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BERKYARUK Skip to content (ö. 498/1104)
Büyük Selçuklu hükümdarı (1092-1104).
Sultan Melikşah’ın Zübeyde Hatun adlı hanımından Muharrem 474’te (Haziran 1081) İsfahan’da doğan oğludur. Sultan Melikşah, çok sevdiği veliaht Şehzade Ahmed’in ölümünden sonra veziri Nizâmülmülk’ün de tavsiyesiyle hayattaki oğullarının en büyüğü olan Berkyaruk’u veliaht tayin etti. Ancak Melikşah’ın âni ölümü üzerine karısı Terken Hatun beş yaşındaki oğlu Mahmud’u sultan ilân ettirmek için her vasıtayı mubah sayarak harekete geçti. Bu maksatla sultanın ölümünü gizlediği gibi emîrlere büyük paralar vererek oğlunu destekleyeceklerine dair yemin ettirdi. Sonunda Halife Muktedî-Biemrillâh’ı da tehdit ederek Mahmud’u sultan ilân ettirip adına hutbe okutmayı başardı (485/1092). Babası öldüğü sırada İsfahan’da bulunan Berkyaruk’u da Emîr Kürboğa vasıtasıyla tutuklattı. Ancak Melikşah’ın ölüm haberini alan Nizâmülmülk’ün adamları vezire ait silâh depolarını yağmalayarak isyan bayrağını açtılar ve hapishanede bulunan Berkyaruk’u kurtarıp on bir yaşında iken aynı yıl sultan ilân ettiler. Terken Hatun’un İsfahan’a yaklaşması üzerine de onunla birlikte Rey’e doğru yola çıktılar. Terken Hatun ile Berkyaruk arasında Burûcird şehri yakınlarında meydana gelen savaşta Terken Hatun ağır bir yenilgiye uğrayarak İsfahan’a çekildi (16 Zilhicce 485/17 Ocak 1093). Şehri bir müddet muhasara eden Berkyaruk Terken Hatun’dan 500.000 dinar alarak kuşatmayı kaldırıp Hemedan’a gitti. Yapılan anlaşmaya göre Terken Hatun ile Mahmud İsfahan ve Fars’a hâkim olacak, diğer şehirler Berkyaruk’a bırakılacaktı.
Anlaşmaya rağmen bütün ülkeye hâkim olmak isteyen Terken Hatun, bu defa Berkyaruk’un dayısı Azerbaycan Meliki İsmâil b. Yâkūtî’ye haber gönderip Berkyaruk’u bertaraf etmesi şartıyla evlenme vaadinde bulundu. İsmâil bu teklifi kabul ederek Berkyaruk üzerine yürüdü, fakat Hemedan-İsfahan arasındaki Kerec’de meydana gelen savaşta mağlûp oldu (486/1093). Bu zaferden sonra Bağdat’a giden Berkyaruk Halife Muktedî-Biemrillâh tarafından Rükneddin lakabıyla sultan ilân edildi ve 14 Muharrem 487’de (3 Şubat 1094) adına hutbe okundu. Ancak onun Selçuklu tahtının yegâne hâkimi olabilmesi için tahtta hak iddia eden diğer hânedan mensuplarıyla mücadele etmesi ve onları ortadan kaldırması gerekiyordu. Tahtta hak iddia edenlerin önemlilerinden biri, Suriye meliki olan amcası Tâcüddevle Tutuş idi. Melikşah’ın ölüm haberini alır almaz Selçuklu tahtına sahip olmak için seferber olan ve Rahbe, Musul, Nusaybin, Antakya, Urfa, Harran ve Rakka’yı ele geçirip adına hutbe okutturan Tutuş, halifeye elçi göndererek saltanatının tasdik edilmesini istedi. Halife Müstazhir-Billâh bunu reddetti, ancak o yılmaksızın mücadelesini sürdürdü. Birçok şehri daha ele geçirdiği gibi Berkyaruk’u destekleyen güçlü emîrlerden Halep Valisi Aksungur ile Urfa Valisi Bozan’ı öldürttü ve Bağdat’ta adına hutbe okutmayı başardı (487/1094). Daha sonra Terken Hatun ile iş birliği yaparak İsfahan’da bulunan Berkyaruk üzerine yürüdü. Bu sırada Terken Hatun hastalanarak öldü. Tutuş ile aralarında cereyan eden savaşta yenilen Berkyaruk İsfahan’a sığınmak zorunda kaldı (Şevval 487 / Ekim 1094). Mahmud’un emîrleri onu tevkif ederek gözlerine mil çekmeye teşebbüs ettiler, fakat tam bu sırada Mahmud çiçek hastalığına yakalandı. Bunun üzerine emîrler Mahmud’un âkıbeti belli oluncaya kadar beklemeye karar verdiler. Mahmud’un ölümü üzerine de (487/1094) Berkyaruk tarafına geçtiler; ertesi yıl Tutuş, Berkyaruk ile yaptığı ikinci savaşta yenildi ve öldürüldü. Böylece Berkyaruk, Terken Hatun ve Mahmud’un ölümünden sonra Tutuş engelini de aşmış oldu.
Fakat aynı yıl diğer amcası Arslan Argun Horasan’da isyan etti. Berkyaruk onun üzerine amcası Böri Bars’ı gönderdi. Böri Bars’ın mağlûp olup öldürülmesi üzerine kardeşi Sencer’in kumandasında yeni bir ordu sevketti. Ancak bu ordu yetişemeden Arslan Argun bir kölesi tarafından öldürüldü (1097). Berkyaruk’a isyan eden diğer amcası Şihâbüddevle Tekiş de aynı yıl öldürüldü. Sultan Berkyaruk’a isyan edenlerden biri de Çağrı Bey’in torunlarından Emîr-i emîrân Muhammed b. Süleyman’dı. Berkyaruk, Sencer sayesinde onu da bertaraf ederek (1097) ülkenin her tarafında hâkimiyet kurdu. Kardeşleri Muhammed Tapar ve Sencer, Azerbaycan Meliki Mevdûd b. İsmâil, Tutuş’un oğulları Halep Meliki Rıdvan, Dımaşk Meliki Dukak, Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Kılıcarslan ve Kirman Selçuklu Meliki Turan Şah onu Büyük Selçuklu sultanı olarak tanıyıp itaat arzettiler. Böylece Sultan Melikşah’ın ölümünden beri fetret devrini yaşamakta olan Büyük Selçuklu Devleti yeniden bir sultanın emrinde temsil edilerek itibar kazanmış oldu.
Ancak ülkede sağlanan bu birlik uzun sürmedi. Gence Meliki Muhammed Tapar, Berkyaruk’un eski veziri Müeyyidülmülk’ün kışkırtmaları sonucu ağabeyine karşı isyan ederek sultanlığını ilân etti. Halife Müstazhir-Billâh da onun hükümdarlığını tasdik ederek adına hutbe okuttu (17 Zilhicce 492/4 Kasım 1099). Bunun üzerine Berkyaruk kardeşi Muhammed Tapar üzerine yürüdü ve aralarında Sefîdrûd’da (Kızılören) cereyan eden ilk savaşta mağlûp oldu (493/1100). Hemedan’da meydana gelen ikinci savaş (494/1101) Berkyaruk’un galibiyeti, Rûzrâver’de meydana gelen üçüncü savaş ise bazı çarpışmalardan sonra anlaşmayla sonuçlandı (4 Rebîülâhir 495/26 Ocak 1102). Anlaşmaya göre Berkyaruk “sultan”, Muhammed Tapar ise “melik” unvanına sahip olacaktı. Gence ve çevresiyle Azerbaycan, Diyarbekir, el-Cezîre ve Musul Muhammed Tapar’a, Horasan hariç anlaşmada zikredilmeyen Selçuklu toprakları ise Berkyaruk’a ait olacaktı. Sultan Berkyaruk gerektiğinde Muhammed Tapar’a askerî yardımda bulunacak, Muhammed Tapar da Berkyaruk’a 1.300.000 dinar vergi ödeyecekti. Ancak bu barış uzun sürmedi. Muhammed Tapar kendini barışa ikna eden emîrleri ihanetle suçlayarak onları cezalandırdı ve anlaşmayı ihlâl edip kendini sultan ilân etti. Rey yakınlarında cereyan eden dördüncü savaş Berkyaruk’un galibiyetiyle sonuçlandı (495/1102). Berkyaruk savaştan sonra İsfahan’a kaçan kardeşini yakalamak için şehri bir müddet muhasara ettiyse de sonuç alamadı. Hoy yakınlarında cereyan eden beşinci savaş da Berkyaruk’un zaferiyle sonuçlandı (8 Cemâziyelâhir 496 / 19 Mart 1103) ve uzun müzakerelerden sonra taraflar arasında anlaşma sağlandı (Rebîülâhir 497 / Ocak 1104). Buna göre Berkyaruk, Muhammed Tapar’ın beş nevbet çalmasına müdahale etmeyecek, Muhammed Tapar’a ait şehirlerde Berkyaruk adına hutbe okunmayacak, askerler diledikleri tarafa geçebileceklerdi. Cibâl, Fars, İsfahan, Rey, Hemedan, Hûzistan ve Bağdat Berkyaruk’a; Azerbaycan, Diyarbekir, el-Cezîre, Musul, Suriye ve Hille Emîri Sadaka’nın hâkimiyetindeki topraklar Muhammed Tapar’a ait olacaktı. Bu anlaşma ile yıllardır devam eden ve devlet otoritesini sarsarak karışıklıklara sebep olan, halkı aç ve perişan bırakan fetret devri taht kavgalarına son verilmiş oluyordu.
Berkyaruk, taht kavgaları ve emîrler arasındaki çıkar çatışmaları sebebiyle Anadolu’yu geçerek Suriye topraklarına giren Haçlılar’ın Antakya (3 Haziran 1098) ve Kudüs’ü (15 Temmuz 1099) işgal edip küçük devletler kurmalarına engel olamamıştı. Bu bakımdan Berkyaruk devrinde Haçlı kontları Baudouin ile Joscelin’in esaretiyle sonuçlanan Harran Savaşı (497/1104) müslümanlar arasında sevinçle karşılandı. İç karışıklıklara, taht kavgalarına ve Haçlı istilâsına rağmen Berkyaruk, o devrin iki büyük Türk devleti Gazneliler ve Karahanlılar tarafından metbû hükümdar olarak tanınmıştır.
Bütün Selçuklu topraklarında devlet otoritesini yerleştirip huzur ve sükûnu sağladığı bir sırada vereme yakalanan Berkyaruk, bir sedye içinde İsfahan’dan Bağdat’a götürülürken yolda ağırlaştı ve hayatından umut kesince emîrleri yanına çağırıp beş yaşındaki oğlu Melikşah’ı veliaht, Emîr Ayaz’ı da ona atabeg tayin etti. Oğlunu emîrlerin himayesinde Bağdat’a gönderirken kendisi de İsfahan’a dönmek üzere yola çıktı ve Burûcird yakınlarında öldü (2 Rebîülâhir 498 / 22 Aralık 1104). Cenazesi İsfahan’a götürülerek atalarının gömülü olduğu türbede defnedildi, yerine oğlu Melikşah geçti.
Bazı tarihçiler ondan adaletli, faziletli, sabırlı ve yumuşak huylu bir hükümdar olarak bahsederlerken bazıları da içki ve eğlence düşkünü olduğunu kaydederler.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 514-516 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.