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BİNGÖL Skip to content Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Fırat nehrinin iki büyük kolundan biri olan Murat suyuna Genç civarında karışan Gonik (Goynik) adlı çayın küçük bir kolu olan Sağyer deresine hâkim bir düzlük üzerinde kurulmuştur. Sağyer deresinin vadisi içinde de eski merkezi oluşturan ve günümüzde şehrin terkedilmiş bir mahallesi durumunda bulunan Çapakçur yer alır. İstanbul ve Ankara’yı Malatya ve Elazığ üzerinden Van gölü havzasındaki merkezlere bağlayan karayolu Bingöl’den geçer. Şehir biraz güneyinden geçen Haydarpaşa-Tatvan demiryolu üzerindeki Genç istasyonuna da 24 kilometrelik bir kara yoluyla bağlıdır.
Şehrin bulunduğu bölgenin İlkçağ’larda Urartular’ın sınırları içerisinde yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Bingöl yöresi daha sonra sırasıyla Asurlular’ın, Persler’in, Büyük İskender ve haleflerinin eline geçmiştir. Nüfusun ve iskânın daima seyrek olduğu bu yörede İlkçağ kaynakları önemli bir şehir yerleşmesinden söz etmezler. Günümüzdeki Bingöl’ün yerinde kurulmuş olan ve 1945 yılına kadar Çapakçur adıyla bilinen yerleşim yerinin adına ise ilk defa Ortaçağ İslâm kaynaklarında Cebelü Cûr (Yâkūt, II, 102) şeklinde rastlanmaktadır. Hangi dönemde kurulduğu kesin şekilde bilinmeyen Çapakçur’un, doğu-batı doğrultulu önemli yol üzerinde bu yolu kontrol etmek için erken dönemlerde bir kale yeri olarak seçildiği tahmin edilmektedir. Nüfusun seyrek olduğu çevredeki alanlarla üzerinde çok sayıda buzul gölü bulunan ve günümüzdeki şehre adını veren Bingöl dağı (Eskiçağ’daki Abus Mons), bu yöreyi ele geçirenler tarafından daha çok yaylak olarak kullanılmıştır.
Halife Osman zamanında 651 yılında Habîb b. Mesleme kumandasındaki İslâm orduları Doğu Anadolu’nun hemen hemen tamamını fethedince Çapakçur Kalesi de onların hâkimiyetine girdi. Fakat bu hâkimiyet uzun süreli olmadı ve Doğu Anadolu’daki öteki yerler gibi Bizans ile müslüman Araplar arasında sık sık el değiştirdi. Malazgirt Zaferi’nden sonra da Selçuklular tarafından ele geçirildi. Çapakçur, Selçuklu döneminde Doğu Anadolu’da kurulan beyliklerden biri olan Artuklular’ın sınırları içinde bulunuyordu. 1103 yılında Artuklular’dan Sökmen Mardin hâkimi Ali’nin elinden Mardin’i almış ve buna karşılık olarak ona Çapakçur’u vermişti. Çapakçur ve çevresi XII. yüzyılın sonunda Eyyûbîler’in hâkimiyeti altına girdi. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî Çapakçur ve çevresini adamlarından Takıyyüddin’e iktâ etti (582/1186-87).
Selâhaddin’in ölümünden sonra kardeşi I. el-Melikü’l-Âdil ile oğlu Efdal arasındaki mücadeleler sonucunda bu bölge Efdal’in payına düştü (1200). Çapakçur XIII. yüzyılın başlarında Eyyûbîler’in elinde bulunuyordu. el-Melikü’l-Âdil’in oğlu Ahlat hâkimi Şehâbeddin Gazi tâbi olduğu ağabeyi Eşref’e karşı 1224 yılında isyan etti. Eşref de kendisinden Ahlat ve Çapakçur’u geri aldı. 1228’de Celâleddin Hârizmşah Çapakçur’a kadar ilerledi, hatta burayı yağmaladı. XIII. yüzyılda yaşamış olan coğrafyacı Yâkūt da bu yüzyıldaki Çapakçur’dan Diyarbekir civarında bir yer olarak söz etmekte, daha fazla bilgi vermemektedir. Bu da buranın o dönemde de fazla önemli bir şehir olmadığını göstermektedir.
Timur XIV. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru çıktığı Doğu Anadolu seferinde Erzurum’u işgal ettikten sonra Çapakçur’a gelerek ordugâhını burada kurmuş, Muş ve Ahlat’a doğru yaptığı ileri harekâtında burayı bir üs olarak kullanmıştır. XV. yüzyılın ortalarında Karayülük Osman Bey zamanında Akkoyunlu hâkimiyetine giren yöre bu yüzyıl boyunca Akkoyunlu-Karakoyunlu mücadelesine sahne olmuş ve sık sık el değiştirmiştir. İki ordu arasındaki ilk temas Uzun Hasan’ın oğlu Halil kumandasındaki küçük bir Akkoyunlu kuvvetinin bir Karakoyunlu devriyesini Çapakçur yakınında çevirmesiyle Ekim 1467’de başlamıştır. Bundan sonra Karakoyunlu Hükümdarı Cihan Şah’ın büyük emîrlerinden İbrâhim Şah Çapakçur Kalesi’ni ele geçirmiş, fakat çok geçmeden Akkoyunlu öncü kuvvetleri buradaki Karakoyunlu muhafız kuvvetlerini geri püskürterek kaleyi zaptetmişlerdir.
Yöre, Akkoyunlu idaresinden sonra bu devlete son veren Safevîler’in hâkimiyetine geçti. Yavuz Sultan Selim doğu seferine çıkarken Erzincan Valisi Bıyıklı Mehmed Paşa’ya da Anadolu’daki bazı şehir ve kalelerin zaptı görevini verdi. Mehmed Paşa, İdrîs-i Bitlisî’nin bölgedeki beyleri önceden hazırlaması sayesinde, o sıralarda Safevîler’in elindeki Çapakçur’un da savaşsız olarak Osmanlı topraklarına katılmasını sağladı.
Çapakçur, Yavuz Sultan Selim döneminde “yurtluk-ocaklık” sancaklardan biri olan aynı adlı sancağın merkezi idi ve bu sancak XIX. yüzyıla kadar Diyarbekir Beylerbeyiliği’ne bağlı kaldı. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında eyaletlerin kaldırılmasından sonra Çapakçur, Bitlis vilâyetinin Genç sancağı içinde yer alan ve aynı adı taşıyan kazanın merkezi oldu. V. Cuinet’e göre XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında Çapakçur 450 hâneli, sekiz dükkânı ile bir fırını olan, meyve bahçeleri ve üzüm bağları ile çevrili küçük bir yerleşme yeriydi ve nüfusu da sadece 1075 kadardı. Ayrıca burada şayak adı verilen kaba bir dokuma üretiliyor ve çevresindeki yerlere gönderiliyordu.
I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında 1915’ten 1917 yılı sonlarına kadar Ruslar’la yapılan bir dizi muharebeye sahne olan ve işgale uğrayan Çapakçur yöresi, Aralık 1917’de Erzincan’da imzalanan ateşkes anlaşması sonucunda Rus işgalinden kurtuldu. Cumhuriyet döneminin başlarında (1924) sancaklar vilâyet haline dönüştürülürken Genç sancağı da vilâyet haline getirildi ve Çapakçur bir kaza merkezi olarak buraya bağlandı. Daha sonra 1927’de Genç vilâyeti lağvedilince Çapakçur Elazığ’a bağlı bir kaza merkezi oldu. 1929’da da yeni kurulan Muş ilinin bir ilçe merkezi haline getirildi. 7 Aralık 1935 tarihinde kabul edilen 2885 sayılı kanunla (Resmî Gazete ’de yayımlanma tarihi 4.1.1936) Bingöl adlı yeni bir il kurulunca Çapakçur da bu ilin merkezi oldu. 1945 yılına kadar şehrin adı (Çapakçur) ile merkez olduğu ilin adı (Bingöl) ayrı iken 1945’te şehrin adı Bingöl olarak değiştirildi. Çapakçur ise onun vadi içinde kalan eski kesiminin adı olarak kaldı.
Bugün Bingöl Çapakçur’un ilk kurulduğu eski yerinde değildir. Çapakçur daha önce Sağyer deresinin Çapakçur ovasına açıldığı yerde kurulmuştu. Bingöl’ün ilk kurulmuş olduğu eski yerinin fizikî coğrafya şartları bakımından şehir yerleşmesine uygun olmadığı anlaşılınca yer değiştirmesi öngörüldü. Bingöl bir köy kadar küçükken (1935’te 961 nüfus, 1940’ta 1418 nüfus, 1945’te 1616 nüfus) coğrafî şartların uygunsuzluğu henüz hissedilmiyordu. Zira yerleşme hem akarsu yatağından epeyce uzakta bulunuyor hem de yamaçlara tırmanmıyordu. Bingöl büyüyüp kasaba ve şehir hüviyetini kazanmaya başlayınca bir taraftan akarsu yatağına yakın kesimlere doğru gelişirken diğer taraftan da yamaçlara doğru yükselme gösterdi. Ancak zamanla her iki tarafa doğru genişlemenin mahzurları görüldü. Şehrin akarsu yatağına yakın kesimleri su baskınına mâruz kalırken yamaçlara doğru tırmanan evler de iri blokların aşağıya yuvarlanması tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kaldılar. Asıl bu ikinci tehlike Bingöl’ün yer değiştirmesine sebep oldu. 1950-1955 arasındaki dönemde, şehrin gelişmesi için daha uygun görülen ve yukarıda adı geçen tehlikelere mâruz kalmayan taraça üzerindeki düzlüğe nakledilmesine karar verildi. Günümüzde şehir nüfusunun % 95’inden fazlası bu yeni yerde oturmaktadır. Bununla birlikte vadi içindeki eski kesim tamamıyla terkedilmedi; çok az bir nüfus hâlâ burada yaşamaktadır.
22 Mayıs 1971 tarihinde meydana gelen 8 derece şiddetindeki bir deprem Bingöl’de önemli tahribata sebep oldu. Şehirde o tarihte mevcut 4332 hâneden 1731’i hasar görerek oturulamayacak duruma gelirken 294 kişi de hayatını kaybetti. Bazı mahallelerde hasar oranı çok yüksek oldu. Bingöl ve civarında 1940 ve 1957 yıllarında da şiddeti 6 dereceyi bulan iki önemli deprem olmuştu. Bingöl şehri yeni yerinde daha hızlı gelişerek ilk defa 1965 yılında 10.000 nüfusu aştı (11.727) ve 1985’te 34.024’e, 1990’da da 41.590’a ulaştı. Şehirde sanayi kuruluşu olarak yem, süt, tuğla ve un fabrikaları vardır.
Bingöl şehrinin merkez olduğu il Erzurum, Muş, Diyarbakır, Elazığ ve Tunceli illeriyle kuşatılmıştır. Merkez ilçeden başka Adaklı, Genç, Karlıova, Kiğı, Solhan, Yayladere ve Yedisu adlı yedi ilçeye ve on yedi bucağa ayrılmış olup sınırları içerisinde 317 köy bulunmaktadır. 8125 km2 genişliğindeki Bingöl ilinin 1990 sayımına göre nüfusu 250.966, nüfus yoğunluğu ise 31 idi.
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 1991 yılı istatistiklerine göre Bingöl’de il ve ilçe merkezlerinde otuz sekiz, kasaba ve köylerde 368 olmak üzere toplam 406 cami ve mescid bulunmaktadır. Bingöl il merkezindeki cami sayısı ise on dörttür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , II, 102.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (trc. Abdülkerim Özaydın), İstanbul 1987, X, 317; XI, 414; XII, 137, 443-444.
Cuinet , II, 624-625.
Düstur , Üçüncü tertip, Ankara 1936, XVII, 171.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , II, 581.
Turgut Bilgin v.dğr., Bingöl Depremi , İstanbul 1972, s. 5, 13.
J. E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu , Chicago 1976, s. 109.
İ. Metin Kunt, Sancaktan Eyâlete (1550-1650) , İstanbul 1978, s. 131, 143, 163, 191.
Ahmet Tabban, Kentlerin Jeolojisi ve Deprem Durumu , Ankara 1980, s. 71-72.
Tuncer Baykara, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyasına Giriş I: Anadolu’nun İdarî Taksimatı , Ankara 1988, s. 59, 88, 102, 103, 117, 141.
Ramazan Şeşen, “Eyyûbîler”, Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslâm Tarihi , İstanbul 1989, VI, 360.
M. Çetin Varlık, “Kara-Koyunlular”, a.e. , İstanbul 1989, VIII, 441-482.
Akkan Erdoğan, “Bingöl’ün Yer Değiştirmesinde Rol Oynayan Jeomorfolojik Etkenler”, Jeomorfoloji Dergisi , sy. 3, Ankara 1971, s. 38-43.
Metin Tuncel, “Türkiye’de Doğal Olaylar Sonucunda Yer Değiştiren Kentler”, Yerbilimleri Dergisi , sy. 1-2, İstanbul 1981, s. 115-124.
Besim Darkot, “Bingöl”, İA , II, 627-628.
Ali Sevim, “Sökmen”, a.e. , X, 765.
Faruk Sümer, “Akkoyunlular”, DİA , II, 272.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 183-184 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.