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BİTLİS Skip to content Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Dicle’nin kollarından olan Botan suyuna karışan Bitlis çayının Güneydoğu Toroslar arasında açtığı dar ve derin bir vadide, deniz seviyesinden 1400-1450 m. yükseklikte kurulmuştur. Bitlis’in burada kurulmuş olması ve tarih boyunca eksilmeyen önemi bu yerin coğrafî özellikleriyle yakından ilgilidir. Zira Doğu Anadolu ile Güneydoğu Anadolu’yu birbirinden ayıran Güneydoğu Toroslar geçilmesi hemen hemen imkânsız bir engel halindedir. Halbuki Bitlis şehri, bu dağlık engeli nisbeten darlaşmış olduğu bir sahada yaran bir vadi üzerinde yer almıştır. Bitlis el-Cezîre düzlüklerini Doğu Anadolu’nun merkezî platolarına, oradan İran ve Kafkasya’ya bağlayan ve Güneydoğu Toroslar’ı aşan yol üzerinde bulunmasından dolayı eskiden beri ticaret kervanlarının güzergâhı olmuş, ayrıca sürüleriyle birlikte kuzey-güney istikametinde mevsimlik göçler yapan insan kütleleri de mecburi olarak bu tabii koridor üzerinden geçmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu önemli geçidi kontrol altında tutan muazzam ve heybetli Bitlis Kalesi de, bugünkü şehrin batısında Bitlis çayı ile bu çayın sağdan (batıdan) aldığı bir kolu (Kömüs deresi) arasında kalan ve iki vadiye de dik bir şekilde inerek korunmalı bir alan oluşturan dar bir sırt üzerinde kurulmuştur.
Bitlis şehrinin nüvesini teşkil eden kalenin yerinde ilk defa kimlerin yerleşmiş olduğu bilinmemektedir. Yalnız bütün eski kaynaklarda tekrar edilen bir efsaneye göre bu kaleyi Büyük İskender’in emri üzerine onun kumandanlarından Badlîs kurmuş ve şehrin bugünkü adı da bu kumandanın adından gelmiştir. Kale günümüze gelinceye kadar birkaç defa tamir görmüş, hatta bazı kereler tamamen tahrip edildiği için yeniden yapılmıştır. İskender döneminden sonra Selefkiler’e geçen Bitlis, daha sonra da Sâsânîler’le Romalılar arasında sık sık el değiştirmiştir. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun 395’te ikiye bölünüşünden sonra da Doğu Roma sınırları içerisinde kalmıştır.
Şehir Halife Ömer zamanında el-Cezîre fâtihi İyâz b. Ganm tarafından fethedildi (641); Bitlis hâkimi Ahlat’tan alınan haraç kadar haraç vermeyi kabul etti. Daha sonra Bizans ile müslüman Araplar arasında birkaç defa el değiştiren Bitlis, Sugūr ve Avâsım bölgelerinde yer alıyordu. Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân zamanında kardeşi Muhammed b. Mervân tarafından el-Cezîre valiliği topraklarına dahil edilen ve valiliğin Diyarbekir âmilliğine bağlanan Bitlis daha sonra Abbâsîler döneminde Diyarbekir’e hâkim olan Hamdânîler ve Mervânîler’e bağlı olarak idare edildi.
Bitlis X. yüzyılda Bizans ile Mervânî devletleri arasında bir sınır şehri oldu. XI. yüzyılda Türkmen akınları bu yöreye de ulaştı ve 1047’de şehir Selçuklu hâkimiyetine girdi, fakat yine Mervânîler’in elinde bırakıldı. Bu Türk taarruzundan bir yıl önce buradan geçmiş olan İranlı seyyah ve şair Nâsır-ı Hüsrev Bitlis’te çok bal üretildiğini söyler. Bitlis’in kesin olarak Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne katılması 1085’te (bazı kaynaklara göre 1084) Melikşah zamanında gerçekleşti. Fahrüddevle Muhammed b. Cehîr kumandasındaki Selçuklu ordusu tarafından Mervânîler’den alınarak Alparslan’ın yanında Malazgirt Savaşı’na katılmış olan Dilmaçoğlu Mehmed Bey’e iktâ edildi. Bu şekilde Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne bağlı olarak kurulmuş bulunan Dilmaçoğulları Beyliği’nin merkezi Bitlis oldu. Togan Arslan döneminde bu beylik bir ara Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Kılıcarslan’a (1092-1107), ondan sonra da Ahlatşahlar’ın kurucusu Sökmen el-Kutbî’ye (1100-1111) bağlanınca Bitlis şehri de bunlara tâbi oldu. Bir süre bağımsız kalan fakat bu bağımsızlığı kısa süren beylik, Mardin’deki Artuklu Emîri Necmeddin İlgazi’nin hâkimiyetini kabul etti; böylece şehir de Artuklular’ın denetimine girdi. Togan Arslan’ın Artuklular’a tâbi olmasına rıza göstermeyen Ahlatşahlar’dan Emîr İbrâhim 1124’te Bitlis’i kuşattı, ancak bu kuşatmadan bir sonuç alamadı. Daha sonra Hısnıkeyfâ Artuklu Emîri Rüknüddevle Dâvud Bitlis üzerine yürüdüyse de başarılı olamadı. 1134’te Musul Atabegi İmâdüddin Zengî Bitlis’e Selâhaddin Muhammed’in idaresinde bir kuvvet gönderdi. Fakat daha sonra Dilmaçoğulları’ndan Hüsâmeddin Kurtî’nin (1137-1143) teklif ettiği 10.000 altın karşılığında bu herekâtından vazgeçti. 1192’de Ahlatşahlar’dan Begtemür Bitlis’i zaptetti. Bu tarihten sonra da Dilmaçoğulları Beyliği’nin Bitlis kolu son bulmuş ve bu beylik sadece Erzen civarında hüküm sürmüştür.
XIII. yüzyıl başlarında Bitlis’e Eyyûbîler hâkim oldu (1209). Daha sonraki yıllar Celâleddin Hârizmşah’ın Doğu Anadolu’ya ve bu arada Eyyûbîler’in elinde bulunan şehir ve kalelere hücum etmesi, Eyyûbîler ile Anadolu Selçuklu Hükümdarı I. Alâeddin Keykubad arasında bir ittifakın doğmasına sebep oldu. I. Alâeddin Keykubad Anadolu içinde ilerleyen Celâleddin Hârizmşah’ı 10 Ağustos 1230 tarihinde Erzincan civarındaki Yassıçimen’de ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattıktan sonra Bitlis’i Eyyûbîler’den alarak topraklarına kattı. Fakat burada Anadolu Selçukluları’nın hâkimiyeti pek kısa sürdü ve Eyyûbîler Bitlis ve çevresine yeniden hâkim oldular. Daha sonra da Celâleddin Hârizmşah’ı takip eden Moğollar 1231’de Bitlis’i de ele geçirerek tahrip ettiler. Bunun üzerine Sultan I. Alâeddin Keykubad Kemâleddin Kâmyar kumandasındaki bir Selçuklu ordusunu Bitlis yöresine gönderdi. Kemâleddin Kâmyar kısa bir süre içinde çevredeki başka yerlerle (Van, Ahlat, Adilcevaz) birlikte Bitlis’i de Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti sınırları içine kattı (1232) ve Moğollar’ın harap etmiş olduğu kaleyi de onardı. Yâkūt, XIII. yüzyılda Bitlis’in meyvelerinin bolluğu ve tatlılığıyla darbımesel olduğunu ve buradan birçok şehre meyve gönderildiğini söyler (Muʿcemü’l-büldân , I, 358-359).
XIV. yüzyılda Şerefoğulları adlı bir sülâlenin hüküm sürdüğü Bitlis önce Karakoyunlular’a, bu devletin 1467’de Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Uzun Hasan tarafından ortadan kaldırılmasından sonra da Akkoyunlar’a tâbi oldu. Ömerî, XIV. yüzyılda fakir ve küçük bir şehir olan Bitlis’te Nusayrî olarak itham edilen Şerefeddin Ebû Bekir adlı bir emîr bulunduğunu ve bunun önemli hizmetler yaptığını söyler (et-Taʿrîf , s. 35). Ardından Safevîler şehre hâkim oldular. Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Çaldıran seferi dönüşünde (1514) İdrîs-i Bitlisî’nin de gayretleriyle Bitlis’teki mahallî beyler Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlılıklarını bildirdiler. Fakat bu bağlılık sürekli olmadı. Bitlis’i idare eden mahallî idareciler zaman zaman İran’a meylettiler. Meselâ Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanında Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı olan Bitlis Emîri IV. Şeref Han, Kanûnî döneminde Osmanlı tâbiiyetinden ayrılıp yeniden İran himayesine sığınmıştı. Eskiden İran’ın Azerbaycan valisi iken Yavuz’un ölümünden sonra Osmanlılar’a katılan Ulama Han (Paşa) Bitlis’in geri alınmasıyla görevlendirilmiş, ilk teşebbüsünde sonuç alamamışsa da sonradan başarı kazanarak Bitlis’i 1534’te kesin olarak Osmanlı topraklarına katmıştır. Kanûnî döneminde 1 Haziran 1555’te imzalanan Amasya Antlaşması ile de Bitlis üzerindeki Osmanlı hâkimiyeti Safevîler’ce tanınmış oldu.
Bitlis Osmanlı idaresinde önceleri Erzurum eyaletinin Muş sancağına bağlı bir kaza merkezi idi. XVII. yüzyılda burayı ziyaret eden Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği bilgilere göre Bitlis’in kale içinde 300 ev bulunuyor ve bu kalenin hemen hemen yarısını Han Sarayı kaplıyordu. Surları pek sağlam olmayan aşağı kalede iki tarafı demir kapılı bir çarşı ile bir bedesten ve pazardan başka ayrıca birkaç yüz ev mevcuttu. Kale dışında ise on yedi mahalle halinde yayılan şehirde toprak örtülü ve bahçeli 5000 ev vardı. Evliya Çelebi Bitlis’in camilerinden en önemlisinin Şerefeddin Camii olduğunu da yazar. Aynı yüzyılda Bitlis’i ziyaret eden Fransız seyyahı Tavernier de Bitlis beyinin oturduğu ve ancak birbirine eklenen müteharrik köprülerle varılabilen saraydan bahseder.
Bitlis’in XVII. yüzyıl sonlarından XIX. yüzyıla gelinceye kadarki tarihi hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı Devleti batıda Sırp isyanı ile meşgulken bunu fırsat bilen İran tekrar bu çevreye hücum etti. İran Şahı Feth Ali Şah’ın oğlu ve Azerbaycan valisi olan Abbas Mirza, Doğu Anadolu’ya saldırarak birçok yerle birlikte Bitlis’i de aldı (Ekim 1821). Fakat İran kuvvetleri kışın başlaması üzerine savaşa ara vererek geri çekildi. 1822 yazı başlarında bu savaş yeniden başladıysa da bu sefer kolera salgını sebebiyle Bitlis’in işgalinden vazgeçildi. 28 Temmuz 1823’te de Erzurum’da iki devlet arasında imzalanan antlaşmaya göre savaştan önceki sınırlar geçerli sayıldı.
XIX. yüzyılın başlarına ait tahminlere göre Bitlis şehrinin nüfusu 20.000’den azdı (yüzyılın ilk çeyreği için Shiel ve Kinneir tarafından 12.000, 1838’de Brant tarafından 15.000-18.000 olarak tahmin edilmiştir). Yüzyılın ikinci yarısına ait nüfus tahminleri ise daha yüksektir. 1868’de Taylor tarafından verilen aile sayısına (4000 aile) dayanılarak yapılan tahmin 20.000 kadardır. Daha sonraki yıllarda Bitlis’e uğrayıp nüfus tahmininde bulunanlar 30.000 rakamının altına düşmeyen sayılar vermişlerdir. Müller Simonis ve Hyvernat’in 1888’deki tahmini 30.000, 1891’de Nolde’nin tahmini 36.000, 1898’de Lynch’in tahmini ise 30.000 nüfus idi. Yine XIX. yüzyılın son on yılına ait yayınlardan Vital Cuinet ’in eseriyle 1310 (1892-93) tarihli Bitlis vilâyet salnâmesi şehir nüfusunu vermemekte, buna karşılık merkez kaza nüfusunu vermektedirler ki bu kaynaklardan birincisinin verdiği 38.836 ile ikincisinin verdiği 44.000 nüfus, yukarıda şehir için verilen 30.000 civarındaki nüfus tahminlerinin gerçeğe yakın olduğunu gösterir. Yine aynı dönemde Bitlis’ten geçen seyyahların canlı tasvirleri de Bitlis şehrinde, o zamana göre fazla sayılabilecek ölçüde nüfus toplanmasının mümkün olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Meselâ yüzyılın ortalarında Bitlis’e uğrayan Hommaire de Hell hanlar, köprüler, hamamlar ve şehrin sokaklarına ait çeşitli bilgiler sıraladıktan sonra doğunun bütün çekici güzelliklerinin Bitlis’te toplanmış olduğunu zikreder. 1859’da Kotschy “muhteşem Bitlis” tabirini kullanır ve bu şehri cazip ve romantik bir yer olarak tasvir eder. Bundan on yıl sonra 1869’da buraya gelen Deyrolle de aynı şekilde şehrin canlılığını anlatır. Bu yıllarda Bitlis’te mahallî sanayi de gelişmişti. Şehir içinden geçen derelerin yanında değirmenler ve özellikle siyah sahtiyan imal eden debbâğhâneler sıralanıyordu. Renkli pamuk bezleri ve halı üretimi de ilerlemişti. 1310 tarihli Bitlis vilâyet salnâmesindeki bilgilerden o yıllarda Bitlis’te elli boyahane bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca boya, tütün, mazı, kitre zamkı, ceviz kütüğü, cehri boyası ve bazı hayvan ürünlerini çeşitli yerlere gönderen önemli bir ihraç merkezi durumundaydı. Şehrin 1879’da yeni kurulan Bitlis vilâyetinin merkezi olması da yukarıda zikredilen gelişmelerde önemli rol oynamıştır. Vital Cuinet Bitlis’te 8300 ev, 2 han, 907 dükkân, 3 hamam, 200 çeşme, 15 cami ve 25 mescid bulunduğunu yazmaktadır.
XX. yüzyılda bir taraftan I. Dünya Savaşı sırasındaki Rus işgali (1 Mart 1916 – 8 Ağustos 1916), öte yandan Ruslar çekildikten sonra şehirde bazı komitacıların çıkardığı kargaşalar şehrin canlılığını kaybetmesine ve nüfusunun azalmasına sebep oldu. 1927’de yapılan ilk nüfus sayımında nüfusun 9050’ye düşmüş olduğu görüldü. Bunun üzerine 1929’da Bitlis bir kaza merkezi haline getirilerek Muş vilâyetine bağlandı. 1936’da Bitlis vilâyeti yeniden kurulunca vilâyet merkezi oldu. Nüfusu küçük iniş ve çıkışlar göstermekle beraber 1950’ye kadar fazla değişmemiştir (1935’te 9994, 1940’ta 12.002, 1945’te 10.779, 1950’de 11.137). Şehrin nüfusu ilk defa 1955’te 15.000’i aşmış, 1975’te de 25.000’i biraz geçmiş (25.054), 1985’te 36.073’e yükselmiş ve 1990 sayımının sonuçlarına göre 38.130’u bulmuştur.
Günümüzde Bitlis şehrinin çekirdeğini kalenin hemen eteğindeki dar ve dolambaçlı sokaklar boyunca sıralanmış evlerle çarşıdan meydana gelen sıkışık kesim oluşturur. Şehrin en önemli tarihî eserlerinden olan Ulucami de şehrin bu en alçak kesiminde yer alır. Daha yukarıda bulunan ve daha seyrek planlı olan saha, Nemrud dağından fışkırarak buraya kadar akan lavların Bitlis deresi tarafından yarılması sonucunda meydana gelen taraça düzlükleri üzerinde yayılır. Bu iki kesim, dik ve zikzaklı yokuşlarla birbirinden ayrılır. Bitlis’in vadinin tabanında kurulmuş mahalleleri yeşillikler içinde uzanırken yüksekteki mahalleler çıplak olan tepelerin yamaçlarında birbiri üzerinde sıralanır. Çoğunlukla tek katlı, sıkışık ve düzensiz bir yapı gösteren çarşının, şehrin en alçak kesimini işgal etmesine karşılık idarî merkez kalenin kuzeyindeki Gökmeydan denilen yüksek bir düzlükte yerleşmiştir. Bunun sonucunda da idarî merkezle ticaret merkezi Türkiye’nin başka şehrinde pek rastlanılmayan bir şekilde birbirinden ayrı düşmüştür. Sonradan idarî merkezin çevresinde de daha küçük bir iş merkezi oluşmuştur.
Kurulduğu yerin topografyası Bitlis şehrinin biçimlenmesinde ve gelişme doğrultusunda en önemli rolü oynamıştır. Bitlis için ancak kuzey-güney doğrultusunda gelişme söz konusudur. Doğu ve batıdan ise yerleşime pek imkân vermeyen eğimlerle sınırlanır. Cumhuriyet’in başlarında XIX. yüzyıldaki ihtişamını kaybeden Bitlis’te sadece dört mahalle bulunuyordu (Taş, Zeydan, İnönü ve Hersan mahalleleri). Bu mahalle ayırımı yüzyılın sonlarına ait olan ve V. Cuinet tarafından da verilen mahalle sayısına da uyuyordu. Bu eski mahallelerin sınırlarını şehrin içinden geçen ve taş köprülerle aşılan dereler çizerdi. Bu mahalle düzeni 1968’e kadar devam eti. Bu tarihlerden sonra nüfusun daha da çoğalması üzerine mahalleler bölündü ve sayıları on bire çıktı. Daha sonraki yıllarda da on iki oldu.
Şehrin bu mahalleleri içinde halkın “çermik” adını verdiği sıcak su kaynakları yaygındır. Bunlar arasında Bitlis deresi kenarındaki Köprüaltı kaplıcası, Taş mahallesindeki Küçür ya da Keçur denilen kaplıca (bu isim Evliya Çelebi’de de bir mahalle adı olarak geçmektedir), Zeydan mahallesindeki Yılandirilten suyu başlıcalarıdır.
Şehirdeki sanayi kuruluşları arasında 1932’de kurulan bir un fabrikası ile 1978’de kurulan bir başka un fabrikası, 1936’da Tekel tarafından açılan ve 1984’te Bitlis Entegre Sigara Tesisleri (BEST) adıyla genişletilerek modern bir hale getirilen bir sigara fabrikası sayılabilir.
Bitlis şehrinde çok sayıda tarihî eser vardır. Bunlar arasında Ulucami (1150 [?]), Kızıl Cami (ilk tamiri 1517), Şerefiye Külliyesi (1529), Dört Sandık Mescidi (1552), Memi Dede Mescidi (1572), Soğukpınar (Aynülbârid) Camii (1664), Şeyh Hasan Camii (tamiri 1725), Alemdar Camii (tamiri 1784), Gökmeydan Camii (1801), Kureyşî Camii (tamiri 1810), Begiye Mescidi (1144), Taş Camii, Sultaniye Camii (1828), Kalealtı Mescidi (XVIII. yüzyıl), İhlâsiye (1589), Hatibiye (XVI. yüzyıl), Nûhiye (1700), Yûsufiye (XIX. yüzyıl) medreseleri ve çok sayıda türbe, han ve hamam sayılabilir.
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 1991 yılı istatistiklerine göre Bitlis’te il ve ilçe merkezlerinde 106, bucak ve köylerde 482 olmak üzere toplam 588 cami bulunmaktadır. İl merkezindeki cami sayısı ise otuz dörttür.
Bitlis şehrinin merkez olduğu il Van, Siirt, Batman, Muş ve Ağrı illeriyle kuşatılmıştır. Merkez ilçeden başka Adilcevaz, Ahlat, Güroymak, Hizan, Mutki ve Tatvan adlarında altı ilçe ve on sekiz bucağa ayrılmış olup sınırları içerisinde 277 köy bulunmaktadır. 6707 km2 genişliğindeki Bitlis ilinin 1990 sayımına göre nüfusu 330.115 nüfus yoğunluğu ise 49 idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ , II, 489.
Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, el-Ḫarâc (Zebîdî) , s. 128-314.
İbnü’l-Ezrak el-Fârikī, Târîḫu Meyyâfâriḳīn , s. 189, 203, 268, 280.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , I, 358-359.
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İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , II, 535; VIII, 198, 693; X, 554; XI, 66; XII, 492.
İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, et-Taʿrîf , Kahire 1312/1894, s. 35.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , IV, 91.
Cuinet , II, 559-560.
Bitlis Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1310).
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Tuncer Baykara, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyasına Giriş I: Anadolu’nun İdarî Taksimatı , Ankara 1988, s. 69, 75, 88, 107, 138, 140.
Ali Sevim – Yaşar Yücel, Türkiye Tarihi: Fetih, Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi , Ankara 1989, s. 203-204.
Feridun Emecen, “Kanunî Devri”, Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslâm Tarihi , İstanbul 1989, X, 330-331, 341.
Rifat Uçarol, “1815-1870 Yılları Arasında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu”, a.e. , XI, 386.
Bayram Kodaman, “Osmanlı Siyasi Tarihi (1876-1920)”, a.e. , XII, 181.
W. Köhler, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesinde Bitlis ve Halkı (trc. Haydar Işık), İstanbul 1989.
R. Dankoff, Evliya Çelebi in Bitlis , Leiden 1990.
1990 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Geçici Sonuçlar (nşr. DİE), Ankara 1990, s. 2, 3, 14.
Ahmet Uğur, “Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’da Bazı Yerlerin Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna Katılması”, EÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 5, Kayseri 1988, s. 43-57.
DMF , I, 337; II, 1842 vd.
Mükrimin Halil Yınanç – Besim Darkot, “Bitlis”, İA , II, 657-664.
G. L. Levis, “Bidlīs”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 1242-1243.
H. Busse, “Abbas Mirza”, EIr. , I, 80.
Faruk Sümer, “Ahlatşahlar”, DİA , II, 25, 26, 27.
İlhan Şahin – Feridun Emecen, “Amasya Antlaşması”, a.e. , III, 4-5.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 225-228 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.