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BİŞR b. MU‘TEMİR Skip to content Ebû Sehl Bişr b. el-Mu‘temir el-Hilâlî el-Bağdâdî (ö. 210/825)
Mu‘tezile’nin Bağdat ekolünün kurucusu, tevellüd nazariyesinin mûcidi ve Bişriyye’nin reisi, edip.
Hayatı hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Bağdat’ta doğduğu rivayet edilir. Aslen Kûfeli olup Bağdat’a sonradan gittiğini söyleyenler de vardır. Bağdat’ta köle ticaretiyle uğraşan ve cüzzamlı bir şair olan Bişr, gençliğinde Basra’ya gidip Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın arkadaşlarından Bişr b. Saîd, Ebû Osman ez-Za‘ferânî ve Muammer b. Abbâd es-Sülemî’den Mu‘tezile mezhebinin esaslarını öğrendi. Daha sonra Bağdat’a değişik fikirlerle dönerek Mu‘tezile’nin Bağdat ekolünü kurdu ve fikirlerini yaymaya başladı. Ebû Mûsâ b. Sabîh el-Murdâr, Sümâme b. Eşres, Ahmed b. Ebû Duâd, Ca‘fer b. Harb ve Ca‘fer b. Mübeşşir onun görüşlerini benimseyen meşhur simalardandır. Bişr, Abbâsî veziri Fazl b. Yahyâ el-Bermekî ile iyi ilişkiler kurdu; Halife Me’mûn’dan himaye gördü; Merv’de Ali er-Rızâ’yı hilâfetin vârisi ilân eden vesikayı imzalayanlar arasında yer aldı. Muhtemelen Bermekî ailesinin iktidardan düşmesinden sonra, Hakem Olayı’nda Hz. Ali’nin haklı olduğunu savunduğu için Şiîlik’le suçlanarak Mu‘tezile’ye karşı olan zamanın halifesi Hârûnürreşîd tarafından hapsedildi. Hapiste iken görüşlerini müdafaa için pek çok şiir yazdı. Bu şiirlerin ilim meclislerinde rağbet görüp okunması ve taraftarlarının çoğalması üzerine halife, Bişr’i serbest bıraktı. Ölüm tarihi ihtilâflı olmakla birlikte kaynakların çoğu 210’da (825) vefat ettiğini kaydeder.
Bişr hem kelâmcı hem de şair olarak ün kazanmıştır. Kelâmcılığını ortaya koyan ve itikadî görüşlerini ihtiva eden birçok eseri olduğu kaydediliyorsa da bunların hiçbiri günümüze kadar gelmemiştir. Bu sebeple onun kelâmî görüşlerini sadece muhaliflerinin kitaplarından öğrenebilmekteyiz. Temelde Mu‘tezile’nin görüşlerini benimseyen Bişr bazı konularda Basra ekolünden farklı düşünmüştür. Meselâ tevellüd nazariyesini ilk defa ortaya atan odur. Birçok kelâm problemiyle ilgilenmekle birlikte daha çok insanın sorumluluğu üzerinde durmuş ve tevellüd nazariyesiyle bu sorumluluğun sınırlarını çizmeye çalışmıştır. Ona göre insanın iradesiyle yapmış olduğu bir fiilden başka birtakım fiiller doğar ki buna tevellüd denir. Meselâ kapıyı açmak isteyen insanın anahtarı kilide sokması ve çevirmesi onun iradesiyle meydana gelen bir fiildir. Fakat anahtarın dili vasıtasıyla kapının açılması insanın iradesiyle doğrudan doğruya yaptığı fiilin dışında bir olaydır. İşte bu dolaylı olay tevellüddür. Bişr’e göre anahtarın hareketine sebep olan insan, yaptığı fiilin doğuracağı sonuçları önceden bildiği için sorumlu olmalıdır. Bişr, temel felsefesini tevellüd nazariyesi üzerine kurduğundan, duyu organlarıyla edinilen bilgileri zorunlu idrakler olarak kabul eder. Görmek, işitmek, tatmak gibi duyumlar birer araz olup mekanik bir tarzda meydana gelirler. Aklın idraki de duyular gibi otomatiktir. Erginliğe ulaşan her insanda akıl, vahiy desteği olmadan da iyi ile kötüyü, güzel ile çirkini birbirinden ayırabilir. Buna rağmen insanın iyi veya kötü davranması iradesiyle ilgili bir problemdir (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muġnî , IX, 12; ayrıca bk. TEVLÎD ). Bişr’in görüşleri arasında zikredilen bir problem daha vardır ki bu da insanın mesuliyetiyle ilgili sayılabilecek olan çocukların fiilleridir. Ona göre çocuk yaptığı işlerden sorumlu değildir. Bununla birlikte Allah dilerse ona azap edebilir; fakat sorumlu olmayana verilecek bir ceza zulüm sayılacağından Allah hakkında böyle bir ifadeyi kullanmak uygun değildir (a.g.e. , VI/I, s. 128).
Bişr b. Mu‘temir ruh ve bedenin ayrı ayrı hayata sahip olduklarını, bir fiilin meydana gelmesinde her ikisinin de etkisi bulunduğunu savunmuş, bu sebeple insan fiillerinden doğan sorumluluğun hem ruh hem de bedene ait olacağını söylemiştir (a.g.e. , XI, 310, 335). Onun üzerinde durduğu ve sorumlulukla ilgisini incelediği diğer bir konu da kebîre problemidir. Günah işleyen kimse bir daha o günahı işlememek şartıyla tövbe etmelidir ki tövbesi kabul edilsin. Tövbeden sonra günah işleyen, hem birinci hem de ikinci günahın cezasını çekecektir. Zira ikinci defa günaha dönmek sorumluluk duygusuyla bağdaşmaz.
Allah’ın varlığının, insan için sağlam bir rehber olan akıl yardımıyla canlılar âleminden istidlâl edilmesi gerektiğini söyleyen Bişr bu konuda birçok şiir yazmıştır. Ayrıca o ilâhî iradenin sınırını daraltan i‘tizâlî görüşlere karşı çıkar. Zira irade biri zâtî, diğeri fiilî olmak üzere iki yönlü bir sıfattır. Zâtî sıfat olan irade Allah’ın bütün ilâhî fiilleri ve kulların bütün itaatlerini dilemesi demektir. Çünkü bir âlimin iyi ve uygun olanı bilip de onu dilememesi câiz değildir. Allah iyi ve uygun olan bütün hususları bildiğine göre bunların vuku bulmasını ezelde dilemiştir. Fiilî sıfat olan irade ise Allah’ın kendi fiilini yaratmasıdır. Fiilî irade sıfatıyla kulların fiillerini dilemesi de onları emretmesi demektir (a.g.e. , VI/II, s. 3). Bişr, irade sıfatına bağlı bir problem olan aslah (Allah’ın kul için en iyi ve faydalı olanı yaratması) fikrini de reddeder. Çünkü Mu‘tezile’nin aslah prensibi kabul edilecek olursa Allah’ın bütün insanları cennette yaratıp orada yaşatması gerekirdi. Bu şekilde aslah fikrini kabul etmediği, insanlar hakkında en faydalı ve iyi olanı yaratmanın Allah için bir vazife değil O’nun insanlara bir lutfu olduğunu düşünmesi sebebiyle “ashâbü’l-lutf”tan sayılan (a.g.e. , XIII, 200) Bişr b. Mu‘temir, Allah’ın kullarına lutufta bulunmasının da bir zorunluluk olmadığını söyler. Zira bu düşünce Allah’ın kudret ve iradesinin sınırlı olduğunu hatıra getirmektedir. Eğer bu Allah’a vâcip olsaydı âlemde O’na isyan eden hiçbir kulun bulunmaması gerekirdi. Çünkü Allah her mükellefe iyiyi, güzeli ve yapması gerekli olanı tercih etmesini sağlayacak lutufta bulunmaya muktedirdir. Fakat bu lutfu ihsan etmemiştir. Çünkü insanı akıl ve peygamber vasıtasıyla iman etmeye muktedir kılmıştır. İnsanların bir kısmının itaatkâr, bir kısmının âsi olduğu dikkate alınınca lutfun Allah’a vâcip olmadığı sabit olur (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 520, 798). Bişr, bu görüşlerinden dolayı Kādî Abdülcebbâr tarafından tenkit edilir.
Onun diğer bazı kelâmî görüşleri de şunlardır: İstitâat (fiili meydana getiren güç) bedenin noksansız ve sağlıklı olması demek olup hem fiilden önce hem de fiille beraber insanda vardır. Allah’ın kelâmı gerçekten işitilemez, sayfalarda yazılı bulunan metinlere ancak mecazi mânada Allah kelâmı denilebilir. Kabir azabı haktır. Amellerin tartılması (vezn) mecazi anlamda olup hüküm vermek demektir. Sırat ise mecazi değil gerçek mânada kabul edilmelidir. Cennet ve cehennem halen yaratılmıştır. Aralarındaki anlaşmazlıklarda Hz. Ali haklı, Muâviye ve taraftarları haksızdır (Tritton, s. 97-100).
Bişr’in itikadî görüşlerini kabul edenlere Bişriyye denilmiştir. Bu gruba bağlı olan ve yukarıda sözü edilen talebeleri daha sonra Sümâmiyye, Ca‘feriyye, Murdâriyye adlı fırkaların kurucuları olarak tanınmıştır.
Bişr b. Mu‘temir kelâm ilminde önemli bir şahsiyet olduğu kadar edebiyat, şiir ve belâgatta da büyük bir mevkiye sahiptir. Câhiz onu belâgat ilminin kurucusu kabul eder (el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , I, 94). Bişr belâgat ilminin kaidelerinden ilk defa söz eden bir kişidir. Bazı mübalağalı rivayetlerde 40.000 beyitlik, diğer bazılarında ise 300 sayfalık divanı bulunduğu bildirilir. Allah’ın yaratıklardaki hikmetlerini dile getirdiği şiirlerinin çoğu dinler ve mezheplerle ilgili olup öğretici (didaktik) mahiyettedir. Belâgat hakkındaki görüşlerini Câhiz’in ondan naklettiği Ṣaḥîfe ’den öğrenmekteyiz. Ona göre şiir veya yazı yazmak için uygun vakit seçilmeli, zihin dinlenmiş olmalı, telaffuzu ve anlaşılması kolay kelimeler seçilmeli, cümleler konuya ve maksada uygun düşmeli, üslûp çekici olmalıdır. Bu nitelikte yazı yazma kabiliyeti olmayan kimseler ise başka sahalara yönelmelidirler (Câhiz, I, 94-100).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , I, 94-100.
Hayyât, el-İntiṣâr , s. 52, 53, 63.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 618-620.
Malatî, et-Tenbîh ve’r-red , s. 38.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 185-205.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 520, 798.
a.mlf., el-Muġnî , VI/I, s. 128; VI/II, s. 3; IX, 12; XI, 310, 335; XIII, 4, 200.
Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Abdülhamîd) , s. 156-158.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre) , I, 385; III, 34; V, 63, 69.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , I, 64-65.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , X, 203.
İbnü’l-Murtazâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Muʿtezile , s. 52-54.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , II, 33.
Zühdî Hasan Cârullah, el-Muʿtezile , Kahire 1947, s. 94, 106, 107.
W. Montgomery Watt, İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri (trc. E. Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1981, s. 223, 279.
A. S. Tritton, İslam Kelamı (trc. Mehmet Dağ), Ankara 1983, s. 97-100.
Adnan Ubeyd el-Ali, “Bişr b. el-Muʿtemir: şiʿruhû ve ṣaḥîfetühü’l-belâġiyye”, Mecelletü Maʿhedi’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyye , XXXI/2, Küveyt 1987, s. 503-541.
Ahmed Bedevî, “Mektebetü’n-Naḳdi‘l-edebî fi’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye: ṣaḥîfetü Bişr b. el-Muʿtemir”, ME , XXXIII/7 (1961), s. 828-836.
Carra de Vaux, “Bişr”, İA , II, 656.
Albert N. Nader, “Bis̲h̲r b. al-Muʿtamir”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1243-1244.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 223-224 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.