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BUTLÂN Skip to content Bir ibadetin veya hukukî işlemin temeldeki bir eksiklik veya bozukluk sebebiyle hükümsüz olması mânasında kullanılan fıkıh terimi.
Butlân sözlükte “boşa gitme, heder ve hebâ olma” anlamına gelir. A‘râf sûresinde (7/118) fiil olarak bu anlamında kullanıldığı gibi birçok hadiste hem sözlük hem de terim anlamında kullanıldığı görülür (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “bṭl” md.). Hükümsüz ibadet ve hukukî işleme bâtıl denir.
İslâm hukuk literatüründe hukukî işlemler geçerlilik bakımından ikiye ayrılır: Hukuken geçerli olanlar ve olmayanlar. Hanefîler dışındaki fıkıhçılar geçerli olmayan işlemleri bâtıl adı altında tek bir sınıfta değerlendirirken Hanefîler geçerli olmayan işlemleri bâtıl ve fâsid diye tekrar ikiye ayırmakta ve bu ayırıma birtakım farklı sonuçlar bağlamaktadırlar. Bir hukukî işlemin geçerli sayılabilmesi için bazı rükün, şart ve vasıfların mevcut olması gerekir. Bunlardaki bir eksiklik, Hanefî mezhebinde bu eksikliğin türüne göre farklı hukukî sonuçlar doğurur. Buna göre rükün veya in‘ikad şartlarındaki eksiklik hukukî işlemin butlânını, sadece vasıflardaki eksiklik ise fesadını gerektirir. Bu anlamı ifade etmek üzere Mecelle bâtıl satış akdini, “Bey‘-i bâtıl aslen sahih olmayan bey‘dir” (md. 110), fâsid satış akdini de, “Aslen sahih olup da vasfen sahih olmayan, yani zâten mün‘akid olup da bazı evsâf-ı hâriciyyesi itibariyle meşrû olmayan bey‘dir” (md. 109) diye tarif etmektedir. Hukukî işlemlerin rükünleri esas olarak taraflar, irade beyanı ve hukukî işlemin konusu olmak üzere üçe ayrılır. Bu rükünlerle ilgili şartlar (in‘ikad şartları) ise genel olarak şunlardır: 1. Tarafların hukukî işlemi yapmaya ehil olması. 2. İcap ve kabulün birbiriyle uyuşması. 3. İrade beyanının aynı mecliste ortaya konması (meclis birliği). 4. Hukukî işlemin konusunun teslim edilebilir, belirli veya belirlenmesi mümkün ve bu hukukî işleme elverişli, mütekavvim (hukukî açıdan değere sahip) ve mülkiyete konu olan bir mal olması. Hukukî işlemdeki bu unsur ve şartlardan birinin eksik olması o işlemin butlânını gerektirmektedir. Meselâ mümeyyiz olmayan küçüğün, akıl hastasının hukukî işlemleri, şarap, domuz eti gibi mütekavvim olmayan bir mal üzerine yapılan veya icap ve kabulün birbiriyle uyuşmadığı işlemler esasa ilişkin eksiklik taşıdıklarından bâtıldır. Hukukî işlemin bu rükün ve şartları dışında İslâm hukukçularının vasıf veya hâricî vasıf dedikleri ve işlemin kuruluşuyla ilgili olmayan ikinci derecedeki birtakım şartları da vardır ki bunlar daha çok hukukî işlemin konusuyla ilgilidir: Alışverişte aldanmanın (garar) olmaması için fiyatın ve vadeli satışlarda vadenin belli olması, irade beyanının ikrah ile sakatlanmaması, hukukî işlemde fâsid şartların ve ribânın bulunmaması gibi. Hukukî işlemin esasına ilişkin olmayan bu şartlardaki bir eksiklik Hanefîler’e göre butlân değil fesad sonucunu doğurur. Diğer hukukçulara göre ise eksikliğin mahiyeti ne olursa olsun aynı sonucu doğurmakta, bâtıl ile fâsid aynı anlama gelmektedir.
Hukukî işlemlerdeki eksiklik, esasa ilişkin olsun veya olmasın, şâriin (kanun koyucu) hükmünü çiğnemiş olma niteliği taşır. Hanefîler’in dışındaki hukukçular, söz konusu eksikliğin mahiyeti ne olursa olsun, sonuç olarak kanun koyucunun bir hükmünün çiğnenmiş olduğunu kabul ederler, dolayısıyla böyle bir işleme mülkiyetin geçmesi, bir borcun doğması veya başka herhangi bir hukukî neticenin bağlanamayacağını belirtirler. Bu hukukçuların dayandığı delillerden biri, aslında bid‘atları hedef alan ve dinde bulunmayan bir şeyi sonradan dine sokan kimsenin yapacağı şeylerin makbul olmadığını ifade eden hadistir (bk. Müslim, “Aḳżıye”, 17, 18; Ebû Dâvûd, “Sünnet”, 5). Şu halde unsurlarında herhangi bir eksiklik bulunan her türlü hukukî işlem geçersizlik bakımından tek bir hukukî sonuç doğurmaktadır ki o da butlândır. Hanefîler’e göre ise hukukî işlemdeki eksikliğin esasa ilişkin olmasıyla olmaması arasında fark vardır. Eksiklik esasla ilgili olduğunda hukukî işlem hiç doğmamış kabul edilir. Esasa taalluk etmiyorsa bu, hukukî işlemin rükün ve şartlarının gerçekleşmiş olduğu vâkıasını ortadan kaldırmaz. Bu noktadan hareketle Hanefîler rükün ve şartları tamam olan, ancak hâricî vasıflarında herhangi bir eksiklik bulunan hukukî işlemi bütünüyle yok saymamakta, fâsid dedikleri bu işleme butlândan ayrı bazı sonuçlar bağlamaktadırlar. Muâmelât konusunda bu ayırımı benimseyen Hanefîler ibadetlerde böyle bir ayırıma yer vermezler. Çünkü ibadetler Allah’a yaklaşma amacına yöneliktir; yasaklanmış bir şeyi yapmak veya bir hükmü çiğnemek ise Allah’a isyandır. İbadette Allah’ın bir hükmünü çiğneyerek ona yaklaşmak mümkün değildir. Şu halde vasıflarında eksiklik bulunan ibadet geçersiz olup burada bâtıl ve fâsid ayırımı söz konusu değildir.
Nikâh akdinde butlân ve fesad ayırımı konusunda Hanefî mezhebinde iki farklı görüş belirmiştir. Ebû Hanîfe’ye ait olan birinci görüş, Hanefîler’deki klasik bâtıl-fâsid ayırımını nikâh akdinde de muhafaza etmekte, akidde esasa ilişkin bir eksikliğin bulunması halinde nikâhı bâtıl, değilse fâsid saymakta ve her birine farklı hukukî sonuçlar bağlamaktadır. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre ortada şekil bakımından geçerli bir evlilik akdi varsa diğer şartların gerçekleşmemesi halinde bile akid bâtıl değil fâsiddir. Ancak irade beyanının olmaması gibi akdin esasına ilişkin bir eksiklik bulunması halinde bâtıl bir akid söz konusu olmaktadır. Böylece Ebû Hanîfe bâtıl-fâsid ayırımını aile hukukunda da muhafaza etmektedir. Ne var ki hangi akdin bâtıl, hangisinin fâsid olacağı konusunda açık ve sarih ölçülerin mevcut olduğunu söylemek zordur. Bu yüzden kaynaklarda çelişkili değerlendirmeler mevcuttur. Ebû Hanîfe’nin bu ayırımı, hadlerin şüphe ile giderileceği kuralı ve şüphe kavramıyla yakından ilgilidir (bk. HAD; ŞÜPHE). Sadece onun kabul ettiği akidde şüphe (eş-şübhe fi’l-akd) hali, bir nikâh akdinde taraflar ve irade beyanı bulunup diğer şartların eksik olması durumunu ifade eder ki bu şüphe hali zina cezasının (had) verilmesine engel teşkil eder. Had cezası uygulanmayınca da “birleşme ya haddi gerektirir ya mehri” kuralı gereğince kadına mehir vermek gerekir. O halde şeklen mevcut olan bu akid fâsid akidden farklıdır. Çünkü fâsid akid nesep, iddet gibi başka sonuçlar da doğurur. Bu sebeple bu iki akdi ayrı kategorilerde mütalaa etmek gerekir. Halbuki Ebû Yûsuf, Muhammed ve diğer mezhep hukukçuları bu tür şüpheyi kabul etmemekte, taraflar iyi niyetli iseler, yani mevcut eksikliği bilmiyorlarsa şüpheye hukukî bir değer vermekte ve bu şüpheyi ayrı bir şüphe çeşidi (eş-şübhe fi’l-fi‘l) kabul etmektedirler. Ebû Hanîfe’nin yukarıda kaydedilen evlilik örneğini ise tamamen zina telakki ederler. Böylece Ebû Hanîfe’nin iki talebesi diğer mezheplere paralel olarak nikâhta butlân-fesad ayırımına ihtiyaç duymamaktadır. Yalnız bu âlimlerin aile hukukunda kabul ettikleri butlân kavramının, sonuçları itibariyle muâmelât hukukundaki butlândan farklı ve âdeta Hanefîler’in muâmelâttaki fesad kavramına yakın olduğunu belirtmek gerekir.
Butlân özelliği taşıyan bir işlem tabii olarak herhangi bir hukukî sonuç doğurmaz. Taraflar rızâlarıyla bir edâda bulunmuşlarsa bu hükümsüz olup verdiklerini geri alırlar. Bâtıl bir akde dayanarak bir malı satın alanın bunu satış vb. geçerli bir hukukî işlemle elden çıkarması halinde de sonuç aynıdır. İlk satıcı malını geri alma hakkına sahiptir. Yalnız burada Mâlikîler, Hanefîler’in fâsid akidlerde benimsedikleri hükme temayül gösterir ve ilk satıcının sattığını geri alma değil müşterisinden tazminat isteme hakkının bulunduğunu kabul ederler. Bir hukukî işlemin butlânı ona dahil olan veya ona istinaden yapılan şeylerin de bâtıl olmasını gerektirir. Alışverişin butlânı halinde akidde ileri sürülen şartlar, gerçekleşen ödeme ve kabz, bu sebeple yapılan ikrar ve ibrâ da geçersiz olur. Butlân hukukî işlemin başlangıçtan itibaren kurulmamış olması sonucunu doğurduğundan sonradan gösterilecek muvafakatle geçerlilik kazanmaz.
Bâtıl hukukî işlemler genelde hukukî bir sonuç doğurmazlarsa da icra edilmiş işlemlerde fiilî bir durum olarak istisnaî bazı sonuçların doğduğu kabul edilmiştir. Bu istisnalardan biri nikâh akdinde görülür. Bâtıl nikâh akdi zifaftan önce herhangi bir hüküm ifade etmezken zifaf meydana gelmişse bu fiilî durum haddin gerekmemesi, doğacak çocuğun nesebinin sabit olması, kadının iddet beklemesi ve mehre hak kazanması gibi sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Burada bâtıl akid, gerçekleşen zifaf sebebiyle klasik butlândan ayrılmakta, fâsid akde benzer bir mahiyet kazanmaktadır. Bunda fiilî durumun rolü olmakla birlikte yine de belirtilen sonuçlar bâtıl akdin doğurduğu sonuçlardır. Zira bâtıl nikâh akdi bulunmasaydı taraflar arasındaki bu birleşme zina sayılacak, hiçbir hukukî sonuç doğurmayacak, üstelik taraflara had cezası da uygulanacaktı. Aynı şekilde bâtıl bir satış akdinde müşteri malı teslim almışsa, İslâm hukukundaki hâkim görüşe göre malın zayi olması durumunda tazmin sorumluluğu müşteriye ait olmaktadır. Burada da sorumluluğun mal sahibinden müşteriye geçmesi, fiilî durumla birlikte ortada bâtıl da olsa bir akdin mevcut olması sebebiyledir. Böyle bir akid olmasaydı sahibinin rızâsıyla malı elinde bulunduran müşterinin sorumluluğu emanet sorumluluğu (yed-i emânet) çerçevesinde mütalaa edilecek, hukuka aykırı bir davranışı veya kusuru tesbit edilmedikçe herhangi bir tazmin mecburiyeti olmayacaktı. Nitekim bazı hukukçular bu anlayışı benimsemişler, bâtıl bir akidden sonra sahibinin rızâsıyla malı teslim alan müşteriyi meydana gelen zarardan sorumlu tutmamışlardır. Mesele Mecelle ’de de bu görüş doğrultusunda düzenlenmiştir (md. 370).
İslâm hukukçuları, belli durumlarda akdin sadece bir kısmının butlânını, geri kalanının ise geçerli olmasını mümkün görerek “butlânın bölünmesini” kural olarak kabul etmişler, bu konuda Batı hukukunun sübjektif karakterli ölçüsü yerine “her iki kısmın da belirliliği” şeklinde daha objektif bir ölçü getirmişlerdir (geniş bilgi için bk. Zerkā, II, 652-653). Bâtıl akdin başka bir akdin unsurlarını eksiksiz taşıması halinde o akde dönüşüp dönüşmeyeceği tartışmalıdır. Ücreti verilmeyeceği söylenen bir satış hibeye, kiralamaya, âriyete dönüşebilir mi? İslâm hukukçularının bir kısmı bunu kabul ederken Hanefîler’in dahil olduğu ikinci bir grup tasvip etmez. Bâtıl akid ve hukukî işlemler kendiliğinden hükümsüz ve geçersiz olduğundan iptali için ayrıca dava açmaya gerek yoktur. Butlân hali herkes tarafından ileri sürülebileceği gibi mahkemece de re’sen göz önünde bulundurulabilir. Ancak bazı hallerde, bilhassa butlân sebebinin tartışılabilir olması veya akdin icrasının tamamlanması gibi durumlarda mahkemeden butlânın tesbiti istenebilir. Butlân zaman aşımına uğramaz; bâtıl akid ve işlemler zaman aşımı ile sıhhat kazanmazlar.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kāmus Tercümesi , “bṭl” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “buṭlân” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “bṭl” md.
Müslim, “Aḳżıye”, 17-18.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Sünnet”, 5.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , V, 305.
Âmidî, el-İḥkâm , Kahire 1976, II, 174-180.
Molla Hüsrev, Mirʾât , İstanbul 1307, s. 74-82.
Mecelle , md. 109, 110, 370.
M. Yûsuf Mûsâ, el-Emvâl ve naẓariyyetü’l-ʿaḳd , Kahire 1952, s. 435-445.
Senhûrî, Meṣâdirü’l-ḥaḳ , IV, 133-168, 288-298.
M. Ebû Zehre, el-Aḥvâlü’ş-şaḫṣiyye , Kahire 1957, s. 148-153.
a.mlf., el-Milkiyye ve naẓariyyetü’l-ʿaḳd , Kahire 1977, s. 409-419.
Zerkā, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , II, 641-671.
Chafik T. Chehata, Théorie général de l’obligation en droit musulman hanéfite , Paris 1969, s. 127-136.
Bilmen, Kamus , VI, 86-91.
Karaman, İslâm Hukuku , II, 251-310.
J. N. D. Anderson, “Invalid and Void Marriages in Hanafi Law”, BSOAS , XIII/2 (1950), s. 357-366.
Y. Linant de Bellefonds, “Fāsid wa Bāṭil”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 829-833.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 476-478 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.