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BOLU Skip to content Karadeniz bölgesinin batı bölümünde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Bolu şehri, etrafı dağlarla çevrilmiş, denizden 710 m. yükseklikte genişçe bir ovada kurulmuştur.
Eski bir yerleşme yeri olan şehrin Roma İmparatorluğu döneminde ilk adı Bithynium olup ovanın kuzey tarafında dağın eteğinde yer almaktaydı. Daha sonra şehir ovaya doğru genişleme gösterdi ve İmparator Claudius zamanında (m.ö. 10 – m.s. 54) buraya Claudiopolis adı verildi. Türk devrindeki Bolu isminin ise bu kelimenin sonundaki “polis”ten bozma olduğu ileri sürülür.
Şehir Roma İmparatorluğu’nun parçalanmasından sonra Bizans’ın elinde kaldı. Tahminen 1196’da, Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı II. Rükneddin Süleyman zamanında Türk hâkimiyetine girdi. Bunu takip eden yıllarda konar göçer Türk oymaklarının gelmesiyle bölge Türkleşti. Anadolu beyliklerinden Çandaroğulları’nın hâkimiyeti bu durumu kuvvetlendirdi. 1330-1340 yılları arasında Bolu’yu ziyaret eden İbn Battûta, kasabada ahîlerin büyük nüfuzundan, onlara ait zâviyelerin çokluğundan ve çevrenin Türkmenler’le meskûn olduğundan bahseder.
Bolu ve çevresinin Osmanlı hâkimiyetine hangi tarihte geçtiği kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Âşıkpaşazâde Konurapa, Mudurnu, Bolu ve yöresinin Orhan Gazi’nin kumandanlarından Konuralp tarafından ele geçirildiğini belirtmektedir (Târih, s. 32). Yıldırım Bayezid burada çifte minareli bir ulucami ile 1391’de bir hamam inşa ettirmiştir. Bölge 1402’den sonra Fetret Devri’nde Çandaroğulları’nın hâkimiyetine girdiyse de Çelebi Sultan Mehmed tarafından tekrar Osmanlı idaresi altına alındı.
Bolu, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında Anadolu’da Cenevizliler’e ait Amasra, Çandaroğulları’na ait Sinop ve yöresine yapılan seferlerde serhad şehri hüviyetini kazandı. Nitekim Fâtih 1461’de Amasra’yı fethetmek için donanmayı denizden gönderirken kendisi de Akyazı-Bolu yoluyla karadan Amasra’ya ulaşmıştı. Ayrıca Sinop’un alınmasından sonra buraları Bolu sancağına dahil edilmiş ve Sinop Beyi Kızıl Ahmed Bey sancak beyliğine getirilmişti.
Bolu şehri XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Aslı Hatun, Gölyüzü, Veled-i Solak, Cami, Veled-i Turşucu, Hocabey, Hatib, Karaçayır, Veled-i Hacı İlyas, Akmescid, Debbâğan, Nâib Emed Karamânî adında on iki mahalleye sahipti. Bu mahallelerde 262 hâne, yirmi sekiz mücerred nüfus bulunuyordu. Bunlar dışında on bir imam, yedi sermahfel, dokuz müezzin, dört sâdât, bir muarrif, altı kethüdâ ve dokuz da pîr-i fânî kaydedilmişti (BA, TD , nr. 438, s. 420). Buna göre şehirde 2000’e yakın nüfus yaşamaktaydı.
XVII. yüzyılda Bolu bazı değişikliklere sahne oldu. Kâtib Çelebi şehrin surlarının harap olduğunu, içinde de üç hamam ile Şemsi Paşa Camii, Kara Çayır Mahallesi Camii, Debbâğlar Camii ve Göl Mahallesi Camii adlarında dört cami bulunduğunu belirtir. Evliya Çelebi ise şehirde otuz dört mahalle olduğunu, yine otuz dört adet mihraplı mescidi ile 3000 ahşap güzel evin mevcut bulunduğunu yazar. Ayrıca zenginlerin evlerini ve hanlarını kiremit örtülü yaptırdıklarını belirttikten sonra Paşa Sarayı, Şemsi Paşa Sarayı, Zülfikar Ağa Sarayı gibi yapılarla Mimar Sinan yapısı olduğu bildirilen Mustafa Paşa Camii ile Ferhad Paşa Camii’ni şehrin ilgi çekici binaları olarak tarif eder. XVIII. yüzyılda Akpınar, Semerkant, Yenicami, Hocabey, Akmescid, Karamanlı, Karaçayır, Debbağlar, Aslıhatun, Günyüzü, Eskicami ve Çukur adlı on iki mahallesi bulunan şehir 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’ndan dolayı muhacir iskânına sahne oldu. Nitekim 1878 salnâmesine göre kasabanın nüfusu 16.778’e yükselmişti.
Bolu ve civarı ormanlık bir bölge olduğu için kerestenin iktisadî hayatta önemli yeri bulunmaktadır. Bölgede XVIII. yüzyıla kadar balta girmemiş ormanlar mevcuttu. Elde edilen çam kerestesi “Bolu kerestesi” adıyla İstanbul’a gönderiliyor (Seyahatnâme, II, 172-174), İstanbul’da Eski ve Yeni saraylar için gerekli olan odunlar ve özellikle gemi inşasında kullanılan kaliteli kereste de buradan sağlanıyordu.
Osmanlı yol sisteminin sol kolu üzerinde bulunması da Bolu’nun iktisadî hayatında önemli derecede etkili olmuştu. Bu yol Üsküdar’dan başlayıp İzmit-Düzce-Bolu-Koçhisar (günümüzdeki Ilgaz)-Tosya güzergâhını takip ediyordu. Bolu aynı yol üzerinden Gerede-Yabanâbâd’dan (Kızılcahamam) Ankara’ya ulaşan güzergâhın da kavşak noktasındaydı. İstanbul ile Ankara’yı birleştiren Bolu yolları, XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Hüsrev Paşa’nın Bolu mutasarrıflığı sırasında yeniden düzenlendi.
1332 (1914) Bolu salnâmesine göre Bolu’da yirmi iki cami, birçok tekke ve on iki medrese vardı. Bugün bunlardan tarihî nitelik taşıyan eserler arasında Demirtaş Paşa oğlu Mehmed Bey tarafından yaptırılan Kadı Camii, Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından inşa ettirilen çifte minareli Ulucami (Büyük Cami), Ilıcalar civarında 916’da (1510) İsfendiyaroğulları’na mensup Kızıl Ahmed Bey’in oğlu Mûsâ Paşa tarafından yaptırılmış olan Mûsâ Paşa (Ilıca) Camii, Mûsâ Paşa’nın oğlu Mehmed Bey’in annesinin şehre 5 km. mesafede 970’te (1562) inşa ettirdiği Karaköy Camii, yine aynı aileden Şemsi Paşa’nın yaptırdığı cami, medrese ve imaret, 1391’de Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından inşa ettirilen Orta Hamam, Sokullu Mehmed Paşa tarafından yaptırıldığı rivayet edilen Tabaklar veya Vakıflar Hamamı, Gölyüzü mahallesinde Sokullu’ya ait tekke, 1811 yılında inşa ettirilen ve hükümet konağı olan Tabaklar (Debbâğlar) mahallesindeki Paşa Sarayı sayılabilir. Şehirdeki bazı eserler Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında yapılan imar faaliyetleri sırasında yıkılmış ve tahrip edilmiştir. Bunlardan birçok tarihî şahsiyete ait mezarların yer aldığı Taşmektep Mezarlığı ortadan kaldırılarak yerine otopark inşa edilmiştir. Aynı şekilde 1776’da Hacı Ahmed Ağa tarafından yaptırılan Çarşıbaşı Çeşmesi’yle yakınında yer alan yatır da yıktırılmıştır.
Şehrin adını taşıyan sancak XVI. yüzyılda Anadolu eyaletine bağlıydı. 1519 tarihinde sancak, merkezden başka Çağa, Kıbrıs, Mengen, Gerede, Viranşehir, Taraklu, Borlu, Yenice, Yedi Divan, Ulus ve Amasra, Oniki Divan, Hızır Bey ili, Ereğli, Konurapa ve Mudurnu kazaları ile Dodurga nahiyesinden teşekkül etmekteydi (Bolu Livâsı Evkaf Defteri , nr. B/15, s. 56). 1528 yılında ise sancakta evkafa ait olduğu belirtilen bir cami, bir medrese, iki mescid, beş zâviye, iki hamam, bir kervansaray, bir bezzâzistan, 113 dükkân, yirmi dört değirmen yer almaktaydı. Ayrıca sancakta 120 köy bulunmaktaydı ki burada yaşayanlarla birlikte sancağın toplam nüfusu yaklaşık 30.000 civarında idi (BA, TD , nr. 438, s. 425, 434).
XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Bolu sancağı on altı idarî birime ayrılmıştı. Bunlar merkez nahiye, Çağa, Mengen, Gerede, Viranşehir, Taraklu, Borlu, Ulus ve Amasra, Oniki Divan, Yedi Divan, Yenice, Hızır Bey ili ve Çarşamba, Bendereğli, Konurapa, Dodurga, Mudurnu ve Kıbrıs nahiyeleri idi. XVII. yüzyılda ise Bolu sancağının kazaları daha da artarak, otuzu geçmiştir. 1692 yılına kadar Anadolu eyaleti içerisinde yer alan sancak bu tarihten itibaren voyvodalık ile idare edilmeye başlandı. 1864 vilâyet nizamnâmesiyle de merkezi Kastamonu olan vilâyet bir mutasarrıflık haline geldi. Bu statü içerisinde sancağın nüfusu 1870 salnâmesine göre 61.338 müslüman ve 1547 hıristiyan olmak üzere toplam 62.885 idi. Cuinet de 1891’de sancağın sekiz kaza, beş nahiye ve 1131 köyden meydana geldiğini, sancakta 321.645 müslüman ile 3655 hıristiyanın yaşadığını kaydederek ahalinin büyük çoğunluğunun Osmanlı soyundan geldiğini belirtir. 1914’te Bolu’ya bağlı köylerde 120 cami ile on üç mescid bulunuyordu. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 1991 yılı istatistiklerine göre Bolu’da il ve ilçe merkezlerinde 137, kasaba ve köylerde 1495 olmak üzere toplam 1632 cami bulunmaktaydı. İl merkezindeki cami sayısı ise otuz beştir.
XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında nüfusu 9642’si müslüman olmak üzere 10.796’ya yükselen Bolu şehri Cumhuriyet devrinde vilâyet merkezi olmuştur. Bu devirde eski önemini hayli kaybettiği anlaşılan Bolu’nun 1927’de 7215 olan nüfusu 1955 yılına kadar hep 10.000’in altında kalmış, 1955 sayımında ise 12.271’e ulaşmıştır. Daha sonraları çok işlek bir yol üzerinde (E-5) bulunması sebebiyle hızlı bir şekilde gelişmiştir. Nüfusu 1970’te 26.944’e, 1985’te 50.288’e, 1990’da da 60.789’a varmıştır.
Bolu tabii güzellikleri ve tarihî eserleri bakımından turizmde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ayrıca Abant gölü, Yedigöller ve kaplıcaları ile de dikkati çekmektedir. Öte yandan Türk halk edebiyatının büyük kahramanı olan ve 1581’den itibaren etrafındaki birkaç yüz kişi ile Bolu-Gerede arasında faaliyet gösteren Köroğlu da (asıl adı Rûşen) bu çevrede yaşamıştır.
Bolu şehrinin merkez olduğu il Sakarya, Bilecik, Eskişehir, Ankara, Çankırı ve Zonguldak illeriyle kuşatılmıştır. Kuzeyde de Karadeniz ile kıyısı vardır. Merkez ilçeden başka Akçakoca, Cumaova, Çilimli, Dörtdivan, Düzce, Gerede, Gölyaka, Göynük, Kıbrısçık, Mengen, Mudurnu, Seben, Yeniçağa ve Yığılca adlı on dört ilçeye ve on dokuz bucağa ayrılmıştır. Sınırları içerisinde 792 köy bulunmaktadır. 11.051 km2 genişliğindeki Bolu ilinin 1990 sayımına göre nüfusu 536.869 nüfus yoğunluğu ise 49 idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 438, s. 420, 425, 430, 431, 434.
Bolu Livâsı Evkaf Defteri , İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. B. 15, s. 56.
Müstakil Bolu Salnâmesi , Bolu 1332, s. 100-101, 133 vd., 206-207.
İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme , I, 348-349.
Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih , s. 32, 154, 156.
Şükrullah Çelebi, Behcetü’t-tevârîh (Osmanlı Tarihleri içinde, Osmanlılar’la ilgili kısım, nşr. N. Atsız), İstanbul 1949, s. 61.
Neşrî, Cihannümâ , II, 741-749.
İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , I. Defter, s. 184, 185, 192, 196.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 651.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , II, 172-174.
Barkan, Kanunlar , s. 28-32.
Vecihi Tönük, Türkiye’de İdâre Teşkilâtı , Ankara 1945, s. 110, 165, 209.
Zekâi Konrapa, Bolu Tarihi , Bolu 1946, s. 179, 209, 349, 363-364, 565, 580.
Mustafa Akdağ, Celâlî İsyanları: 1550-1603 , Ankara 1953, s. 122.
Bolu İl Yıllığı 1967 , İstanbul 1968.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , İstanbul 1971, s. 239, 262, 281.
Vahap Tuncer, Neler Yazmadık Şu Bolu İçin , Bolu 1983, s. 83-84, 86-87, 103-104 vd.
Halil Sahillioğlu, “Bolu Tarihi İle İlgili Vesîkalar”, Çele , sy. 3, Bolu 1963, s. 12-14.
a.mlf., “XVII. Yüzyıl Sonunda Bolu Livâsı Sürsat Bedeli”, a.e. , sy. 11, Ankara 1964, s. 15-21.
a.mlf., “1699’da Tekfen Gölünün Etrafında Bulunan Bâkir Orman”, a.e. , sy. 21 (1965), s. 4-6.
a.mlf., “Bolu Orta Hamamı’nın Su Yolu”, a.e. , sy. 22 (1965), s. 4-5.
Haki Aydın, “Oniki Divan’da II. Bâyezid’in Vakfettiği Açma Mezraası”, a.e. , sy. 26 (1965), s. 27-29.
a.mlf., “Bolu’da Yıldırım Bâyezid Câmii Vakfına Dair”, a.e. , sy. 31 (1965), s. 32-34.
C. Orhonlu, “Osmanlı Bolusu”, TTOK Belleteni , XLVII/326 (1975), s. 14-20.
Yücel Özkaya, “XVII. ve XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Bolu”, II. Tarih Boyunca Karadeniz Kongresi Bildirileri , Samsun 1990, s. 115-123.
Besim Darkot, “Bolu”, İA , II, 707-709.
H. A. Reed, “Bolu”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1255-1256.
[Bu madde müellifin bibliyografyadaki makalesi esas alınarak Yusuf Halaçoğlu tarafından düzenlenmiştir].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 276-278 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.