Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Sermayesinin Ekonomi Politiği: Yatırım ve Yardım

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 321 – 332, 30.04.2024

Abdüssamet Pulat

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1430523

Öz

This study delves into the political concealment of the capital power wielded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which has amassed substantial capital through its oil income. As the second-largest economy in the Gulf region, the UAE has witnessed a growing presence both within its regional sphere and on the global stage, particularly since the 2000s. This heightened visibility became more pronounced in the regional power dynamics following the Arab Uprisings in the Middle East. The increasing prominence of the Emirates can be attributed to the aid and investments extended by the UAE to numerous countries worldwide, in addition to its domestic initiatives. Drawing on these two dimensions, the article explores the integration and operational dynamics of UAE’s investments and aids as instrumental tools in its foreign policy. To this end, the study initially focuses on the UAE’s investments in the United States, where its capital is most concentrated, and assesses the political effectiveness of these investments. Subsequently, the political dimensions of UAE’s engagement in the Middle East, where its capital is most active through both investments and aid, are elucidated through case studies involving Egypt, Jordan, and Morocco.

Anahtar Kelimeler

United Arab Emirates, Capital Accumalation, Investment, Foreign Aid

Kaynakça

• Abdelaziz, K. (2019, April 21). Saudi Arabia, UAE to send $3 billion in aid to Sudan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-protests-idUSKCN1RX0DG
• Al Arabiya. (25 Ağustos 2021). Abu Dhabi conglomerate IHC seeks investment opportunities in Turkey, says CEO, https://english.alarabiya.net/business/economy/2021/08/25/Abu-Dhabi-conglomerate-IHC-seeks-investment-opportunities-in-Turkey-says-CEO.
• Al Sharif, O. (2021, January 11). Jordan bets on GCC deal to boost economy. Al-Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/jordan-welcome-deal-saudi-gulf-qatar-relations.html
• Almezaini, K. S. (2012). The UAE and Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid, Identities and Interests. Routledge.
• BBC News. (2004, Kasım 5). Arsenal name new ground, http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/3715678.stm.
• BBC News. (2012, Kasım 25). Arsenal football club in £150m Emirates deal, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-20464096.
• BBC Türkçe. (24 Kasım 2021). Türkiye ile BAE arasında 9 alanda doğrudan yatırımları içeren anlaşmalar imzalandı, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-59392737.
• Behrendt, S., & Kodmani, B. (2009, April). Managing Arab Sovereign Wealth in Turbulent Times—and Beyond. Carnegie Papers, No. 16.
• Bloomberg HT. (17 Mart 2022). Getir son fonlama turunda 768 milyon dolar çekti Bloomberg HT, https://www.bloomberght.com/getir-son-fonlama-turunda-768-milyon-cekti-2301848.
• Bloomberg HT. (9 Ağustos 2021). Trendyol yeni yatırım aldı, değerlemesi 16,5 milyar dolar oldu, https://www.bloomberght.com/trendyol-yeni-yatirim-aldi-degerlemesi-16-5-milyar-dolar-oldu-2285446.
• Briody, D. (2004). The Iron Triangle: Inside The Secret World of the Carlyle Group. John Wiley & Sons.
• Bureau of Economic Analysis. (n.d.). International Investment Position. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.bea.gov/international/di1fdibal
• Burkeman, O., & Borger, J. (2001, October 31). The ex-presidents' club. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/31/september11.usa4
• Central Bank of Egypt. (2019-2020). Annual Report. https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/EconomicResearch/Publications/Pages/AnnualReport.aspx
• City Football Group. (2023), Our Clubs, https://www.cityfootballgroup.com/our-clubs/.
• Dalton, M., & Hijab Shah. (2021, January 12). Evolving UAE Military and Foreign Security Cooperation: Path Toward Military Professionalism. Carnegie Middle East Center. https://carnegie-mec.org/2021/01/12/evolving-uae-military-and-foreign-security-cooperation-path-toward-military-professionalism-pub-83549
• Draege, J. B, Lestra, M. (2015). Gulf-funding of British Universities and the Focus on Human Development. Middle East Law and Governance, 7(1), 25-49. DOI:10.1163/18763375-00701005
• Embassy of UAE. (n.d.). Foreign Aid. https://www.uae-embassy.org/discover-uae/foreign-policy/foreign-aid
• Etisalat buys controlling stake in Maroc Telecom for €4.2bn. (January 2014). Financier. https://www.financierworldwide.com/etisalat-buys-controlling-stake-in-maroc-telecom-for-42bn#.YkAdS9XP34Y
• Fenton-Harvey, J. (2019, Ağustos 28) Saudi Arabia And The UAE Fund Academia With Strings Attached, LobeLog, https://lobelog.com/saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-fund-academia-with-strings-attached/
• Fly Emirates. (2023). Sponsorships, https://www.emirates.com/uk/english/about-us/our-communities/sponsorship/. Forstenlechner, I. And others. (2012). The UAE, the “Arab Spring” and Different Types of Dissent. Middle East Policy, 19(4), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00559.x
• Georgy, M., & Kalin, S. (2015, March 13). Gulf Arab allies pledge $12 billion to Egypt at summit. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-economy-investment-idINKBN0M921520150313
• Habibi, N. (2008, June 1). Managing the Oil Wealth: Foreign Assets of GCC Countries. Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Crown Paper.
• Hartung, W. (2020, January 16). Is Mohammed bin Zayed a Bad Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy?. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhartung/2020/01/16/is-mohammed-bin-zayed-a-bad-influence-on-us-foreign-policy/?sh=53d3c2f43efb
• Hellyer, P. (2001). Evolution of UAE Foreign Policy. In P. Hellyer & I. Al-Abed (Eds.), United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective (p. 169). Trident Press.
• International Crisis Group. (2018, June 5). Somalia and the Gulf Crisis. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/260-somalia-and-gulf-crisis
• Krzymowski, A. (2022). Role and Significance of the United Arab Emirates Foreign Aid for Its Soft Power Strategy and Sustainable Development Goals. Social Sciences, 11(48), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020048
• Küpeli, M. S. (2016). Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Yaptırımlar: İran’a Uygulanan Yaptırımların Etkileri. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 97-135.
• LSE. (2023). Academic Collaboration with Arab Universities Programme, https://www.lse.ac.uk/middle-east-centre/research/collaboration-programme.
• Montague, J. (2008, Eylül 1). Manchester City's new owners put national pride before profit, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/sep/01/manchestercity.premierleague1
• Mubadala. (2017, May 20). Mubadala Makes A $15bn Commitment To The Softbank Vision Fund. https://www.mubadala.com/en/news/mubadala-makes-15bn-commitment-softbank-vision-fund
• Mubadala. (n.d.). Our Portfolio. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.mubadala.com/en/our-portfolio
• Mutlu, B. Y. (19 Ocak 2022) Türkiye ile BAE merkez bankaları arasında swap anlaşması imzalandı, Anadolu Ajanası, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiye-ile-bae-merkez-bankalari-arasinda-swap-anlasmasi-imzalandi/2478985.
• NTV. (14 Kasım 2017). Louvre Müzesi Abu Dabi'de açıldı, https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/sanat/louvre-muzesi-abu-dabide-acildi-col-ortasinda-sanat,XR1_Dj_mx0ePBpQU3vSANA/AotVVGPPqU-DPivfGrVwDg.
• OECD. (n.d.). Foreign investment trends and sustainable development benefits (Report No. if available, p. 46). https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/92b3857f-en.pdf?expires=1648580271&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E4388187971C1550F86AD592AC51A9A4
• Polat, F. (2024). From brotherhood of the revolution to the struggle for power: analysis of the Libyan Civil War in the context of the security dilemma. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 51:1, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2022.2094890
• Powers, C. (2021, March). Dollars and Decadence: Making Sense of the US-UAE Relationship. Onario Research. https://noria-research.com/dollars-and-decadence-1/
• Powers, C. (2021, March). Swaying Washington: How Abu Dhabi Exploits Political Decadence. Onario. https://noria-research.com/dollars-and-decadence-2/
• Powers, C. (2021, March). The Ties That Bind: How Abu Dhabi Invests in its American Partnership. Onario Research. https://noria-research.com/dollars-and-decadence-1/
• Pulat, A., Akdoğan, İ., & Küpeli, M. Ş. (2021). Suudi Arabistan-İran Bölgesel Rekabetinde Suudi Dış Yardımlarının Siyasi Etkinliği (2010-2020). Uluslararası İlişkiler, 18(69), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.912054
• Ragab, E. (2017). Beyond Money and Diplomacy: Regional Policies of Saudi Arabia and UAE after the Arab Spring. The International Spectator, 52(2), 37-53.
• Rahman, S. (2016, March 30). Dubai firms announce $19 billion Morocco projects. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/business/property/dubai-firms-announce-19b-morocco-projects-1.230923
• Sağlam, E. (2013, Ağustos 30) UAE Investment Casualty Of Turkey’s Egypt Policy Al-Monitor, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/08/foreign-policy-affects-turkeys-exports-foreign-investments.html.
• Setser, B., & Ziemba, R. (2009, January). GCC Sovereign Funds: Reversal of Fortune. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Working Paper.
• Spiro, D. E. (1999). The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony: Petrodollar Recycling and International Markets. Cornell University Press.
• Telci, İ. N. (2017). Mısır: Devrim ve Karşı Devrim. SETA Yayınları.
• Tomar, C. (2020, May 8). Orta Doğu’da kesişmeyen doğrular: BAE-Türkiye rekabeti. AA Analiz. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/gorus-orta-dogu-da-kesismeyen-dogrular-bae-turkiye-rekabeti/1833875
• UAE, Egypt plan $20 billion spending on social, economic projects: Abu Dhabi crown prince". (2019, November 14). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-egypt-investment-idUSKBN1XO19L
• UAE, Jordan sign MOUs worth $6 bln – state news agency. (2023, November 1). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/uae-jordan-sign-mous-worth-6-bln-state-news-agency-2023-11-01/
• Üçağaç, A. (2019). Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri 2018. İçinde K. İnat & M. Ataman (Ed), Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2018 (ss. 221-236). İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık.
• Ulrichsen, K. (2017). The United Arab Emirates: Power, Politics and Policy-Making (1st ed.). Routledge.
• United Arab Emirates Ministry of Economy. (n.d.). UAE Foreign Direct Investments Dashboard. https://www.moec.gov.ae/en/foreign-direct-investment-dashboard
• WAM. (2019, October 4). UAE extends AED3 billion economic aid package to support Jordanian economy. http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302712066
• Weale, S. (2021, Temmuz 7) Cambridge University accused of Faustian pact in planned £400m deal with UAE, The Gıuardian, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jul/07/cambridge-university-accused-of-faustian-pact-in-planned-400m-deal-with-uae
• Werr, P. (2013, July 9). UAE offers Egypt $3 billion support, Saudis $5 billion. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-loan-idUSBRE9680H020130709
• Young, K. E. (2020). Gulf Financial Aid and Direct Investment Tracker. American Enterprise Institute.
• Ziadah, R. (2019). The Importance of the Saudi-UAE Alliance: Notes on Military Intervention, Aid and Investment. Conflict, Security & Development, 19(3), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2019.1608026

Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Sermayesinin Ekonomi Politiği: Yatırım ve Yardım

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 321 – 332, 30.04.2024

Abdüssamet Pulat

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1430523

Öz

Bu çalışma petrol geliri sayesinde yüksek miktarda sermaye birikimine sahip olan BAE (Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri)’nin sermaye gücünün politik etkinliğini incelemektedir. Körfez bölgesinin ikinci büyük ekonomisine sahip olan BAE, özellikle 2000’li yıllardan itibaren hem kendi bölgesinde hem de uluslararası alanda artan bir görünürlüğe sahiptir. Bu durum Arap Ayaklanmaları’nın ardından Ortadoğu’da yaşanan bölgesel güç mücadelesinde daha açık bir şekilde görülmüştür. Emirliklerin artan bu görünürlüğünün bir diğer tarafı ise kendi bölgesindeki ülkelerin yanı sıra dünyanın birçok ülkesine gönderdiği yardımlar ve bu ülkelerde yaptığı yatırımlardır. Makale bu iki olgudan hareketle BAE’nin yaptığı bu yatırım ve yardımların dış politikada bir araç olarak nasıl kullanıldığını ve etkinliğini araştırmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda ilk olarak söz konusu ülkenin sermayesinin en yoğunlaştığı ülke olan ABD’deki yatırımları ve bu yatırımların politik yönü incelenmektedir. İkinci kısımda ise BAE sermayesinin hem yatırım hem de yardım olarak en çok aktığı bölge olan Ortadoğu’daki politik yönü Mısır, Ürdün ve Fas üzerinden ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Sermaye Birikimi, Yatırım, Dış Yardım

Kaynakça

• Abdelaziz, K. (2019, April 21). Saudi Arabia, UAE to send $3 billion in aid to Sudan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-protests-idUSKCN1RX0DG
• Al Arabiya. (25 Ağustos 2021). Abu Dhabi conglomerate IHC seeks investment opportunities in Turkey, says CEO, https://english.alarabiya.net/business/economy/2021/08/25/Abu-Dhabi-conglomerate-IHC-seeks-investment-opportunities-in-Turkey-says-CEO.
• Al Sharif, O. (2021, January 11). Jordan bets on GCC deal to boost economy. Al-Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/jordan-welcome-deal-saudi-gulf-qatar-relations.html
• Almezaini, K. S. (2012). The UAE and Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid, Identities and Interests. Routledge.
• BBC News. (2004, Kasım 5). Arsenal name new ground, http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/3715678.stm.
• BBC News. (2012, Kasım 25). Arsenal football club in £150m Emirates deal, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-20464096.
• BBC Türkçe. (24 Kasım 2021). Türkiye ile BAE arasında 9 alanda doğrudan yatırımları içeren anlaşmalar imzalandı, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-59392737.
• Behrendt, S., & Kodmani, B. (2009, April). Managing Arab Sovereign Wealth in Turbulent Times—and Beyond. Carnegie Papers, No. 16.
• Bloomberg HT. (17 Mart 2022). Getir son fonlama turunda 768 milyon dolar çekti Bloomberg HT, https://www.bloomberght.com/getir-son-fonlama-turunda-768-milyon-cekti-2301848.
• Bloomberg HT. (9 Ağustos 2021). Trendyol yeni yatırım aldı, değerlemesi 16,5 milyar dolar oldu, https://www.bloomberght.com/trendyol-yeni-yatirim-aldi-degerlemesi-16-5-milyar-dolar-oldu-2285446.
• Briody, D. (2004). The Iron Triangle: Inside The Secret World of the Carlyle Group. John Wiley & Sons.
• Bureau of Economic Analysis. (n.d.). International Investment Position. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.bea.gov/international/di1fdibal
• Burkeman, O., & Borger, J. (2001, October 31). The ex-presidents' club. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/31/september11.usa4
• Central Bank of Egypt. (2019-2020). Annual Report. https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/EconomicResearch/Publications/Pages/AnnualReport.aspx
• City Football Group. (2023), Our Clubs, https://www.cityfootballgroup.com/our-clubs/.
• Dalton, M., & Hijab Shah. (2021, January 12). Evolving UAE Military and Foreign Security Cooperation: Path Toward Military Professionalism. Carnegie Middle East Center. https://carnegie-mec.org/2021/01/12/evolving-uae-military-and-foreign-security-cooperation-path-toward-military-professionalism-pub-83549
• Draege, J. B, Lestra, M. (2015). Gulf-funding of British Universities and the Focus on Human Development. Middle East Law and Governance, 7(1), 25-49. DOI:10.1163/18763375-00701005
• Embassy of UAE. (n.d.). Foreign Aid. https://www.uae-embassy.org/discover-uae/foreign-policy/foreign-aid
• Etisalat buys controlling stake in Maroc Telecom for €4.2bn. (January 2014). Financier. https://www.financierworldwide.com/etisalat-buys-controlling-stake-in-maroc-telecom-for-42bn#.YkAdS9XP34Y
• Fenton-Harvey, J. (2019, Ağustos 28) Saudi Arabia And The UAE Fund Academia With Strings Attached, LobeLog, https://lobelog.com/saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-fund-academia-with-strings-attached/
• Fly Emirates. (2023). Sponsorships, https://www.emirates.com/uk/english/about-us/our-communities/sponsorship/. Forstenlechner, I. And others. (2012). The UAE, the “Arab Spring” and Different Types of Dissent. Middle East Policy, 19(4), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00559.x
• Georgy, M., & Kalin, S. (2015, March 13). Gulf Arab allies pledge $12 billion to Egypt at summit. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-economy-investment-idINKBN0M921520150313
• Habibi, N. (2008, June 1). Managing the Oil Wealth: Foreign Assets of GCC Countries. Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Crown Paper.
• Hartung, W. (2020, January 16). Is Mohammed bin Zayed a Bad Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy?. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhartung/2020/01/16/is-mohammed-bin-zayed-a-bad-influence-on-us-foreign-policy/?sh=53d3c2f43efb
• Hellyer, P. (2001). Evolution of UAE Foreign Policy. In P. Hellyer & I. Al-Abed (Eds.), United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective (p. 169). Trident Press.
• International Crisis Group. (2018, June 5). Somalia and the Gulf Crisis. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/260-somalia-and-gulf-crisis
• Krzymowski, A. (2022). Role and Significance of the United Arab Emirates Foreign Aid for Its Soft Power Strategy and Sustainable Development Goals. Social Sciences, 11(48), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020048
• Küpeli, M. S. (2016). Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Yaptırımlar: İran’a Uygulanan Yaptırımların Etkileri. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 97-135.
• LSE. (2023). Academic Collaboration with Arab Universities Programme, https://www.lse.ac.uk/middle-east-centre/research/collaboration-programme.
• Montague, J. (2008, Eylül 1). Manchester City's new owners put national pride before profit, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/sep/01/manchestercity.premierleague1
• Mubadala. (2017, May 20). Mubadala Makes A $15bn Commitment To The Softbank Vision Fund. https://www.mubadala.com/en/news/mubadala-makes-15bn-commitment-softbank-vision-fund
• Mubadala. (n.d.). Our Portfolio. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.mubadala.com/en/our-portfolio
• Mutlu, B. Y. (19 Ocak 2022) Türkiye ile BAE merkez bankaları arasında swap anlaşması imzalandı, Anadolu Ajanası, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiye-ile-bae-merkez-bankalari-arasinda-swap-anlasmasi-imzalandi/2478985.
• NTV. (14 Kasım 2017). Louvre Müzesi Abu Dabi'de açıldı, https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/sanat/louvre-muzesi-abu-dabide-acildi-col-ortasinda-sanat,XR1_Dj_mx0ePBpQU3vSANA/AotVVGPPqU-DPivfGrVwDg.
• OECD. (n.d.). Foreign investment trends and sustainable development benefits (Report No. if available, p. 46). https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/92b3857f-en.pdf?expires=1648580271&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E4388187971C1550F86AD592AC51A9A4
• Polat, F. (2024). From brotherhood of the revolution to the struggle for power: analysis of the Libyan Civil War in the context of the security dilemma. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 51:1, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2022.2094890
• Powers, C. (2021, March). Dollars and Decadence: Making Sense of the US-UAE Relationship. Onario Research. https://noria-research.com/dollars-and-decadence-1/
• Powers, C. (2021, March). Swaying Washington: How Abu Dhabi Exploits Political Decadence. Onario. https://noria-research.com/dollars-and-decadence-2/
• Powers, C. (2021, March). The Ties That Bind: How Abu Dhabi Invests in its American Partnership. Onario Research. https://noria-research.com/dollars-and-decadence-1/
• Pulat, A., Akdoğan, İ., & Küpeli, M. Ş. (2021). Suudi Arabistan-İran Bölgesel Rekabetinde Suudi Dış Yardımlarının Siyasi Etkinliği (2010-2020). Uluslararası İlişkiler, 18(69), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.912054
• Ragab, E. (2017). Beyond Money and Diplomacy: Regional Policies of Saudi Arabia and UAE after the Arab Spring. The International Spectator, 52(2), 37-53.
• Rahman, S. (2016, March 30). Dubai firms announce $19 billion Morocco projects. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/business/property/dubai-firms-announce-19b-morocco-projects-1.230923
• Sağlam, E. (2013, Ağustos 30) UAE Investment Casualty Of Turkey’s Egypt Policy Al-Monitor, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/08/foreign-policy-affects-turkeys-exports-foreign-investments.html.
• Setser, B., & Ziemba, R. (2009, January). GCC Sovereign Funds: Reversal of Fortune. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Working Paper.
• Spiro, D. E. (1999). The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony: Petrodollar Recycling and International Markets. Cornell University Press.
• Telci, İ. N. (2017). Mısır: Devrim ve Karşı Devrim. SETA Yayınları.
• Tomar, C. (2020, May 8). Orta Doğu’da kesişmeyen doğrular: BAE-Türkiye rekabeti. AA Analiz. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/gorus-orta-dogu-da-kesismeyen-dogrular-bae-turkiye-rekabeti/1833875
• UAE, Egypt plan $20 billion spending on social, economic projects: Abu Dhabi crown prince". (2019, November 14). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-egypt-investment-idUSKBN1XO19L
• UAE, Jordan sign MOUs worth $6 bln – state news agency. (2023, November 1). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/uae-jordan-sign-mous-worth-6-bln-state-news-agency-2023-11-01/
• Üçağaç, A. (2019). Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri 2018. İçinde K. İnat & M. Ataman (Ed), Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2018 (ss. 221-236). İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık.
• Ulrichsen, K. (2017). The United Arab Emirates: Power, Politics and Policy-Making (1st ed.). Routledge.
• United Arab Emirates Ministry of Economy. (n.d.). UAE Foreign Direct Investments Dashboard. https://www.moec.gov.ae/en/foreign-direct-investment-dashboard
• WAM. (2019, October 4). UAE extends AED3 billion economic aid package to support Jordanian economy. http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302712066
• Weale, S. (2021, Temmuz 7) Cambridge University accused of Faustian pact in planned £400m deal with UAE, The Gıuardian, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jul/07/cambridge-university-accused-of-faustian-pact-in-planned-400m-deal-with-uae
• Werr, P. (2013, July 9). UAE offers Egypt $3 billion support, Saudis $5 billion. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-loan-idUSBRE9680H020130709
• Young, K. E. (2020). Gulf Financial Aid and Direct Investment Tracker. American Enterprise Institute.
• Ziadah, R. (2019). The Importance of the Saudi-UAE Alliance: Notes on Military Intervention, Aid and Investment. Conflict, Security & Development, 19(3), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2019.1608026

Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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