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BÜLBÜL Skip to content Türk ve İran edebiyatlarında başta âşık oluşu ve sesinin güzelliği olmak üzere çeşitli özellikleri sebebiyle adı en çok geçen kuş.
Aslı Farsça olan kelime sonradan Arapça’ya da girmiştir. Bülbül için andelîb ve hezâr dan başka sesinin güzelliği dolayısıyla hezâr-destân (bin bir türlü hikâye söyleyen), hoş-hân (güzel okuyan), hoşgû (güzel söyleyen), hoş-âheng (güzel sesli) kelimeleri de kullanılır. Bunların yanında zend-hân (güzel sesli kuş), zendvâf, zendbâf, zendlâf (bülbül), mürg-i bâğ (bahçe kuşu), mürg-i çemen (çimen kuşu), şeb-hân (gece öten kuş), mürg-i şeb-hîz (gece uyanık duran kuş), hezâr-âvâz (bin bir sesli) gibi kelime ve terkipler de bülbülü ifade eder. Çeşitli Türk şivelerinde böberdek, bübürdek, keleçek, kujulak, ötlügen, sandugaç gibi adlarla anılan bülbüle Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ve Kutadgu Bilig ’de de rastlanır.
Doğu edebiyatlarında önemli bir yeri olan bülbül güllerin açtığı günlerde daha canlı öttüğünden gül ile arasında muhayyel bir aşk ilişkisinin var olduğu kabul edilmiş, bülbül âşığa, gül de mâşuk veya mâşukaya benzetilmiştir. Aralarındaki bu ilişki mecazi aşk olarak kabul edilmiş, gülün aşkı ile tutuştuğu için bülbüle “şeydâ” (çılgın) ve “zâr” (ağlayıp inleyen) sıfatları verilmiştir. Yine bu anlayışa göre bülbülün güle yaklaşmasını önleyen en büyük engel gülün dikenidir. Ancak bülbül dikeni de gülün hatırı için hoş görmektedir.
Şairler yüzyıllar boyunca bülbülle gül arasında tahayyül ettikleri bu aşkı şiirleri için tükenmez bir kaynak olarak görmüşlerdir. Nitekim eski İran ve Türk edebiyatı şairlerinin divanlarında bülbül ve gül konulu manzumelere veya onlarla ilgili remiz ve mazmunlara sık sık rastlanır. İran edebiyatında bülbülü ve onun güle olan aşkını en güzel şekilde dile getiren, ünlü şair Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî (ö. 791/1389) olmuştur. Klasik divan şairleri bülbülden belirli kurallara bağlı olarak bahsettikleri halde halk şairleri onu daha serbest bir muhayyile ile ve çok defa daha canlı bir şekilde dile getirirler. Türk halk edebiyatında hakkında pek çok mâni, türkü, destan ve koşma yazılmış olan, Türk atasözleri ve deyimlerinde geniş bir yer tutan bülbül, daha XIV. yüzyıl başlarında Yûnus Emre’nin şiirlerinde lirik bir duyuşun timsali olarak görülür. Sonraki yüzyıllarda da hemen bütün halk şairleri bülbül motifini çeşitli şekillerde kullanmışlardır.
Divan edebiyatında bülbül, klasik Doğu edebiyatlarında olduğu gibi âşığı sembolize eder. Bunda gülün sevgili olarak düşünülmesi de rol oynar. Teşhis yoluyla âşığın bütün özelliklerinin izâfe edildiği bülbül, gülün daha kırmızı ve güzel olması için ona kanını vermiş veya gül hile ile onun kanını içmiş, yüzüne sürmüş yahut allık (gül-gûne) olarak kullanmıştır. Bülbül gülün hasretiyle sabahlara kadar feryat eden bir âşıktır. Bu benzetmede bülbülün diğer kuşlardan farklı olarak gece de ötmesi söz konusudur. Bazı şairler bülbülün feryat etmesini onun için ilâhî bir takdir olarak kabul ederler. Ötüşünün nağme olarak nitelendirildiği hallerde bir nağmede 1000 sihir yaptığı ifade edilir. Bazan da gül yaprağı veya mushaftan âyetler yahut Gülistân ’dan beyitler okuduğu düşünülür. Zevk ehlini gül bahçesine çağırarak gül ile olan macerasını âleme “destan eyleyen” bülbülün, “bin” (1000) anlamına da gelen hezâr kelimesinin tevriyeli ve cinaslı kullanılmasıyla “hezâr-destân” ve “destân-serâ” olduğu söylenir. Âteşzebân, hoş-zebân, mürg-i hoş-hân, mürg-i seher, hoş-âvâz, hoş-beyân, hoş-nağme, ter-nağme, şîrîn-güftâr, gûyâ, medh-hân, nây-ı hazîn gibi kelimeler ötüşüyle ilgili olarak bülbül mânasına geldiği gibi feryat, figan, şîven, âh ü zâr, nevâ, nâle, savt, nağme, okumak ve gulgule kelimeleri de ötüşünü nitelemek için kullanılır. Güzel nağmeleri ve gönül alıcı ötüşünden dolayı şairler de kendilerini bülbüle benzetirler. “Bülbül-i bustân-ı mezâk” Hz. Peygamber’den kinaye olarak, “bülbül-i hezâr-dâstân” Sa‘dî-yi Şîrâzî’den kinaye ve ehl-i kemâl için kullanılan birer tabirdir. Bunların dışında bülbül-zebân “fasih”, bülbül-mizâc ise “değişik mizaçlı” ve “âşüfte” anlamlarına gelmektedir.
Kuşlar farklı yerlerde yaşarlar. Karga leşi, baykuş viraneyi, bülbül de gülzârı sever. Bağda, bahçede, çiçekler içinde dolaşmakla beraber bülbül daha çok gül dalları ve yaprakları arasında görülür. Bülbülün tahtgâh, mahfil, sâyeban, sâgar, keşkül şekillerinde tasavvur edilen yuvası da burada bulunur. Bu beraberlik, gülün rengi itibariyle ateşi çağrıştırmasıyla çeşitli tasavvurlara konu olur. O büyük bir âfet veya yangından artakalan bir “kül öksüzü”dür. Bu benzetme ile aynı zamanda vücudunun üst kısmının koyu, alt kısmının sütlü kahve renginde oluşuna da işaret edilmiş olur. Gülün Hz. Mûsâ’ya Tûr dağında görünen “âteş-i Mûsâ”ya benzetilmesiyle bülbül de Hz. Mûsâ’nın “kelîm” sıfatı ile nitelendirilir. “Pamukla ateşin oyunu olmaz” atasözü de bu münasebetle hatırlanır. Güzel sesinden dolayı bülbül ile Hz. Dâvûd arasında da ilgi kurulmuştur. Ayrıca gül camiye, servi minareye, bülbül de Kur’an okuyan kişiye benzetilir.
Bülbül ile birlikte zikredilen diğer bir unsur da kafestir. “Bülbülün çektiği dili belâsıdır” atasözü, bülbülün güzel ötüşünden dolayı kafese konulmuş olduğunu ifade eder. “Bülbülü altın kafese koymuşlar, ah vatanım demiş” atasözü ise onun gül bahçesinin ve hürriyetin hasretiyle yandığını anlatır ve hürriyeti sembolize eder. Aynı şekilde âşığın gamlı gönlü mihnet gülzârının bülbülü, yaralı sinesi de kafes şeklinde düşünülür. Mutasavvıflar veya tasavvufa meyyal şairler bülbülü daha geniş anlamlı bir alegori olarak kullanmışlardır. Onlara göre bülbül ilâhî aşkla yanan can ve ruhun timsalidir. O bu dünyada veya ten kafesinin içinde uzak kaldığı ezelî gül bahçesinin hasretiyle feryat eden bir Hak âşığıdır.
Yukarıda belirtilenlerin dışında tâlip, mest ve hatibe de benzetilen bülbül, müstakil olarak “Bülbülnâme”, “Bülbüliyye”, “Gül ü Bülbül” gibi adlarla anılan eserlere konu olmuştur. İlk bülbülnâmenin Fars edebiyatında Ferîdüddin Attâr (ö. 618/1221) tarafından yazıldığı söylenirse de bu eserin Attâr’a ait olmadığı kanaati yaygındır (bk. ATTÂR, Ferîdüddin ). Küçük bir mesnevi olan bu eserde, güle karşı duyduğu aşkı öterek terennüm eden bülbülün diğer kuşları rahatsız etmesi ve kuşların onu Hz. Süleyman’a şikâyetleri anlatılır. Hz. Süleyman doğanı gönderip bülbülü yanına getirtir. Bülbül kendini savunur, Hz. Süleyman onu haklı bulur ve diğer kuşların bülbüle dokunmamalarını emreder. Bu konuda İran edebiyatında hemen hemen başka bir esere rastlanmadığı halde Türk edebiyatında XVI. yüzyıldan başlayarak “Bülbülnâme”, “Bülbüliyye” ve “Gül ü Bülbül” adlarıyla beşten fazla eser kaleme alınmıştır. Bu alanda bilinen ilk Türkçe eser, Kara Fazlî’nin (ö. 971/1563-64) Gül ü Bülbül adlı mesnevisi olup Hammer tarafından Almanca çevirisiyle birlikte 1833’te Viyana’da basılmıştır. Bundan sonra Bahâî’nin (ö. 980/1572) Gül ü Bülbül ’ü, II. Gazi Giray’ın (ö. 1016/1607) Fuzûlî’nin Beng ü Bâde ’sine nazîre olarak yazdığı Gül ü Bülbül ’ü, Ömer Fuâdî’nin (ö. 1046/1636) Bülbüliyye ’si, Birrî’nin (ö. 1128/1715-16) manzum ve mensur karışık olarak yazdığı Bülbülnâme ’si (İstanbul 1265) ve Şeyhülislâm Mehmed Esad Efendi’nin (ö. 1166/1752) Bülbülnâme ’si zikredilebilir. Ayrıca Hüseyin Ayan’ın, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de kayıtlı Farsça bir mecmuanın içinde (Farsça Yazmalar 7 [A.F. 2147], vr. 196b -209a ) bulup neşrettiği (bk. bibl.) Bülbülnâme adlı bir mesnevi daha vardır. Ne zaman yaşadığı bilinmeyen Rifâî adlı bir şaire ait olan eser beş beyitlik hâtimesiyle birlikte 327 beyittir.
Divan edebiyatında bu eserler dışında bülbüle çeşitli beyitlerde ve “bülbül” redifli gazellerde sık sık rastlanmaktadır. Bunlar arasında, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında divan edebiyatı geleneğini devam ettiren Şeyhülislâm Ârif Hikmet’in bülbülü kısmen dinî bir fikirle işleyen gazeli zikre değer. Bu devirde yazılmış bülbüle dair şiirlerden Osman Şems Efendi’ninki tasavvur ve üslûp bakımından ayrı bir yere sahiptir. Osman Şems Efendi bülbülü “riyâz-ı vahdetten uzak düşmüş bir ruh” olarak ele almış, onda mekâna hapsedilmiş bir “lâ-mekân” mahlûkunun derin ıstıraplarını dile getirmeye çalışmıştır. Yenileşme devri Türk edebiyatında yazılan bülbül temalı manzumeler içinde, Recâizâde Ekrem’in “bülbül” redifli gazeli yanında özellikle Mehmed Âkif’in Bursa’nın Yunanlılar tarafından işgali üzerine yazdığı “Bülbül” şiiri, dinî ve sosyal hassasiyeti dile getiren güzel bir örnektir.
Türk ve İran edebiyatlarında şiirdeki karakteriyle manzum ve mensur hikâyelere de konu olan bülbül, günümüz Türk edebiyatında hemen hemen terkedilmiş bir motif durumundadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Türk Lugatı , I, 731-732.
Ferheng-i Fârsî , I, 565.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik , İstanbul 1964, s. 171-172.
a.mlf., “Bulbul”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1301-1302.
Mehmed Çavuşoğlu, Necâti Bey Dîvânı’nın Tahlili , İstanbul 1971, s. 265-266.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 485-487.
Levend, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 138-140.
Hüseyin Ayan, Bülbülnâme , İstanbul 1981.
Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı (Tahlili) , Ankara 1987, s. 502-505.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, I, 163-165.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , VII, 231-232.
TA , IX, 19-20.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Bülbül”, İst.A , VI, 3164-3166.
Mehmed Kaplan, “Bülbül”, İA , II, 832-834.
Ali Nihat Tarlan, “Bulbul”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1301-1302.
TDEA , I, 480.
Hūšang A‘lam, “Bolbol”, EIr. , IV, 336-337.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 485-486 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.