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BETTÂNÎ Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Câbir b. Sinân er-Rakkī el-Harrânî (ö. 317/929)
İslâm astronomlarının en büyüklerinden.
İsmi Batı’da Albetanius, Albategnus veya Albategni şeklinde anılır. Aslen Sâbiî bir ailenin çocuğu olup büyük bir ihtimalle III. (IX.) yüzyılın ilk yarısında Harran civarındaki Bettan’da doğdu. Nitekim Bettânî ve Harrânî nisbeleri de bunu göstermektedir. Sadece İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Fihrist ’inde rastlanan Rakkī nisbesi ise hayatının büyük kısmını geçirdiği ve ünlü rasatlarını yaptığı Fırat’ın sol sahilindeki Rakka şehrinden gelmektedir. Doğum tarihi ve çocukluğu hakkında bilgi yoktur. İlk rasatlarını 264 (877) yılında yaptığı bilinmektedir; o tarihte yirmi yaşında olduğu kabul edilirse yaklaşık 244’te (858) doğduğu söylenebilir. Babasının, İbnü’n-Nedîm tarafından zikredilen meşhur astronomi aletleri ustası Câbir b. Sinân el-Harrânî olması mümkündür. Bettânî’nin künyesi kadar astronomi aletleri icat ve imal etmedeki mahareti de bu ihtimali kuvvetlendirmektedir. Hayatının sonraki dönemleri hakkında bilinenler de çok sınırlıdır. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Fihrist ’i ile İbnü’l-Kıftî’nin Târîḫu’l-ḥükemâʾ adlı eserinde onun geometri, teorik ve pratik astronomi ile astrolojide önde gelen bilginlerden ve meşhur gözlemcilerden biri olduğu; güneş ve ay gözlemlerine ait tablolar verip Batlamyus’un (Ptolemaios) el-Mecisṭî ’sindeki bilgileri tashih ederek geliştirdiği ve yeni buluşlarını açıkladığı çok önemli bir zîc yazdığı; bu kitapta beş gezegenin hareketlerini ve bunlarla ilgili astronomik hesapları verdiği; zîcinde bahsettiği gözlemlerin bir kısmını 267 (880) ve 287 (900) yıllarında yaptığı; Ca‘fer b. Muktefî’nin sorularına verdiği cevaplardan anlaşıldığına göre rasat faaliyetlerinin 264’te (877) başlayıp 306’ya (918) kadar devam ettiği; ayrıca zîcindeki sabit yıldız rasatlarını 299 (911) yılında yaptığı ifade edilmektedir. Anılan kaynaklarda Rakka ahalisinden Benî Zeyyât ailesinin uğradığı bir haksızlık yüzünden onlarla birlikte Bağdat’a gittiği ve sonra 317’de (929) memleketine dönerken Halife Mu‘tasım tarafından yaptırılmış olan Kasrü’l-Cis’te vefat ettiği belirtilmektedir. İbn Hallikân ise Bettânî’nin ölüm yeri için Musul civarında bir şehir olan Hadr’ı göstermekte, buna karşılık araştırmacı Nallino da Hadr (الحضر ) kelimesinin Ciss’in (الجص ) yanlış yazılmış şekli olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin aynı yerden Kasrü’l-Hadr adıyla bahsettiği göz önüne alındığında Nallino’nun iddiasının tutarlı olduğu görünmektedir. Bettânî’nin hayatı hakkındaki bu bilgilere, Antakya’da 23 Ocak ve 2 Ağustos 901 tarihlerinde bir güneş ve bir ay tutulmasını gözlemiş olduğu da ilâve edilebilir; bu gözlemlerden kendisi zîcinde bizzat bahsetmektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Kitâbü’z-Zîc . el-Câmiʿ fî ḥisâbi’n-nücûm ve mevâżıʿi mesîrihe’l-mümteḥan adıyla da anılır. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in verdiği bilgiden, bu kitabın iki nüshasının bulunduğu ve ikincisinin daha geliştirilmiş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. ez-Zîcü’ṣ-Ṣâbiʾî adıyla da anılan ve astronomi ilmine büyük katkıları bulunan bu eser, Bettânî’nin Doğu ve Batı’da büyük bir şöhret olmasını sağlamıştır. Kitabın orijinal adı büyük ihtimalle İbnü’n-Nedîm ve İbnü’l-Kıftî tarafından zikredildiği üzere Kitâbü’z-Zîc ’dir. Çünkü VII. yüzyıldan önce “astronomi tablosu” anlamında kullanılan zîc kelimesi daha sonraları “astronomi risâlesi” anlamında kullanılır olmuş ve eski yerini aslında “küçük akarsu” mânasına gelen cedvel kelimesine bırakmıştır. Kitâbü’z-Zîc ’in mukaddimesinde, kendinden öncekilerin çalışmalarında gördüğü hata ve ihtilâflar yüzünden böyle bir kitap yazmaya ihtiyaç duyduğunu ifade eden Bettânî, bu kitabında mevcut teori ve istidlâlleri yeni gözlemlere dayanmak suretiyle ıslah edip geliştirdiğini belirtmektedir. Bu arada şerh, tenkit, ıslah ve ilâvelerini kaleme almadan önce el-Mecisṭî ’den yaptığı bütün iktibasları da büyük bir titizlikle kaydetmiştir. Elli yedi “bahis”ten meydana gelen bu eserin ilk bahislerinde pratik tarifler verilmiş ve problemler ortaya konulmuştur. Bettânî 3. bahiste kendi trigonometrik fonksiyonlar teorisini geliştirmiş, 4. bahiste kendi gözlemlerini vermiş, 5-26. bahislerde çoğu astrolojik yorumların izahı için tertiplenmiş olan pek çok küresel astronomi problemini etraflı şekilde ve büyük bir vukufla münakaşa etmiş, bu arada da ortografik projeksiyon prensiplerine dayanan yeni düşüncelerini açıklayıp küresel trigonometriye yeni çözümler getirmiş ve ayrıca ilim âlemine küresel trigonometrinin temel teoremlerinden olan “kosinüs teoremi” gibi çok önemli bir yenilik kazandırmıştır. Batlamyus’un güneş, ay ve gezegenlerin hareketlerine dair teorisi 27-31. bahislerde ele alınmış, 32. bahiste çeşitli takvimlerle bunların her birindeki tarihlerin diğerlerine çevrilmesi anlatılmış, 33-48. bahislerde tabloların kullanılışları tarif edilmiş, 49-55. bahislerde astrolojinin esas meseleleri ele alınmış, 56. bahiste bir güneş saatinin, 57. bahiste ise bazı astronomi aletlerinin yapımı anlatılmıştır.
Batlamyus kinematiğine karşı genelde açık bir tenkit tavrı takınmamış olmakla birlikte Bettânî, Batlamyus’un ortaya koyduğu pratik sonuçlar hakkında ciddi bir şüphenin delillerini ortaya koyarak onun güneş apojesinin veya ekliptik eğiminin değişmezliği iddiası gibi yahut gezegen hareketlerinin ana parametrelerinde yaptığı yanlışlıklar gibi pek çok hatasını bazan açıkça, bazan da zımnen düzeltmiştir. İslâm astronomları ekliptik eğiminin değişimi konusuyla hayret verecek kadar erken tarihlerde ilgilenmeye başlamışlardır. Bu değişimin yılda 0,5 saniye mertebesinde pratik değeri olmayan bir farkla vuku bulduğu söylenirse bu bilginlerin ilmî dikkat ve hassasiyetlerinin derecesi daha iyi anlaşılmış olur. Bettânî’nin bu konudaki çalışmaları ne ilktir ne de bir istisnadır. Fakat onun modern formüle tam anlamıyla uyan 23° 35′ değerini bulurken takip ettiği yolu dikkatle anlatması önemlidir. Bettânî, Kitâbü’z-Zîc ’in 28. bahsinde dört mevsimin uzunluklarını tesbit için yaptığı gözlemleri anlatmaktadır. Bettânî bu gözlemlerden faydalanarak Hipparkhos tarafından milâttan önce 140’ta 65° 30′ bulunan güneş apojesinin büyüyerek 82° 17’’ya ulaştığını, aksantrisitesinin ise 2p 29′ 30″’den 2p 4′ 45″’ye düştüğünü tesbit etmiştir (1p yarı çapın 1/60’ıdır). Bettânî’den önce Sâbit b. Kurre de (veya Benî Mûsâ) güneş apojesini 82° 45′ olarak tesbit etmiş ve Hipparkhos’un değeri ile karşılaştırıp 66 yılda 1° değiştiğini hesaplamış ve Batlamyus’un kendi zamanında Hipparkhos’u tekit eden 65° 30′ değerini bulmuş olmasının imkânsızlığını belirtmiştir. Leverrier formülü, Sâbit b. Kurre’nin değerine karşılık 82° 50′ 22″, Bettânî’ninkine karşılık 83° 45′ 10″ değerini vermektedir. Bettânî’nin güneş yörüngesinin eksantrisitesi için bulduğu 2p 4′ 45″ değeri modern anlamda 0,017326’ya tekabül eder ve bu değer 880 senesi için bulunan 0,016771 değerine çok yakındır. Bettânî itidal noktalarının gerilemesi için de 66 yılda 1 derece değerini bulmuş ve tropik seneyi 365 gün 5 saat 46 dakika 24 saniye olarak hesaplamıştır ki bu değer de 365 gün 5 saat 48 dakika 46 saniye olan gerçek değere çok yakındır. Bettânî’nin diğer önemli keşif ve başarılarından bazıları da şunlardır: Ayın boylamda ortalama hareketinin tesbiti, güneş ve ayın görünür çaplarının ölçülmesi ve güneşinkinin bir yıl, ayınkinin ise anomal ay zarfında değişimlerinin bulunması, bu buluşlardan hareketle Batlamyus’un imkânsız dediği halka şeklinde güneş tutulmasının mümkün olduğu sonucunun çıkarılması ve ayın tutulma derecesinin hesabı için çok sağlam bir metodun geliştirilmesi.
Astronomi ve küresel trigonometrinin gelişmesinde çok büyük rol oynayan bu kitabın önemi yazılışından üç asır sonra Batı’da da anlaşılmış ve eser XII. yüzyılda Robertus Retinensis ve Plato Tibastinus tarafından Latince’ye tercüme edilmiştir. İlk tercüme kaybolmuşsa da Plato’nun tercümesi sonradan tabloları çıkarılarak 1537’de Nürnberg’de ve 1645’te Bologna’da iki defa basılmıştır. Ayrıca İspanya Kralı Alfonso el Sabio’nun emriyle yine XII. yüzyılda Arapça aslından İspanyolca’ya da tercüme edilmiştir. Bu tercümenin eksik bir nüshası halen Paris’te Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal’de muhafaza edilmektedir. Arapça aslı Escurial nüshası esas alınarak C. A. Nallino tarafından Latince tercümesi ve açıklamalarla birlikte neşredilen (Al-Battānî sive Albatenii Opus Astronomicum, ad fidem Codicis Escurialensis Arabice editum, latine versum, adnotationibus instructum , I-III, Milano 1899-1907, Hildesheim-New York 1977) Kitâbü’z-Zîc ’in İbrânîce ve Grekçe’ye tercüme edilip edilmediği belli olmamakla birlikte yahudi ve Bizanslı yazarlar üzerinde büyük etki bıraktığı anlaşılmaktadır. Çünkü kaynak göstererek veya göstermeden, lâyık olduğu krediyi vererek veya adını hiç anmadan ondan faydalanan pek çok Ortaçağ yahudi ve hıristiyan bilginin varlığı bilinmektedir. Bu etki XVII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar devam etmiştir. Copernicus’in Bettânî’ye ne kadar çok şey borçlu olduğu, Tycho Brahe’nin çeşitli eserlerinde ve G. B. Ricioli’nin Yeni Almagest adlı kitabında Kitâbü’z-Zîc ’den ne kadar çok iktibas yaptıkları, Kepler ve Galileo’nun da Bettânî’nin gözlemleriyle yakından ilgilendikleri bilinmektedir.
2. Kitâbü Maʿrifeti meṭâliʿi’l-bürûc fîmâ beyne erbâʿi’l-felek . Her ne kadar C. A. Nallino, bu eserde Bettânî’nin asıl gayesinin astrolojide kullanılan delilleri (heylâc) matematik yöntemiyle temellendirmek olduğunu söylüyorsa da (bk. İA , II, 577) gerçekte onun gayesi enlemlerin 0°’den 36°’ye kadar değerlerine tekabül eden doğuş (metâli‘) cedvellerini hazırlamaktır. Dolayısıyla astrolojiden çok astronomiye dair bir eserdir. Şu hususa da işaret etmek gerekir ki Bettânî’den önce Habeş el-Hâsib’in yazmış olduğu zîcde bu cedvel yoktur, ancak Bettânî’den sonra yazılan zîclerde görülmektedir. Bunun müstakil bir eser olduğu dikkate alınırsa büyük bir ihtimalle cedvellerin doğuşun derece ve dakikalarına göre tertip edilmiş olması gerekir. Nitekim bugün modern astronomide “réduction à l’équateur” (muaddilü’n-nihar) adıyla aynı türden cedveller kullanılmaktadır.
3. Risâle fî taḥḳīḳi aḳdâri’l-ittiṣâlât .
4. Şerḥu’l-maḳāleti’l-erbaʿa li-Baṭlamyûs (son üç eser için bk. GAS , VI, 187; VII, 160; A. C. Beitia, s. 41).
Kaynaklarda Bettânî’ye isnat edilen daha başka eserler varsa da bunların ona ait olduğu şüphelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 338.
Sâid el-Endelüsî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-ümem , s. 33.
Beyhakī, Tetimme , s. 15-16.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 184-185.
Suter, Die Mathematiker , s. 45-47.
Aydın Sayılı, The Observatory in Islam , Ankara 1960, s. 96-98.
Sarton, Introduction , I, 602-603.
Sezgin, GAS , V, 287-288; VI, 182-187; VII, 158-160.
Ali Abdullah ed-Deffa‘, Es̱eru ʿulemâʾi’l-ʿArab ve’l-müslimîn fî teṭavvüri ʿilmi’l-felek , Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 43-52.
C. A. Ronan, The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World’s-Sciences , Cambridge 1984, s. 208-211, 224.
Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, Zindegînâme-i Riyâżîdânân-ı Devre-i İslâmî , Tahran 1365, s. 144-146.
Angel Cortabarria Beitia, “Deux sources arabes de S. Albert – Le-Grand; al-Bitruji et al-Battani”, MIDEO , XV (1982), s. 31-52.
C. A. Nallino, “Bettânî”, İA , II, 577-578.
a.mlf., “al-Battānī”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1104-1105.
Tİ , III, 183-192.
Willy Hartner, “al-Battānī”, DSB , I, 507-516.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 9-10 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.