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BİRLEŞİK ARAP EMİRLİKLERİ Skip to content Basra körfezinin güney kıyısında yedi emirliğin oluşturduğu federal bir devlet.
Doğuda Uman ve Uman körfezi, güneyde ve güneybatıda Suudi Arabistan, kuzeybatıda Katar, kuzeyde de Basra körfeziyle çevrilidir. Toplam yüzölçümü 77.700 km2 , başşehri Ebûzabî, nüfusu 1.827.000’dir (1989 yılı tahmini).
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nin toprakları Katar yarımadasından Müsendem yarımadasına kadar uzanır ve denizden yüksekliği 150 m. civarında olan çöl düzlüklerinden oluşur. Uman Sultanlığı’ndaki el-Hacerü’l-Garbî dağlarının Müsendem yarımadasına sokulan kuzeydeki uzantıları, ülkenin kuzeydoğusunda çöl düzlüklerini bozarak yükseklikler meydana getirir. Ülkenin iklimi son derece sıcak ve nemlidir. Nem oranının yüksekliği hayatı olumsuz yönde etkiler. Sıcaklar yaz aylarında 54 derecenin üstüne kadar çıkar. Kış aylarında ve yaz başlarında kuzeyden esen rüzgârlar kum fırtınalarına dönüşür. Bitki örtüsü fakir olup sadece kıyı kesiminde ve vahalarda bazı yeşilliklerle bodur çalılara rastlanır. Ülkenin toprakları tarıma elverişli değildir. Son yıllarda deniz suyunun arıtılması ile elde edilen su kaynaklarıyla sulanan yerlerde hem ziraat yapılabilmekte hem de yeşil bir bitki örtüsünün meydana getirilmesine çalışılmaktadır. Ülkede akarsu kaynaklarının bulunmaması, içilecek ve sulamada kullanılacak suyun temini için büyük yatırımların yapılmasını gerektirmiştir.
2 Aralık 1971’de kurulan birlikte Ebûzabî, Dübey, Şârika, Acmân, Ümmülkayveyn, Re’sülhayme ve Füceyre emirlikleri yer almaktadır.
XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Basra körfezinde baş gösteren Portekiz tehlikesi karşısında Osmanlı Devleti bölge ile ilgilenmeye başlamış, Basra ve Lahsâ’nın alınmasıyla körfezin güney kıyıları da Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girmiştir. Ancak zaman zaman Osmanlı Devleti’nin bölge ile ilgisini azaltması üzerine başta İngilizler olmak üzere diğer Avrupa devletleri Arap kabileleriyle temas kurmaya başladılar ve bazı ticaret ve saldırmazlık antlaşmaları imzaladılar.
İngilizler’in bölgeye gelişi, XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Basra körfezinde faaliyette bulunmasıyla başlar. Sahil kesiminden kendi gemilerine karşı düzenlenen saldırılar üzerine İngiliz kuvvetleri 1819’da Re’sülhayme’deki limanlara hücum etti. Gemilere saldırılmaması konusunda İngilizler’le sahil şeyhleri arasında 1820’de bir antlaşma imzalandı ve bu tarihten itibaren körfezdeki İngiliz varlığı kuzeye doğru yöneldi. 1853’te emirliklerle İngiltere arasında korsanlık hareketlerine son vermek maksadıyla karşılıklı bir barış antlaşması imzalandı. Batı kaynaklarında Uman sahili olarak anılan bölge aynı zamanda “Ateşkes Sahili” (Trucial Coast) adıyla anıldı. Sahil Emirlikleri veya Uman Sahili Emirlikleri diye bilinen şeyhliklere de İngilizler tarafından “Antlaşmalı Emirlikler” (Trucial States, el-İmârâtü’l-mütesâliha) denildi.
XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Osmanlı Devleti ile İran İngiltere’nin bölgedeki nüfuzunu önleyici bir dış politika takip etmeye çalıştılarsa da bunun önemli bir tesiri olmadı. 1871’de Osmanlı kuvvetleri Necid bölgesini ele geçirdi ve Katar’a kadar olan yerleri hâkimiyeti altına aldı. Ayrıca İngiltere’nin sahil şeyhlikleriyle yaptığı antlaşmaları tanımadı. Bu durum 1914’teki Osmanlı-İngiliz antlaşmasına kadar sürdü. Diğer taraftan XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Fransa, Rusya ve Almanya’nın İngiltere ile bölgede menfaat çatışmaları baş gösterdiyse de İngiltere daha sonra bu ülkelerle yaptığı ikili antlaşmalarla bölgedeki nüfuzunu sürdürdü.
1892’de İngilizler’in sahil şeyhleriyle yaptığı yeni bir antlaşmayla İngiltere’nin emirlikler üzerindeki nüfuzu daha da arttı; iç işlerinde serbest olan emirlikler dış işleri ve savunmada İngiliz yönetimine bağlı kaldılar. Hint yarımadasındaki güvenliği için Uman sahilleri ve körfez girişinin kontrol altında tutulması İngiltere için büyük önem taşıyordu. İngiltere 1947’de Hindistan’dan çekildikten sonra da petrol ve milletlerarası ulaşımdaki önemi sebebiyle emirliklerdeki varlığını sürdürdü. Bölgede İngiliz menfaatlerini korumak ve özellikle petrol aramalarını güven altına almak için kendi kumandası altında 1950’de “Uman sahili askerleri” (Trucial Oman Scouts) adıyla askerî bir güç oluşturdu. Ayrıca gerek emirliklerin kendi aralarında gerekse İngiltere ile olan münasebetlerini düzenlemek üzere 1952’de Antlaşmalı Emirlikler Konseyi’ni (Trucial States Council, Meclisü’l-İmârâti’l-mütesâliha) kurdu.
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin iki süper güç olarak ortaya çıkmaları ve bunların körfezdeki menfaatleri, Arap milliyetçiliği cereyanlarının bölgede gittikçe güçlenmesi, İran, Irak ve Suudi Arabistan gibi büyük bölge devletlerinin İngiliz nüfuzuna karşı çıkmaları ve ayrıca İngiliz kamuoyunun sömürgelerin tasfiyesi yönünde değişmesi gibi sebepler İngiltere’nin bölgedeki varlığının giderek zayıflamasına ve emirliklerin bağımsızlıklarını elde etmelerine yol açtı. Çöllerle kaplı olan bölgede tabii sınırların bulunmaması devletler arası sınırların tesbitinde zorluklar ortaya çıkarmış ve Uman, Suudi Arabistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri arasındaki sınır meseleleri ancak 1961 yılında çözümlenebilmiştir. İlk olarak Ebûzabî ve Dübey beraberce bir birlik kuracaklarını ve savunma, dış işleri, ülke içi emniyet, eğitim ve sağlık meselelerini ortak bir birlik içinde götürmek niyetinde olduklarını açıkladılar. Bahreyn ve Katar’ın iştirakiyle bir konferans toplandı ve bu devletlerin dahil olacakları dokuz üyeli bir federasyon kurulması fikri benimsendi. Kurulacak yüksek meclis dokuz üyeden oluşacak ve en büyük yetkilere sahip olacak, ancak icra kuvveti federal konseyde kalacaktı. Bu şekildeki bir anlaşma 30 Mart 1968’de imzalandı ve Arap Emirlikleri Birliği’nin (İttihâdü’l-imârâti’l-Arabiyye) kurulması ile ilgili karar alınmış oldu.
Birliğin yurt içindeki ve yurt dışındaki meseleleri için ayrı ayrı komisyonlar kuruldu. Sınır problemleriyle kabilelerden oluşan toplumun toprak meseleleri yeni birliği sarsan ana konular olarak ortaya çıktı. Federal birliğin başşehrinin tayini, yüksek meclis ve federal konseyin yetkileri, başkanlık meselesi, yetki süreleri ve dağılımı çözüm aranan diğer konuları oluşturdu. Bahreyn ve Katar, Ebûzabî ile Dübey’in ortak bir oya sahip olmaları üzerinde ısrarla durdular ve ayrıca kendileri dışında kalan beş federal üyenin de bir oya sahip olması gerektiği hususunda görüş belirttiler. Konseyin aldığı bütün kararların ittifakla olması, çoğunlukla yetinilmemesine dair bir karar üzerinde ısrar edilince federal birlik fikri yavaş yavaş önemini kaybetti ve ortadan kalktı. Öte yandan üye şeyhlerin her birinin bölgede varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri problemi vardı. Bahreyn üzerinde devamlı olarak hâkimiyet hakkına sahip olmak isteyen İran, Büreymî meselesinde ortaya çıkan Uman, Suudi Arabistan ve Ebûzabî ihtilâfı ve nihayet Ebûzabî’nin bir kısım arazisi üzerinde hak iddia eden Suudi Arabistan’ın sebep olduğu sınır meselesi, birliği zorlaştıran sebepler olarak ortada durmakta idi. Bütün bunların etkisinde kalan emirlikler, 1970 yılı Mayısında, dokuz şeyhliğin bir araya gelmesiyle kurulması düşünülen federasyona doğru bir adım atmak gayesiyle İran ile Bahreyn arasındaki anlaşmazlığı bir karara bağladılar. Birleşmiş Milletler Teşkilâtı genel sekreteri bölgeye özel bir temsilci gönderdi (Mart 1970) ve yapılan tesbitle Bahreyn’in bağımsız bir Arap devleti olmak istediği anlaşıldı; İran da bu karara uymak zorunda kaldı (11 Mayıs 1970). Mart 1971’de İngilizler’in körfezden tamamıyla çekilmesi üzerine 14 Ağustos 1971’de Bahreyn, 1 Eylül 1971’de de Katar bağımsız birer devlet olduklarını ilân ettiler ve böylece bölgedeki diğer emirliklerle hiçbir ortak bağlarının kalmadığını ortaya koydular. Bunun üzerine önceden Anlaşmalı Emirlikler olarak bilinen şeyhliklerden altısı bir araya gelerek Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (el-İmârâtü’l-Arabiyyetü’l-müttahide) devletinin kuruluşunu 2 Aralık 1971’de Dübey’de ilân ettiler. Önceleri Re’sülhayme’nin şeyhi Şeyh Sakr b. Muhammed el-Kāsımî federasyona girmeyi kabul etmediyse de 1972 yılı Şubat ortalarında federasyona katıldı ve böylece Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri yedi emirlik arasında teşekkül etmiş oldu. Devletin başkanlığına Ebûzabî şeyhi olan Şeyh Zâid b. Sultân en-Nehayân ve başkan yardımcılığına Dübey şeyhi Şeyh Râşid b. Saîd el-Mektûm getirildi; başşehrinin geçici bir süre için Ebûzabî olmasına karar verildi ve durum günümüze kadar bu şekilde devam etti.
Ülke kararları Yüksek Federal Konsey’de (el-Meclisü’l-a‘lâ li’l-ittihâd) oy birliğiyle alınır ve idare tamamen bu konseyde verilen kararlarla yürütülür; ancak Ebûzabî ve Dübey veto hakkına sahiptir. Ülke yönetiminde en büyük yetkiye sahip olan bu konsey birliğin reisini ve nâibini seçer. Konsey tarafından seçilen başkan, başbakan ile başbakan yardımcısını ve bakanları tayin etme yetkisine sahiptir. Tayinle oluşan kabinenin başta gelen görevi yüksek konseyin ve başkanın emirlerini icra etmektir. Beş yıl süreli 152 maddelik geçici anayasanın 68-93. maddeleri, danışma meclisi olarak vazife görecek bir federal Millî Konsey’in (el-Meclisü’l-vataniyyü’l-ittihâdî) seçimini öngörür ve çalışma şeklini tesbit eder. Millî Konsey otuz dört kişiden oluşur ve üyeler iki yıl süre ile bu vazifede kalırlar. Üyelikler, emirlikler arasında tesbit edilen kontenjana göre tayin edilir. Bu kontenjana göre Ebûzabî ve Dübey sekizer, Şârika altı, Acmân, Ümmülkayveyn ve Füceyre dörder temsilci seçebileceklerdir. Geçici anayasanın 94112. maddelerinde ele alındığı üzere en yüksek yargı yetkisi, bir başkan ve dört üyeden teşekkül eden Birlik Yüksek Mahkemesi’ne (el-Mahkemetü’l-ittihâdiyyetü’l-ulyâ) bırakılmıştır. Kadılar anayasa gereği bağımsızdırlar ve Birlik Yüksek Mahkemesi hâkimleri süresiz seçilirler. Mahkemelerde verilen kararlar İslâm hukuku esaslarına aykırı olamaz. Bölgenin tarih boyunca İran’la yakın münasebetlerde bulunmuş olması sebebiyle Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nde de diğer körfez ülkelerinde olduğu gibi belirli bir kesim Şîa mezhebini benimsemiş durumdadır.
Başşehir Ebûzabî’nin yanında Dübey ticaret merkezi olarak önemli bir yere sahiptir. Milletlerarası hava ve deniz limanları, gümrüksüz ticarî sahaları ile Dübey bugün körfezin en gözde ticaret merkezi durumundadır. Ülkenin kültür merkezi, üniversitesi (açılışı 1977), araştırma kurumları ve çeşitli enstitüleriyle Ayn şehridir. En önemli kazanç petrolden gelmekle beraber dış ticaretle de bir miktar döviz elde edilmektedir. Ülkede çok miktarda Asya kökenli yabancı bulunur; ayrıca eğitim müesseseleri ve bakanlıklar, televizyon, radyo vb. kuruluşlarda başta Mısır olmak üzere civar Arap ülkelerinden gelmiş çok sayıda görevli vardır. Aralık 1985’te yapılan nüfus sayımı, son beş yıl içinde nüfusun % 55,7 oranında arttığını göstermiştir. Büyüyen ekonomiye paralel olarak dışarıdan gelen çalışanların çokluğu bu durumun ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. 1983 yılında Planlama Bakanlığı’nın yaptığı çalışmaya göre yabancılar çalışan zümrenin üçte ikisini oluşturmakta olup sayıları 558.960’tı. 1980 yılındaki tesbitlere göre yabancıların % 25’i Hindistanlı, % 20’si Pakistanlı, % 20’si Bengladeşli ve % 18’i İranlıdır. Ülkede sosyal ve ekonomik şartların süratle gelişmesi neticesinde çok sayıda yabancıdan oluşan bir işçi kesimi ortaya çıkmış ve toplumdaki sosyal denge ve geleneksel kalıplar bozulmuştur.
Körfez ülkeleri arasında, bir tür ekonomik birlik anlayışı ile başlayan Körfez Ülkeleri Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilâtı (Meclisü’t-teâvün li-düveli’l-Halîc) kurulmuş ve günden güne bu teşkilât bölgenin ortak savunma planlarını tasarlayacak kadar kuvvetlenmiştir. Ancak son Küveyt işgali ile başlayan Körfez harbi bu birliğin etkili olamadığını ortaya koymuştur.
1981 yılına kadar Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nde kalkınma hareketinin yegâne kaynağı yıllık bütçe olmuş ve uzun dönemli ekonomik planlamalara ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır. İlk beş yıllık plan 1981 yılında uygulamaya konulmuştur. 1985 yılına kadar devam etmesi düşünülen plan, bu dönemde petrol gelirlerinin düşmesi dolayısıyla büyük ölçüde uygulanamamıştır. Planda ziraî üretimin arttırılmasına önem verilmektedir. Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri petrol gelirlerinin yüksek olması dolayısıyla sadece kendi kalkınmasına değil bölgedeki diğer Arap ülkelerinin kalkınmalarına da yardımcı olmaktadır. Ebûzabî Fonu ve Arap Ekonomik Kalkınma Fonu gibi fonlar vasıtasıyla komşu ülkelerdeki sınaî ve ziraî projeler desteklenmektedir. Bağışlar şeklinde gelişen bu ekonomik yardımlar 1974-1978 dönemindeki yıllarda 1 milyar 100 milyon dolar, 1979 yılında 1,5 milyar dolar civarında olmuştur. Ayrıca Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Körfez ülkeleri ekonomik yardımlaşmasında Bahreyn ve Uman gibi diğer komşulara en çok yardım eden devletlerin arasında yer almaktadır.
Petrol bulunmadan önce bölgedeki yedi emirliğin iktisadî durumları genelde balıkçılığa, inci avcılığına, ticarete ve az miktarda da ziraata dayanıyordu. Petrole ilk defa 1958’de Ebûzabî’de rastlandı, ancak petrolün önemli bir şekilde ülke ekonomisine katkısı 1962 yılında ihracat başlatıldığında oldu. 1971’de Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nin kuruluşu ile bölgede elde edilen petrol gelirleri birleştirildi ve böylece büyük bir iktisadî kalkınma hareketi başlamış oldu. 1987 yılı Ocak ayında ülkede ilân edilen rezervler 32 milyar 900 milyon varil kadardır. Ayrıca doğal gaz ülke için ayrı bir gelir kaynağı oluşturmuştur. 1971-1980 yılları arasında Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nin petrol gelirleri yirmi beş kat artmıştır. Özellikle Petrol İhraç Eden Ülkeler Birliği’nin (OPEC) petrol fiyatlarını arttırdığı 1973-1974 yıllarında ülkenin gelirleri çok yüksek düzeylere ulaştı. 1985 yılı Dünya Bankası hesaplarına göre ülkede fert başına düşen gayri sâfi millî gelir 19.270 dolara vardı ve bu rakam dünyada ulaşılan en yüksek rakam olarak belirlendi. Daha sonraki yıllarda petrol üretimindeki fazlalık ve buna bağlı olarak fiyatların düşmesi ülke gelirlerinin azalmasına sebep oldu. 1986 yılı Temmuzunda günlük üretim 1,7 milyon varile ulaşmakla birlikte varil başına 10 dolar civarına düşen fiyatlar, daha önceden ağır mükellefiyetler altına giren Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ekonomisini zor duruma soktu. Federal bütçeye Ebûzabî 1970’te % 90 katkıda bulunmuşken 1982’de bu miktar azalarak % 82,2’ye düşmüş, Dübey’in katkısı ise 1982 yılında % 15,8’de kalmıştır. Ebûzabî ve Dübey petrol gelirlerinin % 50’sini federal bütçeye transfer etmeyi taahhüt etmişlerdir. Son yıllarda petrol gelirlerinin düşmesi federal devletin bütçesini etkilemiş ve kalkınmada öngörülen birçok yatırımla hizmet projeleri geri kalmıştır.
Elde edilen ham petrolü rafine etmek üzere ülkede ilk rafineri Ümmünnâr’da kuruldu (1976). Günlük ham petrol işleme kapasitesi 15.000 varil olan bu rafineri 1984’te biten genişletme çalışmaları sonucunda 60.000 varil kapasiteye ulaştı. Ülkenin günlük 300.000 varil kapasiteli ikinci rafinerisi Ruveys’te Haziran 1981’de işletmeye açıldı. Ruveys petrokimya tesislerinde de birtakım petrol yan ürünleri üretilmektedir. 1 Ocak 1987’de yapılan ölçümlere göre Ebûzabî’nin doğal gaz rezervleri 2.700.000 m3 olarak tesbit edilmiş olup sıvılaştırma tesisleri Das adasında kurulmuştur.
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nde ziraat faaliyetleri genelde hurma ve sebze üzerinedir. Önceleri dışarıdan ithal edilen sebze, bu alandaki hızlı gelişme sonunda 1981 yılından itibaren ihtiyaca cevap verecek düzeyde yurt içinde üretilmektedir. Ayrıca ülkede tavuk ve kuş cinsi hayvanların yetiştirildiği büyük çapta modern besi çiftlikleri kurulmuştur.
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, sivil havacılıkta önceleri müşterek olarak bölgede kurulan Körfez Havayolları’na (Tayarânü’l-Halîc, Gulf Air) ortak iken sonradan 1985 yılında federe devletlerden Dübey’in girişimi ile kendi havayolu şirketine sahip olmuştur. Bu faaliyetlere bağlı olarak Dübey büyük hava limanları ve gümrüksüz ticarî sahaları ile Uzakdoğu’ya giden bir geçit noktası haline gelmiş ve burada transit ticaret gelişmiştir.
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’ni oluşturan emirlikler, Birlik Yüksek Meclisi’nin üyeleri ve emirliğe geliş tarihleri:
1. Ebûzabî; Şeyh Zâid b. Sultân en-Nehayân, 1966. 2. Dübey; Şeyh Maktûm b. Râşid el-Maktûm, 1990. 3. Şârika; Şeyh Sultân b. Muhammed el-Kāsımî, 1972. 4. Acmân; Şeyh Humeyd b. Râşid en-Nuaymî, 1981. 5. Re’sülhayme; Şeyh Sakr b. Muhammed el-Kāsımî, 1948. 6. Füceyre; Şeyh Hamed b. Muhammed eş-Şarkī, 1974. 7. Ümmülkayveyn; Şeyh Râşid b. Ahmed el-Muallâ, 1981.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Cemâl Zekeriyyâ Kāsım, el-Ḫalîcü’l-ʿArabî: dirâse li-târîḫi’l-İmârâti’l-ʿArabiyye (1840-1914) , Kahire 1966.
A. A. al-Marayati, The Middle East: Its Governments and Politics , California 1972, s. 307-316.
J. D. Anthony, Arab States of the Lower Gulf , Washington 1975, s. 97-122.
a.mlf., “United Arab Emirates”, The Middle East (ed. Michael Adams), New York 1976, s. 348-358.
Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States , Washington 1977, s. 275-341.
Muhammed Morsy Abdullah, The United Arab Emirates: A Modern History , London 1978.
a.mlf., Devletü’l-İmârâti’l-ʿArabiyyeti’l-müttaḥide ve cîrânühâ , Küveyt 1981.
R. Said Zahlan, The Origins of the United Arab Emirates , London 1978.
F. Heard-Bey, “Le Développement d’un État-Cité Maritime dans le Golfe: L’Exeple de Dubayy”, La Péninsule Arabique d’Aujord’hui (ed. P. Bonnenfant), Paris 1982, II, 523-558.
The Middle East and North Africa , London 1987, s. 831-855.
A-Z United Arab Emirates: Business Locations Guide (1988) , Dubai 1988.
Zâhiye Kaddûre, Şibhü’l-Cezîreti’l-ʿArabiyye , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’n-nehdati’l-Arabiyye), s. 525-583.
Richard Johns, “The Emergence of the United Arab Emirates”, Middle East International , sy. 21, London 1972, s. 8-10.
J. B. Kelly, “al-Imārāt al-ʿArabiyya al-Muttaḥida”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.) , s. 416-418.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 200-203 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.