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BERQUE, Jacques Skip to content (1910-1995)
Fransız sosyologu, antropolog ve şarkiyatçı.
Cezayir’in Tâhert vilâyetindeki Firende (Franda) şehrinde Katolik bir ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Antropolog ve sömürge yöneticisi olan babası oğlunun eğitimi için başşehir Cezayir’e taşındı. Burada Arapça ve Fransızca öğrenimi gören Berque 1930’da edebiyat tahsili için Paris’e giderek Sorbonne’a kaydoldu. Ancak Sorbonne ortamını beğenmeyip 1932’de kendini daha rahat hissettiği Firende’ye döndü. Babası da onu Hodna’nın dağlık bölgelerinde kabile reisi olan bir arkadaşının yanına gönderdi. Orada yerli halkın günlük hayatını inceleyip dillerini öğrendi. 1934-1946 yıllarında sömürge idaresinde çalıştı, Fas’ta yerli mahkemelerde denetçilik yaptı ve Fas şehri belediyesinde görev aldı. Burada ziraî ve ticarî reform projeleri başlattı, sömürge sistemini eleştirdi; eğitim, kültür ve ekonomik alanlarla ilgili, sömürge yönetimi tarafından hoş karşılanmayan değişiklikler önerdi. 1944’te sürgünde bulunan Allâl el-Fâsî’yi görmek için Gabon’a gitti. Yerli halkın lehindeki uygulamaları sebebiyle sömürge yönetimi tarafından 1946’da bir nevi sürgün olarak Fas’ın dağlık bölgesine tayin edildi. Orada en ücra köyleri tanıma ve lehçelerini öğrenme imkânı buldu. Fas Karaviyyîn Üniversitesi hocalarının ders halkalarına devam etti. Bu süre zarfında gözlemler yaptı, daha sonra üzerinde çalışacağı belge ve materyal topladı. 1953’te Kral V. Muhammed’in sürgün edilmesini önemli bir siyasî hata olarak gördü ve görevinden istifa etti. 1953-1955 yıllarında UNESCO Genel Müdürü René Maheu tarafından, Mısır’da Menûfiye muhafazasındaki Sirsülleyyân şehrinde bulunan Arap Ülkeleri Toplum Kalkınma Temel Eğitim Merkezi’nde ve Lübnan’da uzman sıfatıyla görevlendirildi. Lübnan Bikfeyâ’da iki yıl müdürlüğünü yaptığı Modern Arapça Öğretim Merkezi’ni kurdu. Bu arada Fas’taki Seksavalar hakkında Sorbonne’a bağlı olarak yürüttüğü, “Structures sociales du Haut-Atlas. “Les seksawas” başlıklı doktora tezini 1955’te tamamladı Bu tez onun aynı zamanda Mağrib antropolojisi alanındaki son çalışması oldu.
1956-1981 yılları arasında Collège de France’ta Çağdaş İslâm Tarihi Kürsüsü’nde görev yaptı. Diğer bazı Fransız şarkiyatçıları gibi özel kütüphanesini Massignon tarafından Collège de France’ta kurulan İslâm Sosyolojisi Kürsüsü’ne bağışlayarak Arap, Türk ve İslâm Tedkikleri Kütüphanesi’nin oluşmasına yardım etti. 1968’de Kahire, 1980’de Ürdün Arap Dil Kurumu üyesi oldu. Yeni araştırma bölgesi olarak Ortadoğu’ya yöneldi. Tarih, klasik edebiyat ve sosyal siyaset konuları üzerinde çalıştı, bu dönemde Ortadoğu ülkelerine sıkça gidip geldi. 1981’de emekliye ayrıldı. Emeklilik yıllarında İslâm araştırmalarına yoğunlaştı. Muallaka şairlerinin yanı sıra İbnü’r-Rûmî ve Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî gibi meşhur ediplerin bazı şiirlerini Fransızca’ya çevirdi. Kur’an’ın Fransızca meâlini gerçekleştirdi. Ezher ulemâsı ve diğer İslâm âlimleri tarafından yöneltilen eleştiriler doğrultusunda tercümesini gözden geçirerek bazı düzeltmelerle tekrar yayımladı. Revue des études islamiques ’te (REI) danışma ve redaksiyon kurullarında bulundu. “İki yakanın adamı” (Batı ve Kuzey Afrika) diye anılan ve çok sayıda ödül alan Berque 27 Haziran 1995’te Landes’da (Fransa) öldü. Emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra kurduğu küçük kütüphanesiyle arşivi, kendi arzusu üzerine ölümünden sonra eşi tarafından Firende’de Cezayir Millî Kütüphanesi’nin bir şubesi olan kitaplığa (Mülhakātü’l-mektebeti’l-vataniyye Câk Bârk) bağışlanmıştır. Fransa Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique’e (CNRS) bağlı olarak 1991’de Fas’ın başşehri Rabat’ta kurulan, Centre Jacque Berque Pour les Etudes en Sciences Humaines et Sociales au Maroc kendi alanında araştırmalar ve yayınlar yapmaktadır.
Berque, İslâm araştırmalarında Massignon’un etkisinde kalan Fransız şarkiyatçılarından biridir. Sosyolojide G. Gurvitch ve H. Lefebvre’e öğrencilik yapmış, bu alanda Sartre ve Merleau-Ponty’nin fenomenolojik ve egzistansiyalist akımından etkilenmiştir. Başarılı bir tarihçi ve edebiyat eleştirmeni, ayrıca Arap dünyasının önde gelen siyaset sosyologlarından biri olmuş, çalışmalarında Mağrib ve Ortadoğu arasındaki sosyal, dil ve din farklılıklarına dikkat çekmiştir. Dönemin Arap toplumu, Arap edebiyatı ve dinî yaşayışıyla ilgili çalışmalarında fenomenolojik yaklaşımıyla diğer şarkiyatçılardan farklı bir tavır ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, şarkiyatçıların temel yaklaşımlarının aksine Hz. Muhammed’in ilâhî mesaj alan bir peygamber olabileceği yolundaki objektif değerlendirmesiyle dikkat çekmektedir (DİA , XXV, 430). Edward W. Said, başta Cezayir ve Filistin olmak üzere emperyalist işgal ve müdahalelerin tamamına karşı çıkan Berque’i diğer şarkiyatçılardan ayrı tutarak hakkında olumlu görüş beyan etmektedir. Berque aynı zamanda toplumlar ve dinler arası diyalogun öncülerindendir. Kültürler arası diyalog konusunun önde gelen temsilcilerinden olan Louis Massignon temel vurguyu din alanına yaparken Berque onun bu çabasını dünyevî alanda gerçekleştirmeye yönelmiş, Doğu ile Massignon’un istediği gibi kutsal değil laik bir iletişim kurulmasını hedeflemiştir. Oryantalizmin modern tarihini I. Dünya Savaşı ile başlatan Berque bu ilmin ürettiği gerilimlerle kendi kendini yıprattığını düşünür. Arap ve müslüman halkların kendilerini tanımlama ve bilginin araçlarını oluşturma noktasında yetersiz kaldığını iddia eder ve bu hususta kendini dostlarına yardım etmeye adadığını belirtir. Les arabes d’hier à demain adlı kitabında Araplar’a ve müslüman halklara dönük her eleştirinin onların gelişimine katkı sağlayacağını ileri sürmüştür (a.g.e. , XXXIII, 434).
Mağrib’de uzun süre sosyoloji dersleri veren ve Mısır’da Fransız Enstitüsü’nde profesör olarak görev yapan Berque müslüman toplumları yakından tanıma, problemlerini yerinde tesbit ve inceleme imkânı bulmuştur. Müslüman toplumların sorunlarını değişik bir metotla incelemiş, “Cent ving cinq ans de sociologie maghrébine” (Annales: Economies, sociétés, civilisations , II/3 [Paris 1956], s. 296-324), “Quelques problèmes de l’Islam maghrébin” (Archives de sociologie des religions , sy. 3 [Paris 1957], s. 3-20), Normes et valeurs dans l’Islam contemporaine (Paris 1966) ve Maghreb histoire et sociétés (Alger 1974) adlı çalışmaları İslâm sosyolojisinin doğmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Berque’in yaklaşımını bugün talebesi Jean-Paul Charnay sürdürmektedir (DİA , IX, 347-348). Massignon, Gurwitch ve Berque’in çalışmaları, Ali Şerîatî’nin kendi toplumunun dinî ve mistik tarihini araştırmaya yönelmesinde etkili olmuştur. Berque hakkında çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır.
Eserleri. Berque’in ellinin üzerinde kitabı, 200 civarında makalesi, konferans ve seminer metinleri yayımlanmış, çalışmaları başta Arapça olmak üzere çeşitli dillere tercüme edilmiştir. Ayrıca birçok esere akademik danışmanlık, çok sayıda kitaba editörlük yapmıştır. 1. Les pactes pastoraux Beni meskine (Algiers 1936). 2. Essai sur la méthode juridique maghrébine (Rabat 1944). 3. Structures sociales de Haut-Atlas (Paris 1955, 1978). 4. Histoire sociale d’un village égyptien au XXe siècle (Paris 1957). 5 . Al-Yousi: Problèmes de la culture marocaine au XVIIe siècle (Paris 1958, 2001). 6. Les arabes (Paris 1959, genişletilmiş 2. bs. 1969, 1983). İtalyanca (Milano 1960, 1978) ve Danca’ya (Kopenhag 1978) çevrilmiştir. 7. Les arabes d’hier à demain (Paris 1960, 1969). İtalyanca (Milano 1961), İspanyolca (Meksiko 1964) ve Jean Stewart tarafından İngilizce’ye (The Arabs: Their History and Future , London 1964) çevrilmiştir. 8. le Maghreb entre deux guerres (Paris 1962, genişletilmiş 2. bs. 1970). Jean Stewart eseri İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (French North Africa: The Maghrib between Two World Wars , London-New York 1967). Cezayir’in bağımsızlığı üzerine yazdığı eserde müellif sömürge sonrası zorluklar, alınması gereken önlemler gibi konularda görüşlerini ortaya koymaktadır. 9. Normes et valeurs dans l’Islam contemporain (Paris 1966, J. P. Charnay ile birlikte). 10. l’Egypte, impérialisme et révolution (Paris 1967). Jean Stewart tarafından İngilizce’ye çevrilmiştir (Egypt: Imperialism and revolution , London 1972). 11. Perspectives de la sociologie contemporaine: hommage à Georges Gurvitch (Paris 1968). 12. Langages arabes du présent (Paris 1974, 1980). Robert W. Stookey eseri İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (Present-day languages of the Arabs , Austin 1978). 13. Maghreb histoire et sociétés (Alger 1974, 1978, 1980). 14. De l’Euphrate al’Atlas I-II (Paris 1978). 15. L’intérieur du Maghreb XVe -XIXème siècles (Paris 1978). 16. Arabies (Paris 1978, 1979). Lübnanlı gazeteci Mirèse Akar’la yaptığı ve Arap dünyasıyla ilgili düşüncelerini açıkladığı mülâkatıdır. Eser Collège de France’ta verdiği “Andalousies” başlıklı son dersinin eklenmesiyle yeniden neşredilmiştir (Paris 1980). 17. Les dix grandes odes arabes de l’anté-Islam: les Muʿallaqāt (Paris 1979). 18. l’Islam au défi (Paris 1980). 19. Ulémas, fondateurs, insurgés du Maghreb, XVIIe siècle (Paris 1982). 20. l’Islam et les musulmans en France: perceptions, craintes et réalites (Paris 1987). 21. le Coran: Essai de traduction de l’arabe annoté et suivi d’une exégétique (Paris 1989, ilâve ve düzeltmelerle 1995, 2002). Müellifin Kur’an meâlidir, “En relisant le Coran” başlığı altında Kur’an ve meâli konusundaki görüşlerini açıklamıştır. 22. Relir le Coran (Paris 1993). Kur’an meâlinin yayımlanmasının ardından Institut du Monde Arabe’da verdiği dört konferanstan oluşmaktadır ve Münzir İyâşî tarafından Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (el-Ḳurʾân ve ʿilmü’l-ḳırâʾe , Beyrut 1996). 23. Quel Islam (Paris 1995). Ölümünden bir hafta önce Arte televizyonunda Avrupa ve Arap dünyası ile İslâm ve Batı ilişkileri hakkında yaptığı konuşmalarından meydana gelmektedir. 24. Les arabes, l’Islam et nous (Paris 1995). Eserin son sözünü yazan gazeteci Jean Sur ile Arte televizyonunda yaptığı bir söyleşiden ibarettir. 25. Opera Minora: Essai d’anthropologie politique (I-III, Paris 2001, takdim ve notlar, Alain Mahé). Müellifin bazı çalışmalarının derlenmesinden oluşmaktadır. Eserin birinci cildinde Berque’in sömürge idaresinde çalıştığı dönemde yazdığı hukuk antropolojisiyle ilgili çalışmaları, ikinci ciltte Collège de France hocalığı sırasında kaleme aldığı, Mağrib tarihi antropolojisi ve sosyal tarihiyle ilgili makaleleri, üçüncü ciltte sömürge idarecisi, uluslararası uzman ve akademisyen olarak sömürge döneminden bağımsızlığa kadar olan süreçte küreselleşmenin etkileri üzerine yazdığı makaleleri yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Mehdî el-Vezzânî’nin Mâlikî fıkhına dair el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd adlı eserinin bir bölümünü Les nawāzil el-muzāraʿa du Miʿyār al-Wazzānī adıyla (Rabat 1940) ve İbn Rahhâl’in Refʿu’l-iltibâs ʿan şirketi’l-ḫammâs adlı eserini Fransızca’ya çeviren Berque, İbn Rahhâl’in işçi ve esnafın tazmin sorumluluğuyla ilgili Keşfü’l-ḳınâʿ ʿan tażmîni’ṣ-ṣunnâʿ isimli kitabını da Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır (Cezayir 1949).
Berque’in bazı makaleleri de şunlardır: “Dans le Maroc nouveau le rôl d’une université islamique” (Annales d’histoire économique et sociale , sy. 51 [Paris 1938], s. 193-207); “Ville et université, aperçu sur l’histoire de l’école de Fès” (Revue historique de droit français et étranger [Paris 1949], s. 64-114); “Ça et là dans les débuts du réformisme religieux au Maghreb” (Études d’orientalisme dédiées à la mémoire de Lévi-Provençal , II [Paris 1962], s. 471-494); “Hier à Nağaf et Karbalā” (Arabica , IX [Leiden 1962], s. 325-342); “Averroès et les contraires” (l’Ambivalence dans la culture arabe [Paris 1967], s. 133-141); “Les capitales de l’Islam méditerranéen vues par Ibn Khaldoun et les deux Maqarrî” (AIsl. , VIII [1969], s. 71-79); “Fès ou le destin d’une médina” (Cahiers internationaux de sociologie , LII [Paris 1972], s. 5-32); “Cadis de Kairouan d’après un manuscrit tunisien” (Mélanges Roger Le Tourneau, revue de l’occident musulman et de la Méditerranée [Aix-en-Provence 1973], s. 97-108); “Une Héliopolis de l’Islam?” (l’Islam au temps du monde [Paris 1984], s. 195-225). Berque Encyclopédie de l’Islam ’a da çeşitli maddeler yazmıştır (eserlerinin bir listesi için bk. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée , bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Jacques Berque, Arabies: Entretiens avec Mirèse Akar , Paris 1978; a.mlf., “Quel Islam”, Le temps stratégique , sy. 64, Genève 1995, s. 6-37; M. Boughali, Jacques Berque, ou la saveur du monde arabe , Rabat 1995; F. Pouillon, “Berque Jacques”, Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française (ed. F. Pouillon), Paris 2008, s. 102-103; J. Whidden, “Jacques Berque (1914-1995)”, French Historians 1900-2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth Century (ed. Ph. Daileader – Ph. Whalen), Chichester-Malden 2010, s. 23-37; H. Karoui, “Jacques Berque ou le Maghreb comme existence et comme connaissance”, Correspondances , sy. 36, Tunis 1995, s. 3-9; Ahmed Moatassime, “Lettre posthume à un ami disparu”, Confluences méditerranées , sy. 16, Paris 1995-96, s. 163-167; Wadi Bouzar, “Jacques Berque et son autre”, a.e. , sy. 41 (2002), s. 181-190; “Bibliographie de Jacques Berque”, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée , sy. 83-84, Aix-en-Provence 1998, s. 21-43; Mohamed Kerrou, “Jacques Berque et les villes de l’Islam”, a.e. , sy. 107-110 (2005), s. 483-500; İzzet Er, “Din”, DİA , IX, 347-348; Abdülhamit Birışık, “Kıraat”, a.e. , XXV, 430; Yücel Bulut, “Oryantalizm”, a.e. , XXXIII, 434; Abdüsselâm el-Âcilî, “Berque, Jacques”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 2002, V, 700-701.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 186-188 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.