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BEYÂN Skip to content Belâgat ilminin bir anlamı değişik yollarla ifade etmenin usul ve kaidelerinden bahseden dalı.
Sözlükte “ortaya çıkmak, açık seçik olmak; açıklamak, anlaşılır hale getirmek” gibi mânalara gelen beyân kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in üç âyetinde geçmekte olup buralarda “ilân etme” (Âl-i İmrân 3/138), “açıklama” (el-Kıyâme 75/19) ve “ifade etme” (er-Rahmân 55/4) anlamlarında kullanılmıştır. “إن من البيان سحرًا ” (İfadenin öylesi vardır ki büyüleyici bir etkiye sahiptir; Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 47, “Ṭıb”, 51) hadisinde ise “söz ve ifade” mânasına gelmektedir.
Edebiyat terimi olarak beyân, mânayı ifadede lafzı açıklığa kavuşturmak için gereken melekeyi kazandıran, duygu ve düşünceleri değişik yollarla ifade etme usul ve kaidelerini inceleyen ilim demektir. Bir dilde anlatılmak istenen mânayı birbirinden farklı açıklık ve nitelikte ifade eden lafızlar vardır. Meselâ bir kimsenin cesur olduğu, “o cesurdur”, “o cesarette aslan gibidir”, “o aslan gibidir”, “o aslandır” sözleriyle anlatılabilir. Birincisi diğerlerinden daha açık ve herkesin kolayca anlayabileceği bir ifade şekli olmakla beraber hepsinin en zayıfıdır. Sonuncusu ise hepsinden kuvvetli, ancak diğerlerine göre açıklık derecesi en az olanıdır. Beyân ilmi kişiye farklı söz ve usullerle meramını iyi ifade edebilme melekesini kazandırır. İfadelerdeki güç ve açıklık derecesi teşbih, mecaz, istiare ve kinaye ile değişir. Dolayısıyla beyan ilminin konusunu da bu edebî sanatlar ve farklı ifade yolları teşkil eder. Bu bakımdan bir anlatım aracı sayılan beyan, sözün kullanılış özelliğine göre bazı bölümlere ayrılır. Kelime gerçek anlamında kullanılıyorsa hakikattir. Gerçek anlamı dışında bir anlam ifade ediyorsa mecaz, teşbih ve istiare olur. Gerçek anlamı yanında daha etkili bir mecazi anlamda kullanılıyorsa kinaye adını alır.
Beyân ilmi, bir kelimenin gerçek anlamda kullanılması demek olan hakikatle ilgilenmez. Ancak mecazın anlaşılabilmesi için hakikati anlamak gerekir ve bu sebeple hakikat da beyânın konuları arasında yer alır. Meselâ bilinen hayvan kastedilerek “aslan” denirse bu kelime hakiki mânasında kullanılmış olur ve açık olup olmama diye bir şey düşünülmez. Hakikat lugavî (hayvan için söylenen “aslan” gibi), şer‘î (“dua” anlamındaki salât ın “namaz” anlamında kullanılması gibi), umumi örfî (“yerde yürüyenler” demek olan dâbbe kelimesinin “binek hayvanı” anlamında kullanılması gibi) ve hususi örfî (ilmî terimler gibi) olmak üzere dört çeşittir. Mecaz, bir kelimenin gerçek anlamından başka bir anlamda kullanılmasıdır. Ancak kelimenin başka anlamda kullanıldığını gösteren bir karine olması gerekir. Mecaz, gerçek anlam ile mecazi anlamlar arasındaki ilgiye göre mecâz-ı mürsel ve istiare olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır. Mecâz-ı mürselde gerçek anlam ile mecazi anlam arasında cüz’îlik, küllîlik, sebebiyet ve masdariyet… gibi tam bir ilgi bulunmakla beraber benzerlik yoktur. İstiarede iki anlam arasında benzerlik vardır.
Teşbih, “lafızların, bir şeyin bir vasıfta diğer bir şeyle ortaklığına delâlet etmesi” demek olup müşebbeh, müşebbehün bih, teşbih edatı ve vech-i şebeh olmak üzere dört unsurdan meydana gelir. Her teşbihte bu dört unsurun bir arada bulunması şart değildir. İki veya üçü bulunmayabilir. Müşebbeh, müşebbehün bih ve vech-i şebeh aklî, hissî (duyularla idrak olunan gül ve yanak gibi) ve vehmî (idrak olunamayan, fakat mümkün olsaydı ancak duyular yardımıyla idrak edilebilecek olan, kılıca benzetilen gulyabani dişi vb.) olabilir. Ayrıca müşebbeh ile müşebbehün bihin bir veya daha çok olmalarına göre birtakım hususiyetler de tesbit edilmiştir.
Kinaye ise gerçek mânasını düşünmeye engel olacak bir karine bulunmamak şartıyla bir sözü başka bir mânada kullanma sanatıdır. Meselâ bir kimse hakkında kullanılan “gözü açık” sözü, hem onun gözünün kapalı olmadığına hem de dikkatli, fırsatlardan faydalanmayı bilir, zararın geleceği yeri sezer, kendini şartlara göre ayarlar vasıfta olduğunu ifade eder.
Beyân ilminde ayrıca söz konusu ifade tarzlarından hangisinin daha belîğ olduğu üzerinde durulur ve genellikle mecazın hakikatten, istiarenin teşbihten, kinayenin de açık olarak söylemekten daha belîğ olduğu kabul edilir. Meselâ kinaye ile ifadede anlatılmak istenen şeye bir fazlalık getirilmiş olmayacağı gibi normal bir ifadede olmayan bir ispatı kuvvetlendirme özelliği vardır. Meselâ “çok misafiri var” yerine “ocağında külü çoktur” dendiği zaman ikinci cümle birincinin ifade ettiğinden daha fazla misafiri olduğunu göstermez; fakat misafirlere yemek vermek için ocağın çok yakılmasından dolayı külünün çok olacağı düşüncesinden hareketle misafirinin çokluğu anlaşılır ve böylece mâna ayrı bir delil ile kuvvetlendirilmiş olur.
Beyân ilminin gayesi, duygu ve düşünceleri yerine ve zamanına uygun bir şekilde ifade edebilmek ve edebî eserleri daha iyi anlamaktır.
Düşündüğünü ve dış dünyadan algıladıklarını ifade etme anlamında beyânın ilk insanın yaratılmasıyla başladığı söylenebilir. Duygu ve düşüncelerini en açık ve en güzel şekilde anlatma melekesine sahip tek canlı, insandır. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Allah insanı yarattı, ona beyânı öğretti” (er-Rahmân 55/3-4) denilmektedir. Hatta değişik ifade yollarının daha ilk dönemlerde insana öğretilmiş olduğunu da söylemek mümkündür. Nitekim Kābil bir kıskançlık sonucunda kardeşi Hâbil’i öldürünce pişmanlık ve çaresizlik içinde ne yapacağını bilmezken Allah’ın gönderdiği bir karganın yeri eşmesinden cesedin gömülebileceğini öğrenmiş, bunun üzerine, “Yazıklar olsun bana, şu karga kadar olup kardeşimin cesedini bile örtemedim” (el-Mâide 5/31) demiştir. Onun bu ifadesinde temsilî teşbih ve istiare özellikleri görülmektedir.
Beyân kelimesini terim anlamına en yakın şekilde ilk ele alan Câhiz (ö. 255/869), el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn ile el-Ḥayevân adlı eserlerinde belâgat konularının ana hatlarını, vasıf ve şartlarını bol misallerle anlatırken beyân ilminin temel unsurlarından olan teşbih, mecaz, istiare ve kinaye gibi terimleri de tarif ve izah eder. İbn Kuteybe de (ö. 276/889) Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserinde mecaz, istiare, kinaye ve ta‘riz konularını ayrıntılı biçimde incelemiştir. Müberred’in (ö. 285/898) el-Kâmil ’ine koyduğu “teşbih” bölümü (II, 922-1060), denilebilir ki günümüze kadar her müellifin başvurduğu bir kaynak olmuştur. İbnü’l-Mu‘tez (ö. 296/908), Kudâme b. Ca‘fer (ö. 337/948), Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî (ö. 400/1009) ve İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî (ö. 456/1064) gibi âlimler beyân ilminin konularını ve problemlerini de bedî‘ konularıyla birlikte incelemişlerdir. Beyânı meânî den ayrı bir ilim olarak ilk defa ele alıp el-Fevâʾid ve’l-ḳalâʾid adlı eserinde tarifini veren Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî’dir (ö. 429/1038). Müellif diğer eserlerinde de (el-Kinâye ve’t-taʿrîż , el-İʿcâz , Yetîmetü’d-dehr vb.) meânî ve beyân hakkında önemli tesbitlerde bulunmuş ve güzel tarifler vermişse de konuları ve problemleri üzerinde durmamış, sadece bol ve orijinal örnekler vermiştir. Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî (ö. 471/1078-79) Esrârü’l-belâġa adlı kitabının hemen hemen hepsini beyân ilmine hasretmiş olmakla birlikte eserine “beyân” ismini vermez; beyân, fesahat ve belâgat kelimelerini birbirine yakın anlamlarda kullanır. Hatta beyâna ait bazı meselelerin bedîin alanına girdiğini söyler (s. 371).
Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî’den sonra beyânın müstakil bir ilim olduğunu söyleyen ikinci âlim Zemahşerî’dir (ö. 538/1144). Esâsü’l-belâġa adlı eseriyle (s. 7-8) el-Keşşâf adlı tefsirinde (I, 16) beyândan müstakil ilim olarak bahsetmektedir. Zemahşerî, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki üslûp ve mâna inceliklerini meânî ve beyân ilimlerini bilen kimselerin anlayabileceğini ifade ettikten sonra beyân âlimlerine atıflarda bulunur. Teşbih, istiare, mecaz ve kinayenin bütün çeşitlerine şiirlerden de örnekler vererek (el-Keşşâf , I, 190-214) işaret eder. Bu sebeple denilebilir ki beyân ilminin konuları Zemahşerî tarafından en geniş şekilde ele alınmıştır. Fahreddin er-Râzî (ö. 606/1209), Cürcânî ile Zemahşerî’nin tesbitlerine dayanarak beyân ilminin bütün konularını çeşitli bölümlemelerle Nihâyetü’l-îcâz adlı eserinde sistemleştirmiştir.
Konuları ve tarifleri en ince ayrıntılarına kadar tesbit edilen bu ilmin belâgattaki yerini belirleyen ve onu eserinde ikinci kısımda ele alan Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî’dir (ö. 626/1229; bk. Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm , s. 156). Hatîb el-Kazvînî ise (ö. 739/1338) et-Telḫîṣ ve onun şerhi olan el-Îżâḥ adlı eserlerinde Sekkâkî’yi kendi tertip ve sistemi içinde hulâsa ve şerhetmiştir. Gerek et-Telḫîṣ ’in gerekse Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî (ö. 792/1390) tarafından bu esere şerh olarak yazılan el-Muṭavvel ve Muḫtaṣarü’l-Muṭavvel adlı eserlerin İslâm âleminin kültür merkezlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulması, bu metodun yaygınlaşmasını ve yerleşmesini sağlamıştır.
Hatîb el-Kazvînî’nin eserlerinden sonra belâgat ilimleri diğer birçok ilimde olduğu gibi bir duraklama dönemine girmiştir. Bu dönemden sonra müstakil eserler yerine şerh ve hâşiye dönemi başlamıştır. Bilhassa Kazvînî’nin et-Telḫîṣ ve el-Îżâḥ ’ı etrafında yüzlerce şerh, hâşiye ve muhtasar kaleme alınmış, bunlar da çeşitli İslâm ülkelerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur (beyânla ilgili eserler için bk. BEDΑ ).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 22-23 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.