç han, dört hamam ve bir kervansaray yer alıyordu. 1573’e doğru mahalle sayısı otuz ikiye inmekle birlikte nüfusta artış görüldü, mevcut mahalleler daha da kalabalıklaştı. Nitekim sadece 150 kadarını gayri müslim unsurların teşkil ettiği nüfus 8600’ü aştı (TK, TD , nr. 75, vr. 276a -290b ). Bu yüzyılda şehrin başlıca kalabalık mahallelerini Atmaca, Çukurbağ, Ömeroğlu, Kadı Hayreddin, Kurşunlu, Hacı Bayezid, Doğancıoğlu, Börekçiler, Hüsam Hoca, Sofular, Divane Hızır, Hoca Sinan, Saray, Turabey, Solak Halil, Câmi-i Kebîr, Câmi-i Cedîd (muhtemelen I. Bayezid Camii), Alaca Mescid, Kanlıcalar ve Zâviye mahalleleri oluşturuyordu. Bunlar arasında en kalabalık olanını, yüzyılın başında Atmaca mahallesi, 1573’te ise Sofu Halil mahallesi teşkil ediyordu. Ayrıca bu yüzyılda Umur Bey ve Hatip Paşa adlı medreseler de mevcuttu. XV. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yapıldığı tahmin edilen ve bugün mevcut olmayan Umur Bey Medresesi geniş vakıflara sahipti ve vakfa gelir getiren 107 dükkânı vardı. Bu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ticarî canlılık daha da artmıştı. Civarda bol miktarda üretimi yapılan pamuk, ham veya yarı işlenmiş halde şehre getirilir, dokumacılar tarafından işlenerek satışa arzedilirdi. XVI. yüzyılda bu faaliyet genellikle Tersane’nin ihtiyacı için devlet adına yapılmıştı. Ayrıca dokunan kumaşlar ve pamuk ipliği bedestende satışa sunulur, hatta kaçak olarak Avrupalı tâcirler tarafından da toplanırdı. Bunun yanı sıra dericilik ve bununla ilgili meslek dalları oldukça yaygındı.
XVII. yüzyılda gelişmesini sürdürdüğü anlaşılan Bergama, Cihannümâ ’ya göre büyük bir kaleye sahip olup kalenin eteklerinde sağa ve sola doğru genişlemiş bir şehirdi; birçok cami ve mescid ile han ve hamamı vardı. Bir mahallesi eski su yolu üzerinde bulunduğundan ve altı boş olduğundan, “ne yerde ne gökte” adıyla anılıyordu ki aynı bilgiler 1837’de buraya gelen Ch. Texier tarafından da tekrarlanmıştır. 1649’da Bergama yirmi altı mahalleli, yaklaşık 6000 nüfuslu bir şehir durumundaydı (BA, KK , Mevkūfat , nr. 2617, vr. 2b -3a ). 1698’de avârız tesbiti maksadıyla yapılan bir sayımda mahalle sayısı yirmi bire düşmüş, on bir mahalle harap ve boş olarak gösterilmişti. Bu tarihte en kalabalık mahalleleri Doğancı, Sofular, Atmaca, Divane Hızır, Kadı Hayreddin, İbn Mürsel, Zâviye, Hacı Fakih, İplikçi Yûnus ve Kurşunlu teşkil ederken Poyraz, Ehl-i Namâz, Hasırcılar, Kanlıca, Börekçiler, Hoca Hüsam, Câmi-i Cedîd, Câmi-i Atîk (Câmi-i Kebîr), Hacı Hasan, Araplar ve Çukurbağ adlı mahalleler boş ve harap olarak belirtilmişti. Şehrin nüfusu ise 3000 dolayına inmişti (BA, KK , nr. 2784, s. 17-18, 44-51). Nüfus ve fizikî yönden gerileme, muhtemelen o sıralarda bütün Batı Anadolu’yu sarsan tabii âfetlerle veba salgınının sonucudur.
XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında müstahkem kalesi sebebiyle zaman zaman bazı Celâlî reislerinin barınağı haline geldi. Celâlî reislerinden İlyas Paşa Bergama Kalesi’ne kapanarak kendisini kuşatan Anadolu Beylerbeyi Küçük Ahmed Paşa’nın kuvvetlerine yetmiş gün kadar dayandı. Bu sırada kale topa tutuldu ve yer yer tahrip edildi (Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir [Kadrî] Efendi Târihi , s. 767-768). Bergama, XVIII. yüzyılda, bu yörenin voyvodalığına getirilen Araboğulları’nın merkezi oldu. Bu yüzyılda yeni birtakım imar hareketleri gerçekleştirildi. İbrâhim Ağa Medresesi, kütüphane, Mescidaltı Mescidi, Çınarlı Hamam, altı kubbeli bedesten inşa ve tamir edildi, şehre su sağlandı; böylece yeni bir canlanma dönemi meydana geldi. 1775’ten sonra ise Karaosmanoğulları’nın nüfuzu altına girdi. Bu dönemde de Yenicami, Acem Han, Katır Han ve süslü konaklar yaptırıldı. 1816 sonbaharında şehre gelen W. Turner burada 2500’ü Türkler’e, 500’ü Rumlar’a, yirmisi Ermeniler’e, yirmisi de yahudilere ait toplam 3050 civarında ev bulunduğunu ve yirmi kadar da caminin yer aldığını yazar (Journal of a Tour in the Levant , III, 271-281). Ayrıca 1828’de Bergama’ya uğrayan seyyah MacFarlane’nin Yunan ayaklanması sebebiyle nüfusun azalmış olduğunu, 14-15.000 kişiden ibaret nüfusun 3000’ini Rum, 300 kadarını Ermeni ve yahudilerin teşkil ettiğini belirtmesi (Constantinople in 1828 , I, 330-331), XVIII. yüzyılın sonları ve XIX. yüzyılın başlarında şehrin oldukça kalabalık önemli bir merkez haline geldiğini gösterir.
1837’de veba salgınının baş gösterdiği Bergama, 1847’de uğradığı sel felâketiyle sarsıldı, nüfusun çoğu kırıldı. 1853’teki yangın da bütün çarşıyı ve evleri kül etti; 400 dükkân, 200 ev ve beş han yandı. Bundan bir süre sonra Bergama’ya gelen Mordtmann, şehri ilk geldiğine nisbetle daha harap ve nüfusu azalmış olarak bulmuştu. Onun verdiği bilgilere göre şehirde 12.000 kadar erkek nüfus bulunuyor, bunun 1600’ünü Rum, 300’ünü Ermeni, 100’ünü yahudiler teşkil ediyordu. Endüstri hemen hemen yok gibiydi, küçük el zanaatları ve bezirgânlık yapılıyordu. Ancak daha sonra şehirde bir kalkınma dönemi başladı. 1861’de bir çırçır fabrikası kuruldu. Fakat bundan on yıl sonra yapılan ikinci bir fabrika, evlerinde dokumacılık yapan halkın isyanına yol açınca yıktırıldı. Bu sıralarda Bergama çarşısı oldukça geniş bir sahayı kaplıyordu ve burada kırk dükkânlı bir kapalı çarşı bulunuyordu. Yiyecek ticaretiyle ilgili dükkânlar yanında ipek iplik, pamuklu dokumacılığı ve dericilik gelişmişti; tuz ticareti de şehir ekonomisinde önemli bir yere sahipti. XX. yüzyıl başlarında toplam 14.000 kadar nüfusu bulunan, 1919’da Yunan işgaline uğrayan Bergama 1922’de kurtarıldı. Cumhuriyet döneminde İzmir’e bağlı bir kazanın merkezi oldu (1924). Bergama’nın Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında (1927) yapılan nüfus sayımında 13.868 olarak tesbit edilen nüfusu 1950’de 16.351’e, 1970’te 27.044’e, 1985’te 38.849’a ve 1990’da ise 42.554’e yükseldi.
Hekim Galinos gibi Eskiçağ’ların çok tanınmış bir şahsiyetinin, Bergamalı Yûsuf, Kafiyeci Mehmed Muhiddin, şair Sarı Kemal, Bergamalı Kadri Efendi, Bergamalı İbrâhim, Bergamalı Cevdet gibi Osmanlı ilim ve kültür adamlarının yetiştiği Bergama’da antik çağların muhteşem âbidelerinin (akropol, Athena kitaplığı, saraylar, su yolları) yanı sıra birçok Türk-İslâm eseri de yer almaktadır. Bugüne ulaşabilen Türk dönemine ait eserlerin en önemlileri, I. Bayezid tarafından yaptırılan Ulucami (1388-1399), Kurşunlu Camii (1435), XV. yüzyılda inşa edildikleri sanılan İncirli, Parmaklı, Lonca, Hoca Sinan, Lâleli adlı mescidler, Taşhan (1432), XVI. yüzyıl yapılarından Hacı Hakim (1508-1509), Ansarlı (1543), Şadırvanlı (1550) camileri, Harputlu (1809), Yenicami (1813-1814), Hatuniye Camii (1875), Selimiye Camii (1890-1891) sayılabilir. Ayrıca sadece minaresi kalan ve Karesioğulları dönemine ait olduğu tahmin edilen Selçuklu Mescidi de belirtilmelidir.
Osmanlılar döneminde Hüdâvendigâr sancağına bağlı bir kaza olan Bergama, XVI. yüzyılda 120 köy, otuz mezraa, otuz sekiz çiftlik ve bir yaylağa sahipti. Uzun süre yöreye hâkim olan âyanlar idaresine son verilince yeniden merkezden gönderilen idareciler tarafından yönetildi. 1841’de kaza müdürlüğü haline getirildi, 1864’te Balıkesir’e bağlandı, 1867’de de kaymakamlık oldu. Daha sonra 1868’de teşkil edilen Aydın eyaletine bağlı Saruhan sancağının bir kazası haline geldi (1873). 1875’te ise İzmir’e bağlandı. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Bergama kazası 163 köy, Kozak, Ayazmend, Dikili, Çandarlı, Kiliseköy, Ilıca ve Nevâhî-i Bergama adlı yedi nahiye ve toplam 35.237 kişilik nüfusa sahipti. Günümüzde Bergama’nın merkez olduğu Bergama ilçesi, merkez bucağından başka Göçbeyli, Kozak, Turanlı, Yuntdağı ve Zeytindağı bucaklarına ayrılmıştır. Yüzölçümü 1688 km2 olan ilçenin nüfusu 1990 sayımının sonuçlarına göre 101.421, nüfus yoğunluğu ise 60 idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 166, s. 186-196; nr. 1050, s. 620.
BA, KK , Mevkūfat, nr. 2617, vr. 2b -3a ; nr. 2784, s. 17-18, 44-51.
TK, TD , nr. 75, vr. 276a -290b .
İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme , I, 338.
Dukas, Bizans Tarihi (trc. Vl. Mirmiroğlu), İstanbul 1956, s. 8-9, 26-43.
Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir (Kadrî) Efendi Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer, doktora tezi, 1990), İÜ Ed.Fak. Genel Ktp., nr. TE 80, s. 767-768.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 659.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , IX, 81-82.
W. Turner, Journal of a Tour in the Levant , London 1820, III, 271-281.
Ch. MacFarlane, Constantinople in 1828 , London 1829, I, 320-331.
A. D. Mordtmann, Anatolien, Skizzen und Reisebriefe aus Kleinasien (1850-1859) , Hannover 1925, s. 215-220.
Cuinet , III, 471-478.
W. M. Ramsay, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyası (trc. Mihri Pektaş), İstanbul 1960, s. 115, 140, 169, 170, 229, 307.
H. Galzer, Pergamon unter Byzantinern und Osmanen , Berlin 1903.
Texier, Küçük Asya , I, 373-395.
Uzunçarşılı, Anadolu Beylikleri , s. 97-103.
Osman Bayatlı, Bergama’da Fikir Adamları , İzmir 1941.
a.mlf., Bergama Tarihinde Krallık Devri , İstanbul 1950.
a.mlf., Bergama Tarihinde Türk-İslâm Eserleri , İstanbul 1956.
a.mlf., Bergama’da Karaosmanoğulları , İzmir 1957.
a.mlf., Bergama’da Yakın Tarih Olayları (XVIII-XIX. Yüzyıl) , İzmir 1957.
Eyüp Eriş, Bergama Uygarlık Tarihi , İzmir 1979.
Suraiya Faroqhi, Towns and Townsnen of Ottoman Anatolia 1520-1650 , Cambirdge 1984, s. 40, 127-129, 136.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , İstanbul 1984, s. 151, 184, 299.
P. Wittek, Menteşe Beyliği (trc. O. Şaik Gökyay), Ankara 1986, s. 18, 20, 41.
Runciman, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi , II, 114, 224.
Bozkurt Ersoy, Bergama Camii ve Mescitleri , Ankara 1989.
Besim Darkot, “Bergama”, İA , II, 537-538.
V. J. Parry, “Bergama”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1187.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 492-495 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.