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BOSWORTH, Clifford Edmund Skip to content (1928-2015)
İngiliz şarkiyatçısı.
29 Aralık 1928’de Sheffield’de doğdu. Lisans eğitimini Oxford Üniversitesi St. John College’da tarih alanında üstün başarıyla tamamlayıp 1952’de mezun oldu. Yüksek lisansını Edinburgh Üniversitesi Ortadoğu Dilleri Bölümü’nde Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe’yi öğrenerek tamamladı (1956). 1957’de Oxford Üniversitesi St. John College’da ikinci yüksek lisans derecesi aldı. Doktorasını W. Montgomery Watt ve John R. Walsh yönetiminde The Transition from Ghaznavid to Seljuq Power in the Islamic East adlı teziyle 1961’de Edinburgh Üniversitesi’nde bitirdi. 1956-1965 yıllarında İskoçya’da St. Andrews Üniversitesi’nde Arapça okutmanlığı yaptı. 1966-1967’de Kanada’da Toronto Üniversitesi’nde misafir öğretim üyesi sıfatıyla bulundu. 1967-1990 yıllarını kapsayan akademik kariyerinin büyük kısmını Manchester Üniversitesi Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Bölümü’nde Arap tarihi ve edebiyatı profesörü olarak geçirdi. 1971’de kendisine onursal yüksek lisans derecesi verilen bu bölümde çeşitli aralıklarla uzun süre bölüm başkanlığı yaptı. Emekli olduktan sonra da bölümde ders vermeye devam etti. 1969’da California Üniversitesi (UCLA, Los Angeles) Near Eastern Center’da, 1975’te Küveyt Üniversitesi’nde, 1984’te Harvard Üniversitesi Middle East Center’da ve 2004’te Exeter Üniversitesi’nde misafir öğretim üyesi olarak bulundu. 1992’de İngiltere’deki en saygın bilim kuruluşu British Academy’ye üye seçildi. 1997’de Galler Üniversitesi (University of Walse, Lampeter) St. David’s College’dan onursal profesör unvanı aldı. British Academy’nin yanı sıra British Institute of Persian Studies, British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, The Royal Asiatic Society (2004), Macar Bilimler Akademisi (2004) gibi kuruluşlarda üye ve başkan olarak bulundu. İlmî çalışmalarından dolayı 1998’de UNESCO Avicenna (İbn Sînâ) Gümüş madalyasına, 2001’de Mahmud Afşar Vakfı İran Çalışmalarına Katkı ödülüne, 2003’te İran Kültür ve İrşad Bakanlığı ve aynı yıl The Triennial Award ödüllerine lâyık görüldü. 28 Şubat 2015’te Yeovil Somerset’te öldü. Evli ve üç çocuk babasıydı.
Bosworth, İslâm ve Ortadoğu çalışmalarının her alanında eser veren çok verimli bir ilim adamıdır. İslâm dünyasının üç temel lisanı Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe’ye hâkim olması, İslâm tarih ve kültürüne dair derin mâlûmatı sebebiyle dil, tarih, din, hukuk, sanat ve epigrafi gibi çok farklı alanlarda yüzlerce çalışma yapmıştır. Muslim World, Oriens, Arabica, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Journal of Semitic Studies, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient gibi dergilerde 100’ü aşkın makale yayımlamıştır. Bu makalelerden bir kısmı daha sonra The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia (London 1977), Medieval Arabic Culture and Administration (London 1982) ve The Arabs Byzantium and Iran, Studies in Early Islamic History and Culture ’da (London 1996) tekrar neşredilmiştir. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın (second edition) editörlerinden olan Bosworth burada 200 civarında madde kaleme almış, Encyclopaedia of Iranica için de 100’e yakın madde yazmıştır. Ayrıca Dictionary of Middle Ages (ed. Joseph Strayer, Princeton 1989, I-XIII), Encyclopaedia of Arabic Literature (ed. Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, London-New York 1998, I-II) ve Enkuklopaidiko Prosopographiko Lexiko Byzantines Istorias kai Politismou (ed. Alexis Savvides, I-V, Athens 1996-2006) gibi ansiklopediler için maddeler kaleme almış, The Cambridge History of Iran (I-VII, Cambridge 1968-1991) ve The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature (Cambridge 1991) gibi kitaplara onlarca bölüm yazmıştır. Bernard Lewis ve Peter Malcolm Holt ile birlikte, XX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İslâm ve Ortadoğu tarihi alanlarında İngiltere’nin en etkin tarihçileri olarak Batı’da ve İslâm dünyasında pek çok öğrenci yetiştirmiştir. Öğrencileri ve çalışma arkadaşları yetmişinci doğum yılı münasebetiyle Studies in Honour of Clifford Edmund Bosworth adıyla iki ciltlik bir armağan kitap hazırlamıştır (Leiden 2000).
Eserleri. Telif: 1. The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran: 994-1040 (Edinburgh 1963; Beirut 1973; New Delhi 1992). Müellifin doktora tezinin geliştirilmesiyle ortaya çıkan eser Gazneliler’e dair ilk çalışmalardan olup klasikleşmiştir ve hâlâ güncelliğini korumaktadır. Doğu İran ve Afganistan tarihinin bu dönemine yalnız siyasal değil sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel açılardan yeni bir yorum getiren Bosworth, aynı devirde Horasan’da yaşanan sosyal değişimleri de ele almıştır. Daha sonra yaygınlaşacak olan memlük sistemi, yapısı ve bu sistemden yetişenlerin sultan olmasıyla alâkalı önemli bir çalışmadır. İslâm’da askerî devlet anlayışının oluşma biçimini ortaya koyması açısından da değerli olan eseri Hasan Enûşe Farsça’ya çevirmiştir (Târîḫ-i Ġazneviyân , Tahran 1384 hş.). 2. The Islamic Dynasties, A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook (Edinburg 1967). İslâm tarihi boyunca kurulmuş bütün hânedanların ve hükümdarların hükmettikleri dönemleri ele alan çalışma bu alanda Stanley Lane-Pool’ün The Mohammadan Dynasties (Westminster 1894) ve Eduard Ritter Von Zambaur’un Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l’histoire de l’Islam (Hannover 1927) adlı eserlerinden sonra en kapsamlı araştırmadır. P. A. Gryaznevich tarafından Rusça’ya (Musulmanskie dynastii , Moskova 1971), Feridun Bedrâî tarafından Farsça’ya (Silsilehâ-yı İslâmî , Tahran 1350 hş./1971), Erdoğan Merçil ve Mehmet İpşirli tarafından Türkçe’ye (İslam Devletleri Tarihi, Kronoloji ve Soykütüğü Elkitabı , İstanbul 1980), Hüseyin Ali el-Lebûdî tarafından Arapça’ya (el-Üserü’l-ḥâkime fi’l-İslâm, dirâse fi’t-târîḫ ve’l-ensâb , Küveyt 1992), Dinasti-Dinasti Islam (Bandung 1993) adıyla Endonezyaca’ya ve Yves Thoraval tarafından Fransızca’ya (Les dynasties musulmans , Paris 1996) çevrilmiştir. Müellif tarafından daha sonra geliştirilip The New Islamic Dynasties, A Chronological and Genealogical Manual adıyla yayımlanan eseri (Edinburgh 1996) Hande Canlı Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir (Doğuşundan Günümüze İslam Devletleri Tarihi: Devletler, Prenslikler, Hanedanlar Kronoloji ve Soy Kütüğü El Kitabı , İstanbul 2005). 3. Sīstān under the Arabs, from the Islamic Conquest to the Rise of the Saffarids, 30-250/651-864 (Rome 1968). Fethinden Saffârîler’in kuruluşuna kadar Sîstan bölgesinin müslümanlar tarafından idaresini ele alan eseri Hasan Enûşe Farsça’ya çevirmiştir (Târîḫ-i Sîstân: Ez Âmeden-i Tâziyân tâ Ber Âmeden-i Devlet-i Ṣaffâriyân , Tahran 1370 hş.). 4. The Medieval Islamic Underworld, The Banū Sāsān in Arabic Society and Literature (I-II, Leiden 1976). İslâm toplumunda genel olarak Benî Sâsân adıyla bilinen sihirbazlar, falcılar, meczuplar, dilenciler, ayyârlar ve ayak takımı gibi toplumsal sınıfların incelendiği eser argo kelimeler ve üzerinde çalışma yapılmamış konuları ele alması bakımından öncü niteliği taşır. 5. The Later Ghaznavids, Splendour and Decay. The Dynasty in Afghanistan and North-ern India 1040-1186 (Edinburgh 1977; New Delhi 1992). 6. Bahā al-Dīn al-Āmilī and his Literary Anthologies (Manchester 1989). İranlı âlim Bahâeddin Âmilî’nin hayatına ve seçme sözlerle yazılarının bir antolojisi olan el-Keşkûl ’e dairdir. 7. The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz, 247/861 to 949/1542-3 (Costa Mesa 1994). 8. A Century of British Orientalists, 1902-2001 (Oxford 2001). XX. yüzyılın on üç İngiliz şarkiyatçısının hayatı ve çalışmalarının ele alındığı bir eserdir. 9. An Intrepid Scot: William Lithgow of Lanark’s Travels in the Ottoman Empire and Mediterranean Lands 1609-1621 (Aldershot 2006). 10. Eastward Ho!: Diplomats, Travellers and Interpreters of the Middle East and Beyond, 1600-1940 (London 2012).
Tercüme: The Book of Curious and Entertaining Information. The Lataif al-maʿārif of T̲h̲aʿālibī (Edinburgh 1968), Al-Maqrīzī’s Book of Contention and Strife Concerning the Relations between the Banu Umayya and the Banu Hashim (Manchester 1981, Makrîzî’nin en-Nizâʿ ve’t-teḫâṣum fîmâ beyne Benî Ümeyye ve Benî Hâşîm adlı eserinden), The History of Tabarī. An Annotated Translation. The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Caliphate of al-Ma’mun (XXXII, Albany 1987, Taberî’nin Târîḫu’l-ümem ve’l-mülûk ’ünün Halife Me’mun dönemini içeren kısmından), The History of Tabarī. An Annotated Translation. The Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium. The Caliphates of Mūsā al-Hādī and Harūn al-Rashīd A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169-193 (XXX, Albany 1989, Taberî’nin aynı eserinin 169-193 [785-809] yıllarını içeren kısmından), The History of Tabarī. An Annotated Translation. Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the Abbāsid Caliphate (XXXIII, Albany 1991, aynı eserin Mu‘tasım-Billâh dönemini kapsayan 218-227/833-842 yıllarına ait kısmından), The History of Tabarī. An Annotated Translation. The Sāsānids, the Byzantines the Lakhmids of Yemen (V, Albany 1999, aynı eserin İslâm öncesini anlatan ilk kısmından), The History of the Seljuq Turks: from the Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh: An Ilkhānid Adaptation of the Saljūq-nāma of Zahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī (London 2001, Kenneth A. Luther ile birlikte), The History of the Seljuq State A Translation with Commentary of Akhbar al-Saljuqıyya (London-New York 2011, Ali b. Nâsır el-Hüseynî’ye nisbet edilen Aḫbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûḳıyye adlı eserin notlarla çevirisidir), The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041, The Original Taxt of Abu Said Abd al-Hayy Gardizi (London 2011, Gerdîzî’nin Zeynü’l-aḫbâr adlı tarihinin neşri ve tercümesidir), The History of Beyhaqi: The History of Sultan Mas’ud of Ghazna 1030-1041 (Boston 2011, I-III, Mohsen Ashtiany ile birlikte).
Editörlüğünü Yaptığı Eserler: Iran and Islam: In Memory of the Late Vladimir Minorsky (Edinburgh 1971); A Catalogue of Accessions to the Arabic Manuscripts in the John Rylands University Library of Manchester (Manchester 1975); Qajar Iran, Political, Social and Cultural Change 1800-1925, Studies Presented to Professor L.P. Elwell-Sutton (Edinburgh 1983; Costa Mesa 1992, Carole Hillenbrand’la birlikte); The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in Honour of Bernard Lewis (Princeton 1989, Charles Philip Issawi, Roger Savory ve Avram L. Udovitch ile birlikte); History of Civilizations of Central Asia, IV, The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century , Part 2, The Achievements (Paris 1999); The Turks in the Early Islamic World (Aldershot 2007); Historic Cities of the Islamic World (Leiden 2007).
Makale: “Ghaznevid Military Organisation” (Isl. , XXXVI [1960], s. 37-77); “The Early Islamic History of Ghur” (CAJ , VI [1961, The Hague-Wiesbaden], s. 116-133); “The Imperial Policy of the Early Ghaznavids” (Islamic Studies Journal of the Central Institute of Islamic Research , I/3 [Karachi 1962], s. 49-82); “Early sources for the History of the First Four Ghaznavid Sultans” (IQ , VIII [1963], s. 3-22); “Language Reform and Nationalism in Modern Turkey-A Brief Conspectus” (MW , LV [1965], s. 58-65, 117-124); “Military Organisation under the Buyids of Persia and Iraq” (Oriens , XVIII-XIX [1965-1966], s. 143-167); “The Tahirids and Arabic Culture” (JSS , XIV [1969], s. 45-79); “An Early Arabic Mirror for Princes: Ṭāhir Dhū l-Yamīnain’s Epistle to his Son ʿAbdallāh (206/821)” (JNES , XXIX/1 [Chicago 1970], s. 25-41); “Dailamis in Central Iran: The Kakuyids of Jibal and Yazd” (Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies , VIII [London 1970], s. 73-95); “Raja’ Ibn Haywa and the Umayyad Caliphs” (IQ , XVI [1972], s. 36-80); “Sanawbari’s Elegy on the Pilgrims Slain in the Carmathian Attack on Mecca (317/930); A Literary and Historical Study” (Arabica , XIX [1972], s. 222-239); “The Rulers of Chaghaniyan in Early Islamic Times” (Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies , XIX [1981], s. 1-20); “The City of Tarsus and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier in Early and Middle Abbasid Times” (Oriens , XXXIII [1992], s. 268-286); “Byzantium and the Arabs: War and peace between Two World Civilisations” (JAOS , III-IV [1991-1992], s. 1-24).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Studies in Honour of Clifford Edmund Bosworth (ed. I. Richard Netton), Leiden 2000, I, s. XI-XXXV; (ed. C. Hillenbrand), II, s. XIII-XLI; “British Institute of Persian Studies-Notice: Clifford Edmund Bosworth, 1928-2015”, http://bips.ac.uk (30.03.2015); “Maróth Miklós akadémikus laudációja C. E. Bosworth tiszteleti tag székfoglalója alkalmából 2005. április 25-én”, http://www.huss.ex.ac.uk/iais/downloads/cv_edmunds.doc (30.03.2015); http://mta.hu/fileadmin/nytud/szekfoglalo/laud_Bosworth_ Maroth.pdf (30.03.2015).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 204-206 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.