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BOZCAADA Skip to content Ege denizinin Çanakkale Boğazı’na ve Anadolu kıyılarına yakın kesiminde ada.
Çanakkale Boğazı’na hâkim bir mevkide yer alan Bozcaada, tarih boyunca devamlı olarak boğazın her iki yakasına sahip olan milletlerin elinde bulunmuştur. Adanın Türk devrinden önceki adı Tenedos’tur. Türkçe ismin ne zaman ve ne sebeple verildiği bugüne kadar açıklanmamıştır. Yalnız Pîrî Reis eserinde adada bugün Göztepe denilen yüksek sivri bir boz tepe bulunduğunu, bunun üzerinden denizin 40 mil mesafesinin kontrol edilebildiğini, aynı şekilde denizden de o mesafe içinde gemilerin adanın alâmeti olan boz tepeyi farkedebildiklerini ifade etmektedir ki Türk denizcileri tarafından buraya “Boz ada” veya “Bozca ada” denmesi bu sebebe dayanmaktadır.
Pîrî Reis, bugün dahi poyraz havalarda küçük gemilerin sığındıkları Poyraz Limanı’ndan da bahsetmekte ve o zaman buranın adının Yardım Limanı olduğunu, poyraz havalarda buraya ancak küçük gemilerin sığınabildiklerini belirtmektedir. Ege adaları hakkında küçük bir eser yazmış olan Ber Randolph Türkler’in buraya “Boş adası” dediklerini kaydetmektedir ki bu şekil Bozcaada veya Bozada isminin yanlış anlaşılmasından ileri gelmiş olabilir.
Bozcaada ismi ile ilgili diğer bir söyleyiş tarzı da “Bohça ada” şeklindedir. Adadaki Alaybey Camii hazîresinde bulunan hicrî 1250 ve 1272 tarihli iki mezar kitâbesiyle Aburga Ahmed Dede Mezarlığı’nda bulunan diğer bir mezar kitâbesi üzerinde ada Bohçaada şeklinde geçmektedir. İlk bakışta, kitâbeyi yazan sanatkârın hatasının diğer iki kitâbede de tekrar edildiği gibi bir kanaat uyanmakta ise de XVIII. yüzyıl yazarlarından İnciciyan’ın da adaya halk arasında Bohçaada dendiğini ifade etmesi, Bohçaada isminin Bozcaada ile beraber kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Ancak bugün halk adaya Bozada veya Bozcaada demektedir.
Türkler’in ada ile ilgilenmeleri XIV. yüzyıl başlarında olmuştur. Meşhur denizci Aydınoğlu Umur Bey İzmir’i fethettikten sonra 1328 veya 1329 yılında sekiz gemi ile Bizans’a tâbi olan Bozcaada’ya gelip burasını yağma etti. Bu olaydan sonra XV. yüzyıla kadar Türkler’in herhangi bir şekilde ada ile temasları olmadı. XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında boğazın her iki sahiline Osmanlı Türkleri yerleşince Bozcaada ayrı bir önem kazandı. Ada Bizans’ın elinde olmasına rağmen Venedik ve Ceneviz gibi denizci devletler ticaretlerini emniyet altına almak için birbirleriyle rekabete girdiler. Venedikliler, Bizans imparatoru ile aralarında cereyan eden uzun müzakerelerden sonra 1377’de Bozcaada’yı işgal etme müsaadesini aldılar, fakat bu durum iki denizci devlet arasında savaşa sebep oldu. Bu savaş her iki devletin doğudaki ticaret ve menfaatini büyük ölçüde zarara uğrattı. Savaş 1381’de Savua (Savoy) Dukalığı’nın başşehri Turin’de (Torino) yapılan antlaşma ile sona erdi. Buna göre adadaki kalenin surları yıktırıldığı gibi ada Venedik tarafından tahliye edildi; Venedikliler Bozcaada ahalisini Girit’teki Kandiye şehri dışında teşkil ettikleri bir mahalleye naklettiler. Bozcaada bundan sonra uzun sayılacak bir müddet boş bir ada olarak kaldı. Bu durum Osmanlılar’ın denizde gittikçe kuvvetlenmelerine sebep oldu. 1403 yılında Timur’un yanına gitmekte olan meşhur İspanyol seyyahı Clavijo adanın boş olduğunu ve adada harap bir kale bulunduğunu yazmaktadır. 1435-1439 yılları arasında seyahat eden İspanyol Pero Tafur da adanın boş ve ihmal edilmiş bir durumda olduğunu belirtmektedir.
Bozcaada ile Osmanlı Türkleri’nin yakından ilgilenmeleri Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinde başlar. Bu devirde Osmanlı donanması Akdeniz’e sefere çıkarken adaya uğrayarak buradan ikmal yapmakta idi. Bu bakımdan ada fiilî bir durumda olmamakla beraber Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinde Osmanlı idaresine girmiştir. Adanın Osmanlı idaresine geçişi hakkında Âşıkpaşazâde, Tursun Bey, Neşrî ve Oruç b. Âdil gibi o dönemin Osmanlı tarihçileri bilgi vermemektedirler. Dukas 1455 yıllarına ait olaylardan bahsederken Limni, İmroz ve diğer adaların Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altında olduğunu kaydetmektedir ki bundan Bozcaada’nın da Osmanlı hâkimiyetinde olduğu düşünülebilir. Ancak Venedik ile süren uzun savaş devresinde (1463-1479) Bozcaada ve civar adalar bir aralık Venedik ve müttefikleri tarafından boğazı ve Osmanlı donanmasını kontrol için kullanıldı. Limni adasında üslenmiş olan Venedik donanmasının Midilli’ye karşı bir harekâta geçeceğini öğrenen Osmanlı Devleti Kaptanıderyâ Mahmud Paşa emrinde bir donanma göndererek Bozcaada’yı zaptettirdi. Adanın boğaz emniyeti için arzettiği önemden dolayı müstahkem bir hale getirilmesine karar verildi. 1479’da adada bir kale yapılması kararlaştırıldığı gibi burada oturmak isteyenlerin tekâlîf -i dîvâniyyeden muaf tutulmaları da kararlaştırıldı. XVI. yüzyıl ortalarında burada bir garnizon ve küçük bir hıristiyan cemaatin mevcut olduğu görülmektedir.
Girit savaşları dolayısıyla Venedik ile yapılan mücadele sırasında ada, muhafızı Vezir Abaza Ahmed Paşa’nın tedbirsiz davranması yüzünden muhasaranın daha dokuzuncu gününde Venedik’in eline geçti (21 Ramazan 1066 / 13 Temmuz 1656). Fakat Venedikliler adayı bir yıl bile muhafaza edemediler. Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın sadârete getirilmesiyle birlikte Osmanlı Devleti Bozcaada’nın geri alınması için derhal harekete geçti. Kurd Paşa emrinde 5000 kişilik bir kuvvet 25 Ağustos 1657’de adanın Değirmendere arkasında Kemerderesi mevkiinde karaya çıkarıldı; Gözcü tepesi (Göztepe) üzerinde metrisler açıldıktan sonra kale kuşatıldı. Venedikliler muhasaranın altıncı gününde kale duvarlarını lağım ile atıp otuz altı veya kırk yedi topu birkaç gün faaliyetten alıkoyacak şekilde çiviledikten sonra ada halkının erzak ve mallarını alarak 30 Ağustos 1657’de adayı terkettiler. Sadrazam Köprülü Mehmed Paşa Bozcaada’ya gelerek kalenin yıkılmış ve tahrip edilmiş yerlerini tamir ettirdi; ayrıca kasabayı imar ettirdiği gibi ibadet yerlerini de onarttı. Bu arada kendi adıyla anılan camiyi de inşa ettirdi.
Bozcaada, 5 Temmuz 1697’de Kaptanıderyâ Mezemorta Hüseyin Paşa’nın Venedik amirali A. Molino idaresindeki Venedik donanmasına karşı kazanılan deniz savaşına da sahne olmuştur. XVIII. yüzyıl başlarında Mora Seferi ile başlayan Osmanlı-Venedik savaşında da Bozcaada ve Limni önlerinde Venedik donanması başarısızlığa uğratılmıştır.
XIX. yüzyılda Boğazlar meselesinin milletlerarası siyasette gittikçe önem kazanması, Bozcaada’nın stratejisini arttırmıştır. 1807 yılında Osmanlı Devleti nezdinde bazı diplomatik baskılar yapmak üzere adaya bir İngiliz donanması gönderilmiş, onlarla birlikte hareket eden Rus donanması da Akdeniz’e gelerek Bozcaada önünde demirlemişti. Boğazı kontrol altına alan bu Rus donanmasına karşı Kaptanıderyâ Seyyid Ali Paşa görevlendirildi. Meydana gelen savaş kesin bir sonuç vermemiş, ancak adanın çok iyi tahkim edilmesi gerektiği anlaşılmıştır. Nitekim Bozcaada II. Mahmud devrinde yeniden tahkim edilmiştir. Hatta Bozcaada muhafızlığı tesis edilerek buraya paşa unvanına sahip kumandanlar gönderilmiştir.
Bozcaada 1912’de Rumlar’ın eline geçti. I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Sevr Antlaşması’nın 84. maddesiyle Yunanistan’a bırakıldı. Bunu takip eden yıllarda memleketin diğer yerleri gibi tehlikeli ve endişeli günler yaşadı ve nihayet 20 Eylül 1923’te kurtarıldı. Bu tarih bugün adanın kurtuluş günü olarak kutlanmakta ve bunun hâtırasına adada mütevazi bir anıt yer almaktadır.
Bozcaada’da tek yerleşim merkezi adanın kuzeydoğu kıyısında kurulmuş olan kasabadır. Kanûnî devrine ait bir tahrir defterinde (BA, TD , nr. 434, s. 40-41) adada altmış üç hıristiyan, on sekiz müslüman hânesi olduğu görülmektedir. III. Mehmed devrine ait diğer bir tahrir defterinde ise (BA, TD , nr. 702, s. 98-101) Bozcaada’nın padişah has larından olduğu, adada beş küçük mahallede 242 hıristiyan, elli beş müslüman hânesinin bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Dr. Covels adadaki Rumlar’ın kasabanın kuzeydoğu ucunda oturduklarını ve kiliseleri olmadığını söylerken Pococke adada 200 Rum ve 300 Türk ailesi bulunduğunu kaydetmektedir. Onun zamanında adada Rumlar’ın bir kilisesi vardı ve Türkler’le müslümanlar kale içinde oturuyorlardı. XVIII. yüzyılda adada yahudilerin de bulunduğu ve Rumlar’la birlikte kuzeydoğu yönünde olan kasabada oturdukları tesbit edilmiştir. Bu devirde adanın su ihtiyacı yağmur suları ile gideriliyor, kurak dönemlerde ise karşı yakadan getiriliyordu. İnciciyan o zaman ada nüfusunun 5000 olduğunu kaydetmektedir. Ada bir kale dizdarı ve kadı tarafından yönetiliyordu. Öte yandan çeşitli ülkelerden deniz yoluyla Osmanlı Devleti’ne gelen yabancı elçiler buradan Osmanlı çektirileriyle İstanbul’a götürülüyorlardı.
Bozcaada Osmanlı idare sisteminde, kaptan-ı deryâya ait olan Kaptanpaşa eyaletine bağlı idi. XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında ise Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd (Akdeniz adaları) eyaletinde Midilli sancağına bağlı bir kaymakamlık olarak teşkilâtlandırılmıştı. Adada kaymakamlık ve belediye daireleri dışında bidâyet mahkemesi, Ziraat Bankası şubesi, Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye Dairesi, Kale-i Şâhâne zâbitanı, Evkaf Komisyonu gibi kuruluşlar vardı. Bu dönemde ada bir sürgün yeri olarak da kullanılmıştır. Adada su yetersizliği sebebiyle idarecilerin de yardımı ile halk arasında bir komisyon kurulmuş, bu şekilde Anadolu yakasından demir borularla getirtilen su sayesinde adanın su ihtiyacı bir ölçüde giderilmişti.
XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında adanın nüfusu 3667 kişi olup bunun 1214’ü Türk ve müslümandı. Nüfus sonraki yıllarda bir azalma göstermiş, 1927’de yapılan Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk nüfus sayımında 1631 olarak tesbit edilmiş, bu sayı pek az çıkış ve inişler göstererek ilk defa 1965 yılında 2000 sayısını aşabilmiştir. Bu tarihte 2141 olan nüfus (bunun 600’ü Rum, kalanı Türk), bu yıldan sonra yeniden azalarak 1970’te 2031’e, 1980’de 1722’ye kadar düşmüş, 1985’te ise 2030’a yükselip 1990’da yeniden 1903’e düşmüştür. Adanın yüzölçümü 36 km2 olup Türkiye’nin üçüncü büyük adasıdır.
Cumhuriyet döneminde ada iktisadî yönden hayli gelişmiştir. Bölgenin en önemli gelir kaynağı üzüm ve buna bağlı olarak şarap üretimidir. Ada son zamanlarda sosyal yönden de gelişmiş, turizm açısından olduğu gibi tesis yönünden de ilerlemeler olmuştur. Son olarak da elektriği ulusal sisteme bağlanmıştır.
Bozcaada’da Fâtih döneminden itibaren birçok tarihî eser inşa edilmiştir. Bunlardan Bozcaada Kalesi Fâtih zamanında yapılmış, ancak daha sonra yapılan tamirat ve ilâvelerle ilk şeklini kaybetmiştir. Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın sadâreti zamanında bir aralık Venedikliler’in eline geçen ada geri alınınca kalesi büyük çapta tamir edilmiş ve genişletilmiştir. Randolph kalenin dikdörtgen şeklinde olup yirmi topu bulunduğunu ve Türkler’in de kale içinde oturduğunu kaydediyor. Daha sonra da birçok defa tamir gören kale II. Mahmud tarafından 1231 (1816) yılında âdeta yeniden yaptırılmış ve bugüne kadar gelmiştir. II. Mahmud zamanında yapılan tamiratta kale kapısı üzerine, “Yaptı bu kal‘a-yı mansûreyi Sultan Mahmûd / Hak teâlâ ede a‘dâsın her dem makhûr / Ayniyâ düştü dedim mısra‘ târîhi metîn / Oldu Bozcaada’nın kal‘a vü şehri ma‘mûr” kıtası konmuştur. Kale dışında Bozcaada muhafızı Hâfız Ali Paşa tarafından 1827’de yaptırılan tabya da önemlidir. 1311 (1893) tarihli Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd Salnâmesi ’ne göre adada üç cami, bir tekke, bir medrese, bir rüşdiye ve birkaç ilk mektep bulunmakta idi (s. 297). Bunlardan Köprülü Mehmed Camii ile Alaybey Camii halen ayaktadır. Ayrıca adada iki hamam ile meşhur kimselere ait pek çok mezar yer almaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 434, s. 40-41; nr. 702, s. 98-101.
BA, KK , nr. 70, s. 564.
BA, MD , nr. 6, hk. 1263; nr. 10, hk. 281.
BA , Ali Emîrî, I. İbrâhim, nr. 415.
TSMA, nr. E. 8035, 8062, 8826, 11.504.
P. Tafur, Travels and Adventures, 1435-1439 , London 1926, s. 113.
Clavijo, Timur Devrinde Kadis’ten Semerkand’a Seyahat (trc. Ömer Rıza Doğrul), İstanbul 1933, I, 32, 33.
Dukas, Bizans Tarihi (trc. Vl. Mirmiroğlu), İstanbul 1956, s. 198.
Kritovulos, Târîh-i Sultân Mehmed Hân-ı Sânî (trc. Karolidi), İstanbul 1328, s. 95, 179.
Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye , İstanbul 1935, s. 89.
Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr , s. 16.
Naîmâ, Târih , VI, 187, 276-280.
Silâhdar, Târih , I, 48, 69, 91-98, 99-100.
Enverî, Düstûrnâme , s. 20-21.
B. Randolph, The Present State of the Islands in the Archipelago , Oxford 1687, s. 43, 44.
R. Pococke, A Description of the East and Some Other Countries , London 1745, II, 21, 22.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , II, 1382.
Cevdet, Târih , III, 3, 132-133, 298; IV, 246, 249; IX, 25; XI, 159, 181.
Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd Salnâmesi , Rodos 1318, s. 178-180, 272, 297.
W. Miller, Essays on the Latin Orient , Cambridge 1921, s. 185, 317.
M. Silberschmidt, Venedik Menbalarına Nazaran Şark Meselesi (trc. A. Cemal Köprülü), İstanbul 1930, s. 172-173.
Fevzi Kurtoğlu, Türk Süel Alanında Harita ve Krokilere Verilen Değer ve Ali Macar Reis Atlası , İstanbul 1935, s. 45-60.
a.mlf., Türklerin Deniz Muharebeleri , İstanbul 1940, II/6, s. 73.
Yusuf Akçura, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Dağılma Devri , İstanbul 1940, s. 125.
Muzaffer Erdoğan, Lâle Devri Baş Mimarı Kayserili Mehmed Ağa , İstanbul 1962, s. 70-71.
A. A. Vasiliev, The History of the Byzantine Empire , Madison 1964, II, 627-628.
1990 Genel Nufus Sayımı (nşr. DİE), Ankara 1991, s. 3, 7.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “Bozcaada”, TK , sy. 83 (1969), s. 830-835.
a.mlf., “Bozcaada’da Türk Eserleri ve Kitâbeleri”, a.e. , sy. 86 (1969), s. 139-149.
a.mlf., “1657 Tarihli Bozcaada Tahriri ve Adadaki Türk Eserlerine Ait Bazı Notlar”, TD , sy. 26 (1972), s. 67-74.
C. F. Beckingham, “Bozd̲j̲a-ada”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1280.
[Bu madde müellifin bibliyografyadaki makaleleri esas alınarak Yusuf Halaçoğlu tarafından düzenlenmiştir].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 317-319 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.