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BİD‘AT Skip to content Asr-ı saâdet’ten sonra ortaya çıkan, şer‘î bir delile dayanmayan inanç, ibadet, fikir ve davranışlar hakkında kullanılan bir terim.
Arapça’da “icat etmek, örneği olmaksızın yapıp ortaya koymak, inşa etmek” anlamlarına gelen “bd‘a” kökünden türeyen bid‘at, “daha önce benzeri bulunmayıp sonradan ortaya çıkan (muhdes) şey” anlamına gelir. “Bd‘a” kökünün bu sözlük mânası Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de de yer almıştır (el-Ahkāf 46/9; el-Hadîd 57/27). Bid‘at çıkarmaya ibtidâ‘ , çıkaran veya işleyen kimseye de mübtedi‘ denir.
Bid‘at biri geniş, diğeri dar kapsamlı olmak üzere iki şekilde tarif edilmiştir. Geniş kapsamlı tarife göre bid‘at Hz. Peygamber’den sonra ortaya çıkan her şeydir. Bid‘atın sözlük anlamından hareketle yapılan bu tarife göre, dinî mahiyette görülen amel ve davranışlardan başka günlük hayatla ilgili olarak sonradan ortaya çıkan yeni fikirler, uygulama ve âdetler de bid‘at sayılmıştır. Başta İmam Şâfiî olmak üzere Nevevî, İzzeddin b. Abdüsselâm, Mâlikîler’den Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, Zürkānî, Hanefîler’den İbn Âbidîn, Hanbelîler’den Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî, Zâhirîler’den İbn Hazm bid‘atı bu şekilde kabul edenlerdendir. Bu tarifi benimseyen âlimler, görüşlerini Hz. Peygamber ve sahâbîlerden nakledilen bazı rivayetlere dayandırmaktadırlar. Meselâ Müslim, Nesâî, İbn Mâce gibi muhaddislerin naklettiği bir rivayette (Müslim, “ʿİlim”, 15, “Zekât”, 69; Nesâî, “Zekât”, 64; İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 14; Müsned , IV, 357, 359, 360, 361) Resûl-i Ekrem, İslâm’da güzel bir çığır (sünnet-i hasene) açana o çığıra uyanlar bulunduğu sürece sevap verileceğini, kötü bir çığır (sünnet-i seyyie) açana da aynı şekilde günah yazılacağını ifade etmiş, Hz. Ömer de teravih namazını topluca kılanları görünce, “Bu ne güzel bir bid‘attır” (Buhârî, “Terâvîḥ”, 1; el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ramażân”, 3) demiştir. Bid‘atı sonradan ortaya çıkan her şeyi içine alacak şekilde geniş kapsamlı olarak kabul eden âlimler, Hz. Peygamber’in bid‘atı reddeden hadisleriyle her devirde günlük hayata girmesi zorunlu bulunan yenilikleri bağdaştırmanın yegâne yolu olarak onu, yapılmasında mahzur bulunmayan “iyi bid‘at” (bid‘at-ı hasene, bid‘at-ı mahmûde, bid‘at-ı hüdâ) ile yapılması yasaklanan “kötü bid‘at” (bid‘at-ı seyyie, bid‘at-ı mezmûme, bid‘at-ı dalâl) diye ikiye ayırmayı uygun bulmuşlardır. Kur’an’ı bir mushafta toplamak, teravih namazını cemaatle kılmak, minare ve medrese inşa etmek iyi bid‘ata, kabirlerin üzerine türbe yapmak ve buralara mum dikmek de kötü bid‘ata örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Bu anlayışa göre hadislerde reddedilen kötü bid‘attır. Şâfiî fakihlerinden İzzeddin b. Abdüsselâm daha da ileri giderek bid‘atı mükellefin fiillerine paralel olarak vâcip, mendup, mubah, mekruh, haram olmak üzere beşe ayırmaktadır.
Bid‘atı dar kapsamlı olarak anlayanlar ise onu, “Hz. Peygamber’den sonra ortaya çıkan ve dinle ilgili olup ilâve veya eksiltme özelliği taşıyan her şey” diye tarif etmişlerdir. Bu görüşü benimseyenler arasında, Mâlikîler’den başta İmam Mâlik olmak üzere Turtûşî, Şâtıbî; Hanefîler’den Bedreddin el-Aynî, Birgivî; Şâfiîler’den Beyhakī, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, İbn Hacer el-Heytemî; Hanbelîler’den Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Receb sayılabilir. Bunlara göre dinle ilgisi ve dinî mahiyeti bulunmayan şeyler bid‘at sayılmaz; bu bakımdan örf ve âdet türünden olan davranışlar bid‘at kavramının dışında kalır. Dar kapsamlı bid‘at anlayışına sahip olanlar görüşlerine mesnet olarak, “İşlerin en kötüsü sonradan ihdas edilenlerdir” (Müslim, “Cumʿa”, 43); “Sonradan ihdas edilen her şey bid‘attır” (Nesâî, “ʿÎdeyn”, 22; İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 7) ve “Her bid‘at dalâlettir” (Müslim, “Cumʿa”, 43; Ebû Dâvûd, “Sünnet”, 6) meâlindeki hadislerin genel ifadelerini esas almışlardır. Bunlar diğer grubun dayandığı hadisleri de kendi görüşleriyle bağdaşacak şekilde yoruma tâbi tutmuşlardır. Meselâ yukarıda söz konusu edilen hadis, “Kim İslâm’da güzel bir çığır (sünnet-i hasene) açarsa” anlamında değil, “Kim İslâm’da güzel bir çığırı (sünneti) ihya ederse” anlamındadır. Hz. Ömer’in teravih namazının cemaatle kılınması için söylediği “ne güzel bir bid‘at” sözündeki “bid‘at” da terim anlamında değil sözlük anlamında kullanılmıştır.
Bid‘at konusundaki görüşleri ve bu alana tahsis ettiği el-İʿtiṣâm adlı eseriyle dikkati çeken Şâtıbî, bid‘atı “sonradan ortaya konan dinî görünümlü yol” olarak tarif etmiştir ki ona göre kişiler bu yola Allah’a daha çok kulluk etmeyi istedikleri için girerler. Dinî görünümlü olmayan, dinî telakki edilmeyen hususlar bid‘at sayılmaz. Meselâ bir kimsenin helâl olan bir şeyi kendisine yasaklaması bid‘at değildir; ancak bu yasaklamayı dindarlık vesilesi sayması bid‘attır. Bu bakımdan bid‘atın iyi veya kötü diye nitelendirilmesi isabetli olmaz, daha doğrusu bid‘atın iyi olması söz konusu değildir; çünkü iyi bid‘at denilenler esasında bid‘at olmayan şeylerdir. Şâtıbî, İzzeddin b. Abdüsselâm’ın beşli ayırımına da karşı çıkmıştır. Ona göre sonradan ortaya konulan ve dinî mahiyette görülen yeniliklerin şer‘î bir dayanaktan hareketle vâcip, mendup veya mubah bid‘at diye nitelendirilmesi doğru değildir. Çünkü şer‘î dayanağı bulunan bir ibadet ve uygulama bid‘at sayılmayacağı gibi bu şekilde bid‘at-ı hasene sayılan hususlar da maslahat veya aslî ibâha prensibiyle izah edilebilir. Bu sebeple bid‘atı mekruh ve haram diye ikiye ayırmak mümkünse de iyi veya kötü şeklinde tasnif etmek yahut İbn Abdüsselâm’ın yaptığı gibi beşe ayırmak mümkün değildir. Şâtıbî’den önce İbn Teymiyye de aynı paraleldeki görüşlerini dile getirmiştir.
İki grup arasında göze çarpan ihtilâf aslında bir terim anlaşmazlığından ibarettir. Çünkü her iki taraf da dinden olmadığı halde sonradan ortaya çıkan dinî inanç ve uygulamaların reddedilmesinin gerektiği konusunda görüş birliği içindedir. Sonradan ortaya çıkmakla birlikte dinî mahiyette görülmeyen ve dinî esaslara da ters düşmeyen fikir ve davranışlara gelince, bid‘atı geniş kapsamlı olarak ele alan âlimler bu tür fikir ve davranışlara iyi bid‘at demekte, diğerleri ise bunları bid‘at kapsamına dahil etmemektedir. Ancak reddedilmesi gereken bid‘at sınırlarının bazı âlimlerce çok geniş tutulduğu, Hz. Peygamber döneminde bulunmayan birçok âdet ve uygulamanın bid‘at kabul edildiği görülmektedir. Muhammed b. Eslem’in Hz. Peygamber döneminde olmadığı gerekçesiyle elenmiş undan yapılmış ekmeği bid‘at sayıp yememesi bunun örneklerinden birini teşkil eder.
Doğurduğu sonuçlara göre bid‘atın hasene-seyyie diye ikili veya vâcip, mendup, mubah, mekruh ve haram şeklinde beşli tasnife tâbi tutulmasından başka itikadî-amelî, fiilî-terkî, ibadetlerle veya günlük yaşayışla ilgili olmasına göre taabbüdî-âdî şeklinde ayırımları da yapılmıştır. Ayrıca hiçbir dinî delile dayanmayan bid‘at (bid‘at-ı hakîkî) ile bazı yönleriyle dinî bir delile dayanıyormuş intibaı verdiği halde uygulandığı biçimiyle delilden mahrum bulunan bid‘at (bid‘at-ı izâfî) şeklinde diğer bir ayırım daha yapılmıştır. Hakiki bid‘ata örnek olarak kişinin helâl bir yiyeceği dinî duygularla kendisine haram kılması, Şiîler’in aşure günü başlarını, yüzlerini tırmalayıp tokatlaması, izâfî bid‘ata örnek olarak da dinî bir delille tesbit edilenler dışında belirli günlerde oruç tutmaya veya belirli vakitlerde namaz kılmaya özel bir önem verilmesi gösterilebilir.
Bid‘atların ortaya çıkması ve yaşama şansı bulması çeşitli sebeplerle açıklanabilir. İslâmiyet’in kısa sürede farklı sosyal ve kültürel yapılara sahip bulunan milletler arasında yayılması bu sebeplerin başında gelir. Sosyal ve kültürel yapıların bazı unsurları İslâmî bir kimliğe bürünerek yeni dönemde de varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Ayrıca İslâmî esas ve hükümlerden bazılarının yeni müslümanlar tarafından yanlış anlaşılması veya eski kültür mirasının etkisiyle yanlış yorumlanması da bid‘atların İslâm’a girişine zemin hazırlamıştır. Yabancı millet ve kültürlerle olan sürekli temasların etkileşmeye yol açtığı, bunun sonucu olarak bazı yabancı inanış ve davranışların İslâm toplumuna girdiği de bir gerçektir. Bu arada birtakım hurafelerin veya eski dinî kalıntıların yeni dinin saflığını bozma amacıyla kasten İslâm’a sokulmak istenmesi de mümkündür. Bütün bunlara rağmen, aşırı muhafazakâr ve bir anlamda tutucu sayılan bazı sünnet taraftarlarının endişeleri bir yana, İslâm tarihi boyunca İslâm dininin hem inanç, ibadet ve hukukla ilgili temel hükümlerinde, hem de ana ahlâk kurallarında büyük bir çoğunlukla dinin ana sınırlarının dışına çıkılmamış ve İslâm’ın “ana rengi”nin (sıbgatullah ) değiştirilmemiş olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. İslâm’a bağlılık iddiası taşıdıkları halde fikrî sapıklıkları sebebiyle onun sınırları dışında kaldıkları kabul edilen grupların (gāliyye) tarih boyunca sadece yüzde bir civarında kalması da bu hususu desteklemektedir (bk. EHL-i BİD‘AT ).
İslâm hukukçularına göre bid‘atı küfür noktasına varmayan kimsenin arkasında namaz kılmak câizdir. Ancak Hanefîler, Şâfiîler ve bir rivayete göre Mâlikîler başka bir imam varken bid‘at ehlinin arkasında namaz kılmayı tenzîhen mekruh sayarlar. Öte yandan Mâlikîler ve Hanbelîler bid‘atçıların şahitliğini geçersiz sayarken Hanefî ve Şâfiî fakihleri, taraftarları lehine yalan söylemeyi mubah gören Hattâbîler müstesna, diğer bid‘at ehlinin şahitliklerini geçerli kabul ederler. Bid‘atı ta‘n noktalarından biri olarak mütalaa eden hadisçilerse bid‘at ehlinin rivayetini kabulde farklı görüşler benimsemişlerdir. Ancak bid‘atçılığı kendisini dinden çıkarma noktasına varan kimsenin rivayetinin kabul edilmeyeceği konusunda hadisçiler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Mâlikîler diğer bid‘atçıların rivayetini de kabul etmezler. İçlerinde Şâfiî, İbn Ebû Leylâ, Süfyân es-Sevrî ve Ebû Yûsuf’un da bulunduğu bazı âlimler ise mezhebini ve taraftarlarını desteklemek maksadıyla yalanı mubah saymaması şartıyla bid‘atçıya ait rivayetin kabul edilebileceğini söylerler. Konuya bid‘atın propagandasını yapıp yapmama açısından yaklaşan bazı âlimler de propaganda yapan ve başkalarını kendi mezheplerine davet edenlerin rivayetini reddetmeye, böyle olmayanlarınkini ise benimsemeye taraftardırlar. İbnü’s-Salâh ile Nevevî başta olmak üzere âlimlerin çoğu bu görüştedir. Nitekim Buhârî ve Müslim bu tür birçok bid‘atçının rivayetini kabul etmiş olup Süyûtî bunların bir listesini vermektedir (bk. Tedrîbü’r-râvî , s. 219-220). Sünnî kelâmcılar “ehl-i bid‘at” tabiriyle, Resûlullah ile ashap cemaatinin akaid alanında takip ettiği yolun (sünnet) dışında kalan mezhep sahiplerini kastederler; Mu‘tezile, Şîa, Hâricîler, Kaderiyye, Cebriyye gibi.
Bid‘atla mücadele konusunda İslâm âlimlerinin bir kısmı fitneye sebep olabileceği endişesiyle müsamahalı davranmayı uygun bulurken genellikle ilk selef âlimleri, özellikle de Hanbelî gruplar ve İbn Teymiyye bid‘atlara karşı sert bir tutum sergilemişlerdir. İbn Teymiyye, yaşadığı asrı sünnetten uzaklaşan ve bid‘atlara dalan bir çağ olarak nitelendirmekte ve bid‘atlarla en sert şekilde mücadele etmenin gerektiğine inanmaktadır. Vehhâbîlik hareketinin bid‘atlarla mücadele konusunda İbn Teymiyye’nin katılığını daha da arttırdığını söylemek mümkündür. Ancak bu katı tutum bir taraftan bid‘atla mücadele alanında başka bir aşırılığı gündeme getirmiş, diğer taraftan müslümanları sünnet çerçevesinde birleştirmek yerine bid‘atçıların kendi mezheplerine olan taassuplarını körüklemiştir. İslâm âlimlerinin çoğunluğu, bid‘atla mutlaka mücadele edilmesinin lüzumuna inanmakla birlikte bu mücadelede katılığa başvurmayıp çeşitli ikna yollarıyla bid‘atların ortadan kaldırılmasını uygun bulmaktadır. Kâtib Çelebi halk arasına yerleşen bid‘atları ortadan kaldırmanın çok zor olduğunu, bu konuda din ve devlet adamları tarafından gösterilen gayretlerin boşa gittiğini, bu sebeple bid‘atlara ve bid‘at ehline karşı yürütülecek mücadelenin müsamahalı olmasının gerektiğini belirtmektedir (Mîzânü’l-hak , s. 72-73).
İslâm âlimleri tarih boyunca kabule şayan olmayan bid‘atın sınırlarını çizmek ve halk arasında yaygınlaşan bid‘atlarla mücadele etmek amacıyla çok sayıda eser kaleme almışlardır. Bunlar arasında Muhammed b. Vaddâh el-Kurtubî’nin (ö. 286/899) el-Bidaʿ ve’n-nehyü ʿanhâ , İbn Ebû Rendeka et-Turtûşî’nin (ö. 520/1126) Kitâbü’l-Ḥavâdis̱ ve’l-bidaʿ , Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî’nin (ö. 665/1267) el-Bâʿis̱ ʿalâ inkâri’l-bidaʿ ve’l-ḥavâdis̱ , İbnü’l-Hâc el-Abderî’nin (ö. 737/1336) el-Medḫal ilâ tenmiyeti’l-aʿmâl bi-taḥsîni’n-niyyât , İbrâhim b. Mûsâ eş-Şâtıbî’nin (ö. 790/1388) el-İʿtiṣâm , İdrîs b. Baytekin et-Türkmânî’nin Kitâbü’l-Lümaʿ fi’l-ḥavâdis̱ ve’l-bidaʿ , Süyûtî’nin (ö. 911/1505) el-Emru bi’l-ittibâʿ ve’n-nehyü ʿani’l-ibtidâʿ , Osman b. Fûdî’nin (ö. 1232/1817) İḥyâʾü’s-sünne ve iḫmâdü’l-bidaʿ , çağdaş âlimlerden Ali Mahfûz’un el-İbdâʿ fî medârri’l-ibtidâʿ , Muhammed Bahît’in Aḥsenü’l-kelâm fîmâ yeteʿalleḳu bi’s-sünneti ve’l-bidaʿi mine’l-aḥkâm , Muhammed Abdullah Dirâz’ın el-Mîzân beyne’s-sünne ve’l-bidʿa , İzzet Ali Atıyye’nin el-Bidaʿ taḥdîdühâ ve mevḳıfü’l-İslâmi minhâ adlı eserleri sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “bdʿa” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “bidʿat” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “bidʿat” md.
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ramażân”, 3.
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İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 2, 7, 14, 67, “Eṭʿime”, 20.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Sünnet”, 6, “Ṣalât”, 23.
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İzzet Ali Atıyye, el-Bidʿa: taḥdîdühâ ve mevḳıfü’l-İslâm minhâ , Beyrut 1400/1980.
Bekir Topaloğlu, Kelâm İlmi-Giriş , İstanbul 1981, s. 245 ve oradaki kaynaklar.
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Talat Koçyiğit, Hadis Istılahları , Ankara 1985, s. 61-64.
Mohammed Talbi, “Les Bida‘”, St.I , XII (1960), s. 43-77.
Mahmûd Şeltût, “Esbâbü’l-bidʿa ve maḍârruhâ”, ME , XXXIII/1 (1961), s. 5-16.
Mehmed Sofuoğlu, “Bid’atler ve Korunma Yolları”, İstanbul Yüksek İslam Enstitüsü Dergisi , II, İstanbul 1964, s. 73-92.
Sâlih b. Suûd Âl-i Ali, “el-Bidaʿ taʿnün fi’ş-şerîʿa ve ḳadḥun fî kemâlihâ”, Mecelletü’l-buḥûs̱i’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 14, Riyad 1985, s. 145-207.
Abdüssettâr Abdülhamîd el-Kudsî, “Bid’atcının Rivayeti” (trc. Salâhaddin Polat), EÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 3, Kayseri 1986, s. 397-414.
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J. Robson, “Bidʿa”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 1199.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 129-131 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.