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BİHZÂD Skip to content Kemâleddin, Üstâd (ö. 942/1535-36 [?])
Tanınmış minyatür sanatçısı.
Doğum tarihi bilinmemekte, 854’ten (1450) sonra dünyaya geldiği sanılmaktadır. Yaşadığı dönemdeki yazarlardan Haydar Mirza ve Dost Muhammed onun Mîrek Nakkaş adıyla tanınan Emîr Rûhullah’ın öğrencisi olduğunu belirtirler. Bâbürlü Hükümdarı Cihangir ise Bihzâd’ın (Behzâd) Halil Mirza adlı bir nakkaşın üslûbunu geliştirmiş olduğunu ileri sürer (The Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī , II, 116). XVI. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarı Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî de Bihzâd’ın Tebrizli Pîr Seyyid Ahmed’in öğrencisi olduğunu ve onun tarafından yetiştirildiğini zikreder. Tarihçi Hândmîr, Bâbürlüler’in kurucusu Bâbür ve tarihçi Mirza Muhammed Haydar, Bihzâd’ın ününün artışını, kendisini himaye ve teşvik eden yakın dostu Ali Şîr Nevâî’ye borçlu olduğunu belirtirler. Ayrıca, Timurlu Hükümdarı Hüseyin Baykara’nın himayesi de bu olağan üstü yetenekli sanatçının her türlü imkânı elde ederek ün sahibi olmasına ve eser vermesine yol açmıştır.
Herat’ın 1507’de Şeybânî Muhammed Han tarafından alınıp Timurlular’ın egemenliğine son verilmesinden sonra da Bihzâd burada kalmıştır. Bâbür, Şeybânî Muhammed Han’ın Bihzâd’ın resimlerini tashihe cüret ettiğini belirtir ki bu durum ünlü sanatçının söz konusu dönemde kötü günler geçirdiğini gösterir. Kısa süren bu dönemden sonra Herat’ı zapteden Şah İsmâil Bihzâd’ı himayesine alarak Tebriz’e götürmüştür. Mustafa Âlî’nin naklettiği bir rivayete göre Yavuz Sultan Selim’in 1514 Tebriz Seferi sırasında Şah İsmâil, meşhur hattat Şah Mahmud Nîsâbûrî ile Bihzâd’ı bir mağaraya saklamış, savaştan bozguna uğramış olarak döndükten sonra ilk önce mağaraya gidip onları aramış ve bulunca Tanrı’ya şükretmiştir. Bu rivayet, şöhretinin doruğunda olan sanatçıya Şah İsmâil’in ne kadar değer verdiğini belirtmesi bakımından önemlidir. Şah İsmâil bir hayli yaşlanmış olan bu değerli sanatçıyı 27 Cemâziyelevvel 928’de (24 Nisan 1522) saray kütüphanesinin başına getirmiş, hâfız-ı kütübler, hattatlar, nakkaşlar, müzehhip ve musavvirler ile altın varak yapımcıları, kuyumcular ve lapis lazuliden (lâcivert taş) boya elde eden sanatçıların kâhyası olarak görevlendirmiştir. Fahrî Sultan Muhammed, yaşlı Bihzâd’ın bu dönemdeki çalışma tarzı hakkında kısmen bilgi verir (Leṭâʾifnâme , Londra British Museum, Add. 7669, vr. 98). 1520 yılı civarında yazılmış olan bu esere göre Bihzâd, yardımcısı Horasanlı Derviş Muhammed Nakkaş’a önceleri sadece boyalarını hazırlatırken yaşlılığı sebebiyle giderek bütün işlerini bırakmıştır. Bihzâd, Şah İsmâil’in ölümünden sonra tahta geçen Şah Tahmasb’ın da büyük ilgi ve iltifatına mazhar olmuştur. Dost Muhammed, onun Şah Tahmasb’ın saray kütüphanesinde çalışmak şerefine eriştiğini ve Şah Tahmasb zamanında hayata veda ederek ünlü şair Kemâl-i Hucendî’nin Tebriz’deki mezarının yanına defnedildiğini bildirir ve ölümü için Emîr Dost Hâşimî’nin düşürdüğü 942 (1535-36) tarihini verir. Bir başka rivayete göre ise Bihzâd 940’ta (1533-34) ölmüştür.
Bihzâd’ın olağan üstü sanat yeteneği konusunda bütün kaynaklar birleşmektedir. Hândmîr onun sanat yeteneğinin her zaman rastlanan cinsten olmadığını, mûcizevî sanatının bütün tasvir sanatını etkilediğini, fırçasının cansız şekillere can verdiğini belirtir. Bâbür ise Bihzâd’ın çok ince ve zarif bir fırçaya sahip olduğuna temas ettikten sonra sakallı yüzlerin resmedilişinde son derece usta, buna karşılık sakalsız yüzlerin tasvirinde başarısız olduğunu, çünkü insanların çenelerini iki misli büyük çizdiğini yazmaktadır. Dost Muhammed, Behrâm Mirza Albümü ’nün mukaddimesinde (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 2154) Bihzâd’ın tasvir ve tezhip sanatının gururu, devrinin en kıymetli ve ender sanatçısı olduğunu belirterek onun her türlü övgünün üstünde bulunduğunu söyler. Şah Tahmasb’ın adıyla tanınan Emîr Hüseyin Beg Albümü ’nün mukaddimesini yazan Mîr Seyyid Ahmed ise Bihzâd’la tanışma şansını elde ettiğini ve onun fırçasının kudretinin, zamanın diğer sanatçılarının çok üstünde olduğunu belirterek yaptığı resimlerin “100.000 değerinde” olduğunu kaydeder (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 2161). Mirza Muhammed Haydar da Târîḫ-i Reşîdî ’de Bihzâd’ın sanatını çağdaşı Şah Muzaffer’in sanatı ile mukayese etmiş ve Şah Muzaffer’in çizgisinin çok daha ince olmasına karşılık Bihzâd’ın fırçasının daha güçlü olduğu üzerinde durmuştur.
Bütün bu kaynaklar Bihzâd’ı devrinin en büyük nakkaşı olarak zikretmişler, onun gerçekçiliğini, fırça kullanmadaki ustalığını, zarafet ve inceliğini övmüşlerdir. Yaşadığı dönemde ve ölümünü takip eden yüzyıllarda onun eserlerine pek çok kişinin sahip olmak istediği ve bu eserlere yüksek ücretler ödediği bilinmektedir. İslâm dünyasında uyandırdığı ilgi ve üstün yeteneği, adının efsaneleşmesine ve yüzyıllar boyunca Mani ile birlikte anılmasına yol açmıştır. Pek çok beğenilen eser ona atfedilmiş, eserlerinin kopyaları yapılmıştır. Yaşadığı dönemde de büyük bir üne sahip olan Bihzâd’ın hâmilerinden daima takdir görmesi, yaptığı minyatürlerin dikkati çekmeyecek bir köşesine imza atmasına da yol açmıştır; bazan da yazmanın hâtimesinde adı zikredilmiştir.
Sanatçının en faal döneminin Herat’ta Hüseyin Baykara (1468-1506) zamanında olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Tebriz sarayına geldikten sonra yaşlılığı sebebiyle sanat faaliyetinde bulunduğunu söylemek zordur. Nitekim Şah İsmâil ve Şah Tahmasb dönemine ait Bihzâd’a atfedilebilecek bir minyatür bulmak güçtür. İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki bir albümde (FY, nr. 1422, vr. 34a ) Bihzâd’ı yaşlılık yıllarında gösteren bir minyatür portresi yer almaktadır. 1520-1530 yılları arasında yapıldığı sanılan bu resimde Bihzâd oldukça zayıf, esmer tenli ve bir hayli yaşlı olarak gösterilmiştir. Sanatçının bu dönemdeki faaliyeti yöneticilik ve Safevî sarayındaki nakkaşların eğitimi üzerine olmalıdır. Haydar Mirza, Bihzâd’ın öğrencileri arasında portre sanatçısı olduğunu belirttiği Kāsım Ali Maksûd ile Molla Yûsuf’u zikreder. Mustafa Âlî ise Horasanlı Şeyhzâde ile Âgā Mîrek’i, İskender Münşî de Muzaffer Ali’yi yetiştirdiğinden söz ederler. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’ndeki bir albümde (H, nr. 2161, vr. 52b ) yer alan genç bir Safevî soylusunun tasvirinin altındaki yazı, Bihzâd’ın yetiştirdiği öğrencilerden birinin de Abdülaziz adını taşıdığını ortaya koymuştur.
Sahip olduğu şöhret sebebiyle çağımızda da sanatçıya pek çok eser atfedilmiştir; fakat bunlardan ancak bir kısmı onun elinden çıkmış sanat eserleridir. Bihzâd’ın geleneksel İslâm tasvir sanatına yeni bir anlayış getirmiş olduğu söylenebilir. Tasvirlerinde minyatür sanatının ana prensibine uyarak metni açıklayıcı olmayı ön planda tutmuş, daha önce belirlenmiş kompozisyon ve kalıpları genellikle kullanmamayı tercih etmiştir. Daha çok, pek işlenmemiş konuları resimlemiş ve bunlarda da başarabildiğince gerçekçi olmaya çalışmıştır. Özellikle detaylarda o güne kadar görülmemiş bir realizmle resimlerine ifade gücü kazandırmıştır. Günlük yaşam, savaş sahneleri gibi konuları işleyen minyatürleri bunun en güzel örnekleridir. Resimlerinin bir diğer önemli tarafı figürlerin duruş biçimleri, konuşma ve tartışmayı ifade eden hareketleridir. Öte yandan konuya açıklık getiren yüz ifadeleri de onun resimlerine oldukça gerçekçi ve yorumcu bir anlam kazandırmıştır. Resimlerinin bir diğer özelliği de kullandığı renkler, fırça inceliği ve üstünlüğüdür. Sanatçının en çok sevdiği renkler mavinin tonlarıdır. Gri-mavi renk arasında çeşitli tonlarla belirlenen kayalıklar, araziler, çiçek açmış ağaçlar, kimi zaman sonbahar renklerine bürünen çınarlar büyük bir ustalık ve duyarlılıkla resmedilmiştir.
Bihzâd’ın imzalı ve imzasız eserleri dünyanın çeşitli yerlerindeki müze, kütüphane ve özel koleksiyonlara dağılmış durumdadır. Bu eserleri, imzalı olanlar ile kitabın hâtimesinde sanatçının çalışmasını belirten bir kayda sahip olanlar ve sadece üslûp özelliğinden Bihzâd tarafından yapıldığı anlaşılanlar olmak üzere gruplandırmak mümkündür. Sanatçının en ünlü eseri, Sa‘dî’nin Bostân ’ının Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de (Edeb, Fârisî, nr. 908) bulunan nüshasındaki minyatürlerdir. Bu yazma Sultan Ali (Meşhedî) tarafından istinsah edilmiştir. Eserdeki minyatürlerden dördü Bihzâd’ın imzasını taşır; ayrıca iki minyatürde de 893 (1488) ve 894 (1489) tarihleri vardır. İmza ve tarihler mimari tezyinat arasında ve gözle zor seçilebilecek küçüklüktedir. Eskiden Maurice de Rothschild koleksiyonunda bulunan ve halen Soudavar koleksiyonunda olan, 891’de (1486) Sultan Ali el-Kâtib (Meşhedî) tarafından istinsah edilmiş Sa‘dî’nin Gülistân ’ının bir nüshasındaki minyatürler de Bihzâd’ın karakteristiğini yansıtır, bunların bir tanesi de imzalıdır.
Bâbürlü Hükümdarı Cihangir tarafından Bihzâd’a atfedilen minyatürler, Şerefeddin Ali Yezdî’nin Ẓafernâme adlı eserinin 872’de (1467-68) Şîr Ali tarafından Hüseyin Baykara için istinsah edilen nüshasında yer alır (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Universty Milton S. Eisenhower Library, John Work Garrect Collection). Eserde bulunan imzasız on iki minyatür Cihangir tarafından Bihzâd’ın erken dönem eseri olarak yorumlanmıştır.
British Museum’da (Add. 25.900) bulunan Genceli Nizâmî’nin Ḫamse ’sinin 846’da (1442) yazılmış bir nüshasındaki daha sonra yapılmış minyatürler Bihzâd’ın tanınmış eserleri arasında yer alır. Bunlardan üçü sanatçının imzasını taşımakta ve bir tarihten de 1493’te yapıldıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca Bihzâd’a atfedilebilecek minyatürler arasında British Museum’da bulunan diğer bir Nizâmî Ḫamse ’sinin nüshasını da zikretmek gerekir (Or. 6810). 900 (1495) tarihli bu nüshadaki minyatürleri Bihzâd’ın dönemin diğer ünlü sanatçıları ile birlikte yapmış olması söz konusudur.
Bihzâd’ın üslûp özelliklerini yansıtan ve bu sebeple araştırmacılar tarafından ona atfedilen diğer önemli minyatürler, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’ndeki (Hazine, nr. 676) Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî’nin Heşt Bihişt mesnevisinin Sultan Muhammed Muhsin Bahadır Han’ın kütüphanesi için 902’de (1497) Sultan Ali Meşhedî tarafından istinsah edilen nüshasında yer alır. Eserin içindeki çift yapraklık bir sürek avını tasvir eden takdim sayfaları ile bu eserden çıktığı anlaşılan Washington Freer Gallery of Art’taki bir minyatür tamamen Bihzâd’ın üslûbunu yansıtır. Sanatçının üslûbundaki bazı minyatürleri içeren bir diğer el yazması da New York Metropolitan Müzesi’nde bulunan Attâr’ın Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr nüshasıdır. 888 (1483) tarihli yazmadaki minyatürlerden dördü belirtilen tarihte ve muhtemelen Bihzâd veya onun ekolüne mensup sanatçılar tarafından yapılmıştır. Sanatçıya atfedilebilecek bir grup minyatür de Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin Hayretü’l-ebrâr adlı eserinin 890 (1485) tarihli nüshasında yer alır (Oxford Bodleian Library Mss. Elliot, nr. 317, 339, 408). Bu eserdeki on bir minyatürden bir kısmının Bihzâd’ın elinden çıkmış olması mümkündür.
Bihzâd’a atfedilen veya orijinal imzalı olan bazı minyatürlere albümlerde de rastlanmaktadır. Bunlardan biri, ünlü hattatların yazılarını ihtiva eden ve eskiden Kevorkian koleksiyonunda bulunan albümde yer alan yuvarlak bir madalyon içindeki minyatürdür. 930 (1524) tarihli albümdeki bu minyatür imzalıdır ve burada bir kır manzarası içinde yaşlı bir adamla bir delikanlı tasvir edilmiştir. Bir diğer örnek, Tahran Gülistan Müzesi’ndeki çift sayfalık bir minyatürdür. Sultan Hüseyin Baykara’yı maiyetiyle bir bahçede tasvir eden eser 1485’e tarihlenmekte ve orijinal olması mümkün Bihzâd imzasını taşımaktadır. Bu tanınmış minyatürün bir sayfasının tamamlanmamış bir kopyası New York’ta özel bir koleksiyonda, desen halindeki bir diğer kopyası da Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki bir albümde (Hazine, nr. 2165, vr. 27a ) bulunmaktadır. Bihzâd’a atfedilen tanınmış resimlerden biri de yine Tahran Gülistan Müzesi’nde bulunan ve pek çok kopyası yapılmış olan bir deve güreşi minyatürüdür. Eserde Bihzâd tarafından 1520-1525 yıllarında yetmiş yaşındayken yapıldığını gösteren bir kayıt mevcuttur.
Minyatürleri çok çeşitli koleksiyonlara dağılmış olan sanatçının etkisi XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında gerek Safevîler’in Tebriz sarayında, gerekse daha sonra Kazvin sarayında görülmüş ve geleneği daha çok Buhara’da Şeybânîler’in sarayında Heratlı sanatçılar tarafından sürdürülmüştür. Bihzâd’ın etkisinde kalarak yetişen sanatçılar bu üslûbu Hindistan’a da taşımışlardır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 147-149 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.