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BURAK Skip to content Mi‘rac gecesinde Hz. Peygamber’i taşıdığı rivayet edilen binek.
1/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA ÖZ Bölüme Git
Burak “parıldamak, şimşek çakmak” anlamına gelen Arapça berk (البرق) kelimesinden türetilmiş olup renginin saf ve parlak oluşu veya çok hızlı hareket …
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
SANAT ve EDEBİYAT. Burak doğrudan doğruya isrâ ve mi‘rac hadisesiyle ilgili olduğu için İslâmî Türk edebiyatında daha çok mi‘racdan bahseden eserlerde…
Burak “parıldamak, şimşek çakmak” anlamına gelen Arapça berk (البرق ) kelimesinden türetilmiş olup renginin saf ve parlak oluşu veya çok hızlı hareket edişi sebebiyle bu adı almıştır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “brḳ” md.).
İsrâ sûresi nin ilk âyetinde, Allah’ın bir gece Hz. Muhammed’i Mescid-i Harâm ’dan Mescid-i Aksâ ’ya kadar yürüttüğü bildiriliyorsa da söz konusu âyette bu yolculuğun burakla gerçekleştiğine dair herhangi bir işaret yoktur. Konu ile ilgili hadislerde yer alan ayrıntılı bilgilere göre yolculuk Mescid-i Aksâ’dan sonra semaya yükseltilmek suretiyle devam etmiştir. Cebrâil ’in de refakat ettiği ve İslâmî kaynaklarda “isrâ” ve “mi‘rac” diye adlandırılan bu gece yolculuğu hadislere göre burak denilen bir binekle gerçekleşmiştir. Kaynaklar bu bineğin beyaz renkli ve fevkalâde süratli olduğunu, katırla eşek arası bir yapıya sahip bulunduğunu bildirirler. İsrâ olayını anlatan hadislerin bir kısmında burakın, yukarıda belirtilen vasıflarından başka uzun kulakları (İbn Hişâm, I, 398) ve uyluklarına bitişik iki kanadının bulunduğu, bu kanatları sayesinde bir adımda gözünün görebildiği en uzak mesafeyi katedebildiği de kaydedilmektedir. Bazı kaynaklara göre de Hz. Peygamber buraka yaklaşıp binmek istediği sırada burak huysuzluk etmiş, fakat Cebrâil’in, o zamana kadar taşıdığı kişiler içinde en faziletli insanın şu anda kendisine binmekte olan kişinin olduğunu hatırlatması üzerine utancından ter dökmüştür (meselâ bk. İbn Hişâm, I, 398; İbn Sa‘d, I, 214). Hadislerde belirtildiğine göre Hz. Peygamber Cebrâil ile birlikte Mescid-i Aksâ’ya vardığında buraktan inmiş, Cebrâil burakı eskiden kalmakta olduğu yere götürmüş ve bağlamış, Resûl-i Ekrem de orada bulunan peygamberler cemaatine imam olarak namaz kıldırmıştır. Cebrâil’in Resûlullah’la birlikte buraka binip binmediği konusu ihtilâflıdır. Hâkim’in el-Müstedrek ’inde (IV, 606), Hz. Peygamber’e burak getirildiğinde Cebrâil’in de arkasına bindiği tarzında Ebû Hamza Meymûn el-A‘ver’den rivayet ettiği hadis konu ile ilgili diğer haberlerle desteklenmemiştir.
Mi‘racın İslâm literatürüne girdiği şekliyle Hz. Peygamber’e has bir mûcize olduğu bilinmektedir. Burak olayı da mi‘rac sırasında meydana gelen tabiat üstü birçok olaydan biri olarak kabul edilmelidir. Deney ve gözlem dünyasının dışında vuku bulan bu tür olayların tabiatta gözlenen kanunlarla değerlendirilmesi mümkün değildir.
Burak Resûl-i Ekrem’den başka diğer peygamberlere de hizmet etmiştir. Taberî’nin naklettiği bir rivayette Hz. İbrâhim’in Kâbe’yi ziyarete giderken bu bineği kullandığı belirtilmekte ve bu sebeple buraktan “İbrâhim’in bineği” (dâbbetü İbrâhim) şeklinde söz edilmektedir (Tefsîr , XV, 5, 10). Ayrıca kıyamet günü, mahşer yerinde bulunan ümmetlerine ulaşabilmeleri için peygamberlere binek verileceği, Sâlih peygamber devesine binerken Hz. Muhammed’in de kızı Fâtıma ile birlikte buraka bineceği ve o gün burakın sadece kendisine tahsis edileceği gibi hususlar da konu ile ilgili rivayetlerdendir (bk. KIYAMET ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “brḳ” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “brḳ” md.
Müsned , III, 148; IV, 208.
Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 6, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 42.
Müslim, “Îmân”, 259, 264.
Nesâî, “Ṣalât”, 1.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre , I, 396-398.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , I, 214.
Taberî, Tefsîr (Bulak), XV, 4-5, 10, 12, 13.
Hâkim, el-Müstedrek , II, 360; IV, 606.
Demîrî, Ḥayâtü’l-ḥayevân , I, 165-168.
B. Carra de Vaux, “Burak”, İA , II, 804.
R. Paret, “al-Burāk”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1310-1311.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 417 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
SANAT ve EDEBİYAT. Burak doğrudan doğruya isrâ ve mi‘rac hadisesiyle ilgili olduğu için İslâmî Türk edebiyatında daha çok mi‘racdan bahseden eserlerde (mi‘râciye, mi‘racnâme), bunların genel hacmine uygun bir şekilde beyitler veya müstakil bölümler halinde yer almıştır. Ancak hadisenin Hz. Peygamber’le ilgisinden dolayı onu konu edinen na‘t gibi manzumelerle bazı kaside ve gazellerde, ayrıca mevlid, sîret gibi dinî, Leylâ ve Mecnûn gibi aşk ve macera ağırlıklı mesnevilerde de burakın yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bunun yanında sahip olduğu değişik ve fevkalâde özelliklerine telmih ve teşbih suretiyle bu sayılan türler dışındaki manzum eserlerin bazı parçalarında da zikredilmiştir. Böylece burak, Hz. Peygamber’in mi‘raca çıkarken istifadesine sunulan vasıtaların ilki olarak, gerek hadislerde gerekse sîret kitaplarında hakkında pek fazla ayrıntı bulunması sebebiyle üzerinde çok geniş bir şekilde durulan ana motiflerden biri haline gelmiştir.
Burak hakkındaki hadislerde bulunan bilgilere siyer ve tefsir kitaplarında anlatılanların ilâvesiyle ortaya çıkan mâlûmat, şairlerin geniş hayallerinin ürünü olan çeşitli unsurlarla süslenmiş, âdeta efsanevî bir varlık ortaya çıkmıştır. Minyatürlere konu olmasından itibaren ise bu efsanevî varlık, biraz da başka kültürlerden unsurlar ve tesirler alarak şaşırtıcı birtakım vasıflarla resmedilmiştir. Böylece daha sonraları edebiyatla minyatürün karşılıklı etkilenmeleri sonucu İslâmî kaynaklarda yer almayan özellikler taşıyan bir burak şekli ortaya çıkmıştır.
Burakın edebî eserlerde geçen başlıca özelliklerini şu şekilde sıralamak mümkündür: Süleyman Çelebi’nin, “Andayiken nâgehân ol yüzi ak / Cebrâil cennetten irgürdi burak” beytinde ifade edildiği gibi vatanı cennet olan burak Hz. Peygamber’den önce başka nebîlere, bu arada Hz. İbrâhim’e de hizmet etmiştir. Abdülvâsi Çelebi’nin, “Bu İbrâhim burâkıdır ki kāim / Binip Kâbe tavâf eylerdi dâim” beytinde buna işaret edilmiştir. Burak deve, at veya katırdan küçük, merkepten büyüktür. Gövdesi ata benzer, boynu deve boynu, yüzü insan yüzü gibi olup hûrilerden güzel ve cennet âhûlarının bile gıpta ettiği bir varlıktır: “Ne burak ol semend-i hûr-sirişt / Gıbtafermâ-yı âhuvân-ı bihişt” (Abdülbâki Ârif Efendi). Süratini arttırmak için kullandığı, açtığında cihanı kaplayan iki kanadı ve kısa bir kuyruğu vardır. “Burâk-ı berk-seyr” terkibi şimşek kadar hızlı oluşunu anlatır. Bu sebeple bir adımda 70.000 yıllık yol katedebilir ve adımını gözünün gördüğü yerin en son noktasına atabilir: “Kanda nûr-ı nigâhı dikse alem / Ol mahalle ederdi vaz‘-ı kadem” (Abdülbâki Ârif Efendi). Bazı şiirlerde deve ayaklı, ceylan tırnaklı olarak tavsif edilen burak, uçtuğunda kuşların kendisine yetişemeyeceği kadar süratli bir varlıktır: “Ol kadar çâbük ü sebük-rev idi / Rakîbi sanki mihr ü pertev idi” (Abdülbâki Ârif Efendi). Şairlerin tasvirlerinde dudağı la‘l, dişi mercan, kulağı yakut, zümrüt veya zebercedden, yelesi müşkten, saçı müşk gibi siyah, etek gibi uzun, gözü zühresıfat, parlak, berrak, nergis gibi de süzgün olarak anlatılır. Başı la‘lden, alnı kırmızı yakuttan olup karnı sarı, göğsü ak renklidir. Kanatları kızıl yakuttan, ayağı zümrütten, tırnağı inciden, örtüsü ise gümüştendir. Parlaklığı şimşek gibi yeri göğü aydınlatır. İtaatkâr, sevimli ve yumuşak huyludur. Kudüs kadar değerlidir.
Hz. Peygamber Mekke-Kudüs yolculuğunu burakla yapmış, mi‘raca çıkarken burak Kudüs’te kalmış ve Cebrâil onu Mescid-i Aksâ’nın kapısında, yanında veya yakınındaki peygamberlerin bineklerini bağladığı bir halkaya veya eliyle deldiği taşa bağlamıştır. Dönüşte de Mekke’ye yine onunla gelmiştir: “Avdet için Mekke’ye ol şehriyâr / Oldu saâdetle burâka süvâr” (Nahîfî). Bazı mi‘racnâmelerde ifade edildiğine göre Cebrâil burakı almak için cennete geldiğinde onu hüzün içinde bulur ve sebebini sorar. Burak, bir defasında “yâ Muhammed” diye bir nida duyduğunu, o andan beri bu isme âşık olduğunu, ondan uzak olmanın hüznü içinde bulunduğunu söyler. Cebrâil kendisini müjdeleyerek onu Hz. Muhammed’e götürmeye geldiğini bildirince sevinir ve uçarcasına Mekke’ye ulaşır. Ancak Hz. Peygamber binmek istediğinde huysuzlanır. Cebrâil sebebini sorunca, “Vefâ gösterip cennette de beni binek olarak kabul ederse razıyım” diyerek istediği teminatı alınca uysallaşır, Hz. Peygamber de üzerine biner.
İslâm minyatür sanatında da burak tasvirlerinin önemli bir yeri olduğu görülmektedir. Nitekim gerek mi‘racnâme minyatürlerinde gerekse tarih ve sîret türündeki kitaplarla konuya yer veren diğer mesnevilerin minyatürlü nüshalarında, hamselerde, hatta minyatür albümlerinde (murakka‘), ana hatları aynı olmakla birlikte farklı devirlerin değişik üslûpları yanında sanatçıların şahsî tasavvur ve temayüllerinden doğan değerlendirmelerin de akislerini taşıyan eserler ortaya konulmuştur. Öte yandan içinde yer aldığı kompozisyonlar değişik olmakla birlikte bu eserlerin hemen hepsinde burak genellikle edebî eserlerde rastlanan özellikleriyle çizilip renklendirilmiştir. Ayrıca Sa‘lebî’den (ö. 427/1035) beri bazı kaynaklarda tekrar edildiği üzere, örgülü saçları iki yanından sarkık dişi bir melek şeklinde başında bir tac ile resmedilmiştir.
Burakın sahih kaynaklarda bulunmayan bu tarif ve tasvirlerinin ortaya çıkışını İsrâiliyat’tan olan rivayetlere, insan başlı hayvan (sfenks) şeklinde resmedilişini de komşu kültür çevrelerinden gelen dış tesirlere bağlamak mümkündür. Bu tesirler iki şekilde açıklanmaktadır. Birincisi, bu figürün eski Bâbil, Mısır, Grek ve Suriye kültürlerindeki insan başlı hayvan heykel ve kabartmalarının etkisi altında ortaya çıktığı şeklindeki görüştür. İkincisi ise bunun, tarihçe en eski minyatürlü mi‘racnâmelerden biri olan Uygur mi‘racnâmesinde görülmesi sebebiyle, Uygurlar’ın daha önce mensubu bulundukları Budizm, Maniheizm gibi dinlerin ve bu dinlerde geniş bir yeri olan dinî resimlerin etkisi altında geliştiğidir. Nitekim şimdiye kadar bilinen en eski burak minyatürünün yer aldığı Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in (707/1307) Edinburg nüshası da aynı tesirin izlerini taşımaktadır. Ancak İslâm minyatür sanatında burakın ilk defa ne zaman resmedildiği bilinmediğinden bugün için bu münasebetleri bütün yönleriyle açık bir şekilde tesbit etmek mümkün olmamaktadır. Arnold birinci görüşü tercih ederek bunu Rey’de bulunan bir çini tabakla, bundan biraz sonraya tarihlenen Musul’daki Zengî atabeglerinden Bedreddin Lü’lü’ (1233-1259) için yapılmış diğer bir çini tabaktaki kadın başlı aslan vücutlu örneklerle belgelendirmekte (Painting in Islam , s. 120, rs. LV a, b), böylece bu örnekleri sfenksle burak arasını bağlamaya yarayabilecek bir geçiş şekli olarak kabul etmektedir. Emel Esin ise, mi‘racnâmede mercan renkli bir alaca at biçiminde çizilen burakın bu tasvirinin İç Asya kültürüne sahip Selçuklu sanatkârlarının buluşu olması ihtimalini de göz önüne alarak, bugün daha isabetli ve kabul edilebilir görülen ikinci görüşü benimsemektedir.
Burakın, edebî eserlerde kısa kuyruklu olduğu belirtilmesine rağmen, her halde süslemeye uygun düşmesi sebebiyle bazı minyatürlerde kuyruğu uzun ve kıvrımlı, bazılarında da bir tavus kuşu kuyruğu gibi rengârenk gösterilmiştir. Burakla doğrudan ilgisi olmayan bir başka farklılık da burakın üstünde resmedilen Hz. Peygamber’in, genellikle Osmanlı sanatkârlarının dışındaki sanatçıların çizdiği minyatürlerde peçesiz, Osmanlı devrinde yapılmış eserlerde ise peçeli olarak gösterilmesidir. Nitekim İlhanlılar döneminde yaşayan ve mi‘racnâmesinin bazı resimleri günümüze kadar ulaşan ünlü ressam Ahmed Mûsâ’nın çizdiği tasvirlerin hepsinde Hz. Peygamber’in yüzü peçesizdir (Çağman – Tanındı, s. 13, rs. 6, Behrâm Mirza Albümü ’nden). Ayrıca Reşîdüddin’in Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’inde bulunan bir minyatürde Hz. Peygamber’in yüzü peçesiz olduğu gibi burak da benzerlerinden çok farklı olarak iki elinde bir kitap (muhtemelen Kur’an) taşımaktadır (Arnold, rs. LIII).
Burakın yer aldığı kompozisyonları birkaç grupta toplamak mümkündür. En yaygın olan şekil, burakın altta, ön planda Kâbe’nin göründüğü bulutlar arasında üstünde Hz. Peygamber, yanında Cebrâil ile Mekke’den ayrılışının tasviridir (örnek için bk. Tanındı, rs. 16). İkinci tip resimler burakın bulutlar ve melekler arasında Hz. Peygamber ve Cebrâil ile yol alışını gösterir (Arnold, rs. LVIII). Üçüncü olarak Mescid-i Aksâ’ya varışın resmedildiği minyatürlere işaret edilebilir. Burada burakın yanında Hz. Peygamber’in diğer peygamberlerle buluşması, onlara namaz kıldırması daha ön plandadır (Behrâm Mirza Albümü , vr. 62a ). Bir başka grup ise Cebrâil’in burakı bağlamasından sonra mi‘rac yolculuğuna devam edişinin resmedildiği kompozisyonlardır.
Burak sadece minyatür sanatının çerçevesi içinde kalmayıp halk resimlerine de konu olmuştur. Arnold’un belirttiğine göre Mısır köylülerinin evlerinde binicisiz burak resimleri hâlâ mevcuttur. Ayrıca Hindistan’da da muharrem âyinlerinde yapılan yürüyüşler sırasında burak resimleri taşınmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise burakın hâtırasının halk arasında canlılığını koruduğunun bir belirtisi de kelimenin Türkçe’de bugün bile çok kullanılan bir isim olmasıdır.
Edebiyat ve minyatür sanatında böylesine geniş yer bulan, zengin ve ilgi çekici özelliklere sahip bir mahiyet kazanan burak motifinin bütün bu eserlerde, onları hayalce zenginleştiren, edebiyat ve göz zevki yanında dinî duyguları okşayan, üzerinde sanat ve hüner gösterilen bir unsur veya konu olma seviyesine yükseldiği söylenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Behrâm Mirza Albümü , TSMK, Hazine, nr. 2154, vr. 62a .
A. P. de Courteille, Miradj-nameh Récit de l’ascension de Mohamed en Ciel Composé A.H. 840 , Paris 1882.
Von E. Preetorius, Persische Miniaturen , Bern 1940, s. 13, 14, minyatür nr. 6, 12.
Sir Thomas W. Arnold, Painting in Islam , New York 1965, s. 117-122 (LIII-LVI, LVIII numaralı minyatürler).
Filiz Çağman – Zeren Tanındı, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi İslâm Minyatürleri , İstanbul 1979, s. 13, rs. 6.
Zeren Tanındı, Siyer-i Nebî İslâm Tasvir Sanatında Hz. Muhammed’in Hayatı , İstanbul 1984, s. 17 (minyatür, IV), 38 (rs. 16).
Metin Akar, Türk Edebiyatında Manzum Mi‘râc-nâmeler , Ankara 1987, s. 217-223.
Richard Ettinghausen, “Persian Acsension Miniatures of the Fourteenth Century”, Atti della Academie Nazionale dei Lincei , XII, Roma 1957, s. 364, 366, 378, 383.
Emel Esin, “İsrâ Gecesi Uygur Mi‘râcnâme’sinde Cennet Tasvirleri”, TK , IV/47 (1966), s. 1039-1049.
Günsel Renda, “Topkapı Sarayı Müzesindeki H. 1321 No.lu Silsilename’nin Minyatürleri”, STY , V (1972-73), s. 453-454.
Zeren Akalay, “Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi Hazine 753 No.lu Nizâmi Hamsesi’nin Minyatürleri”, a.e. , s. 389.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , VI, 797.
B. Carra de Vaux, “Burak”, İA , II, 804.
R. Paret, “el-Burāk”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1310-1311.
Ahmed Debbağoğlu, “Burak”, TDEA , I, 474.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 417-419 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.