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BUYRULDU Skip to content Osmanlı diplomatiğinde yüksek rütbeli görevlilerin kendilerinden aşağı mevkilerde bulunanlara gönderdikleri emirler için kullanılan bir terim.
Buyruldu veya buyuruldu Türkçe buyurmak fiilinden yapılmış bir isimdir. Yazıldıkları yer bakımından merkez ve taşrada yazılanlar olarak ikiye ayrılmaları mümkün olan bu tür belgelerin özel bir yazılış şekilleri vardır. Fâtih Kānunnâmesi ’ne göre padişahın tuğrasını taşıyan hükümler ancak üç şahsın buyrulduları ile yazılabilirdi. Bunlardan dünya işlerine dair olan meselelerde sadrazam, maliye ile ilgili işlerde defterdar, şer‘î davalarda ise kazaskerler yetkili kılınmıştı. Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’a verilen bir arz, arîza, arzuhal veya takrir okunup istek kabul edildiği takdirde üzerine “buyruldu” kelimesi bazan tek olarak, bazan da “arz olunduğu üzere tahrir oluna deyü buyruldu” gibi yapılacak işlemi gösteren bir cümlenin sonuna ilâve edilerek yazılırdı. “Buyruldu” kelimesi kullanılmayan buyruldulara da rastlanmaktadır. Meselâ “kanun üzere buyruldu” yerine sadece “kanun üzere” ifadesinin konduğu da olurdu (BA, A.DVN , nr. 1763). Divanda buyruldunun konmasından sonra belli formüller çerçevesinde nişancı, reîsülküttâb yahut divan kâtiplerinden biri tarafından müsvedde yapılarak hüküm hazırlanıp ilgili yere gönderilirdi. Fermân-ı âlî ısdârı için yazılan buyruldulara herhangi bir ilâve yapılması bazı şartlara bağlı idi. Sadâret kethüdâsı ve reîsülküttâb dışındakilerin yapacakları ilâvelerde mutlaka sadrazamın “sahh”ı ve “pençe”si gerekli idi. XIX. yüzyıl başlarında bu usule riayet edilmemeye başlanması dolayısıyla 1811’de “pençe ve sahh-ı âlî bulunmadıkça emrin ısdâr edilmemesi” hususunda kati tâlimat verilmişti (reîsülküttâba yazılan 4 Receb 1226 / 25 Temmuz 1811 tarihli hüküm: BA, MD , nr. CCXXXIII, 217/581). Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un önemini kaybederek devlet işlerinin yürütülmesinin Paşa Kapısı’na intikalinden sonra, diğer her türlü evrakla birlikte sadrazamın, müsveddeleri tezkireciler tarafından hazırlanan buyrulduları da sadâret kethüdâsının (veya kâhya bey) elinden geçmeye başlamıştır.
Bâbıâli’nin Mektûbî Kalemi’nden yazılan buyruldulara buyruldu-yı sâmî veya buyruldu-yı âlî adı verilirdi. Bunlar da iki kısma ayrılmaktadır. Sadrazamın re’sen, yani alt makamdan herhangi bir yazı olmaksızın doğrudan doğruya verdiği emirleri ihtiva edenlere “beyaz üzerine buyruldu” denirdi. Bir arz veya arzuhalin muameleye konması, yani ilgili kalemlerden derkenarlar yapılması için emir verilmesi de sadrazamın buyruldusu ile olurdu. Bununla birlikte bazan bu ilk buyruldu olmadan da muameleye başlanıldığı görülmektedir. Fakat derkenarların çıkarılmasından sonra ilgili büronun şefi tarafından yapılan telhisi müteakip verilen nihâî kararın tatbik mevkiine konulabilmesi için mutlaka sadrazamın mûcib buyruldusuna ihtiyaç vardı. Ancak bu buyruldudan sonra tezkire verilir ve gerekli ferman veya berat yazılabilirdi. Gerek re’sen yazılan buyruldularda gerekse muameleli evrak üzerindeki nihâî buyruldularda, buyruldunun altında tarih bulunmasına rağmen, divanda yazılan buyruldularla muameleli evrak üzerindeki ilk buyruldularda tarihin ihmal edilebildiği görülmektedir. Sadrazamın buyruldularında elkābın ilk kelimesinin üzerine buyruldunun doğruluğunu göstermek bakımından “sah” (صح ) işareti konurdu.
Padişaha ait belgelerde olduğu gibi buyruldularda da her görevli için kullanılacak elkāb ayrı ayrı tesbit edilmişti. Kazaskerlere “izzetlü, fazîletlü”; kaptanpaşaya “izzetlü, rif‘atlü”; İstanbul kadısına “fazîletlü”; defterdarlar, nişancı, reîsülküttâb, tersane, darphâne, defter emini ve şehreminleri, yeniçeri ağası, bostancıbaşı, kapıcılar kethüdâsına ise sadece “izzetlü” diye yazılırdı (Buyuruldu Mecmuası , TTK Ktp., nr. 70, vr. 6a-b ). Tanzimat’tan sonra yeniden teşkilâtlanma dolayısıyla XIX. yüzyıl ortalarında yeni kurulan müesseselerin başlarında bulunanlara yazılacak buyrulduların elkābları da tesbit edilmiştir. Buna göre serasker ve kaptanpaşalara “devletlü, atûfetlü efendim hazretleri”; Mısır valisi, maliye, evkaf, ticaret, darphâne nâzırları ve Ordu-yı Hümâyun müşiri vb.ne “devletlü efendim hazretleri”; müşirler, valiler, hariciye ve tersane nâzırları ile Mâbeyin başkâtibi vb.ne “atûfetlü efendim hazretleri” şeklinde yazılmaya başlanmıştır (BA , Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 7531).
Çeşitli konularla ilgili belgelerin her birine konulacak buyruldular için de klişeler vardı. Padişahın hatt-ı hümâyunu çıkmış bir mesele, menzil fermanı, alay beyi arzı, timar tevcihi vb. üzerine yazılacak buyruldular hep tesbit edilmişti. Muamele görmüş evrak üzerindeki buyruldularda genellikle, telhis, i‘lam, arz, derkenar gibi hangi tür belge veya kayda dayanılarak buyurulduğu da “telhis mûcebince” veya “arz ve derkenarı mûcebince” şeklinde tasrih edilirdi. Bundan sonra yapılacak şey yazılıp “buyruldu” kelimesi konduktan sonra tarih atılırdı. Muameleli evrak üzerindeki buyruldular, eğer tek sayfaya sığıyorsa, arz veya arzuhalin sol üst tarafında ve ilgili büro şefinin telhisinin üstünde yer alırdı. Fakat derkenarların fazlalığı sebebiyle sadrazamın buyruldusuna esas olacak telhis arka sayfaya yazılmışsa son buyruldu mutlaka telhisin üzerinde bulunacağından arka sayfaya geçerdi. Ancak sadrazamların, askerî ve nişan beratlarının üzerine “mahalline kaydoluna” şeklinde buyruldu yazmaları kanuna aykırı idi (Mehmed b. Ahmed, vr. 58b ).
Bazı hallerde padişah, arz veya telhis üzerine hatt-ı hümâyununu yazdıktan sonra, bu hatt-ı hümâyunda emredilen hususun yerine getirilmesi için aynı kâğıt üzerine sadrazam da buyruldusunu koyardı (BA, A.DVN , nr. 2505; BA , Cevdet tasnifi belgeleri içinde buna pek çok örnek vardır. Ancak hatt-ı hümâyunlar vaktiyle kesilip ayrıldığından sadece takrir, telhis ve buyruldular görülebilmektedir). Bu tür belgelerde buyruldu daima hatt-ı hümâyunun alt tarafına, arz veya takririn ise eğer üst tarafında yer varsa üstüne, yoksa altına yazılırdı.
Sadrazamın bir de pençe bulunan buyrulduları vardı ki bu tür buyruldular sadrazamın merkezde bulunduğu zamanlarda sadece sadrazam tarafından yazılabilirdi. Bununla birlikte Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’nın sadâretinde 1861’de gerek re’sen gerekse derkenar olarak yazılan buyrulduların sağ üst tarafına pençe yerine sadâret mührü basılmaya başlanmıştır.
Nezâret ve meclislerin kurulmasından sonra bunlarla sadâret arasındaki yazışmalarda, gelen tezkire sûreti üste alınıp altına sadâretin tasdiki makamında mûcib buyruldusu denilen buyruldu yazılarak tarih atılmaya, üstüne ve kâğıdın sağ tarafına da resmî sadâret mührü basılmaya başlanmıştır.
Gerektiğinde kaptanpaşa, defterdar vb. görevliler de kendi yetkileri dahilindeki işlerde buyruldu yazarlardı. Defterdar, mahallinde mukātaaları tevcih edip “buyurur”, fakat pençe çekemez, buyrulduların altına kuyruklu imzasını koyardı. Kaptanpaşa da tersaneye geldiğinde gerekirse dava dinler, ihtiyaç duyması halinde o bölge kadısına buyruldu yazıp dava dinlemesini isteyebilirdi (Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, s. 516, 536).
Taşrada XVII. yüzyıla kadar beylerbeyiler tarafından yazılan belgeler içinde “buyruldu” kelimesi bulunana şimdiye kadar rastlanmamıştır. Fakat “mektup” oldukları belgelerin kendi içlerinde belirtilen ve padişah fermanlarının edası ile ve onların bütün rükünlerini hâvi olarak yazılanlar buyruldu mahiyeti taşımaktadırlar. XVII. yüzyıla kadar huruf, kâğıt, vesika, varaka gibi adlarla anılan yazıların yerini alan buyruldular da şekil ve yazılış tarzı bakımından merkezde yazılanlara benzemektedir. Yalnız bunlarda elkābdan sonra “inhâ olunur ki” yahut “ba‘de’t-tahiyye (ba‘de’s-selâm) inhâ olunur ki” formülleri kullanılarak nakil-iblâğ kısmına geçilmektedir. Ayrıca beylerbeyi buyruldularında makam mührünün kullanılması da XVII. yüzyılda başlamıştır. Şahsî mühürlerden daha büyük ebatta olan bu mühürler yazının hemen üstüne ve sağa basılırlardı (Bağdat valisi [1065/1655], Erzurum muhafızı [1157/1744], Malatya mutasarrıfı [1223/1808] ve Rumeli valisinin [1234/1819] buyrulduları: TSMA, nr. E. 10.118/29, 5256, 4243/6, 1874). Bununla birlikte beylerbeyi buyruldularının bir kısmında da mühür basılmayıp imza yerinde olmak üzere pençe konulmuştur (Kıbrıs muhassılı [1179/1766] ve Bender muhafızının [1193/1779] buyrulduları: TSMA, nr. E. 5644; Uzunçarşılı, TTK Belleten , V/17-18, lv. LII). XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren beylerbeyi buyruldularında belgenin “buyruldu” olduğu, sona konan “deyü buyruldu” klişesiyle mutlaka belirtilmiştir. Bazılarında ise belgenin içinde bir veya iki yerde ayrıca buyruldu olduğuna işaret edildiği gibi hangi vilâyetin divanından çıktığına da “dîvân-ı Lefkoşe” (Kıbrıs Muhassılı Süleyman Paşa’nın 27 Zilkade 1179 / 7 Mayıs 1766 tarihli buyruldusu: TSMA, nr. E. 5644), yahut “dîvân-ı Silistre” (Silistre Valisi Mehmed Hüsrev Paşa’nın 26 Cemâziyelevvel 1224 / 9 Temmuz 1809 tarihli buyruldusu: TSMA, nr. E. 3169/2) şeklinde işaret edilmiştir. Beylerbeyiler sadece görevli oldukları yerde değil buralara gidip gelirken yol üzerinde, kadı bulunmayan yerlerde dava dinlediklerinde “kanun üzere buyruldu” verirlerdi.
Buyruldu grubuna giren belgelerin sonu genellikle “deyü buyruldu” şeklinde bitmekle beraber bazan “buyruldu”nun konulmayıp “deyü” ile, bazan da “deyü” de konmayarak meselâ sadece “amel ve hareket eyleyesiz” denilerek bitirildiği ve hemen arkasından da tarih atıldığına rastlanmaktadır. Bu şekilde bitenlerde hiç şüphe yok ki son kelimeler zımnen ifade edilmektedir. Nitekim sadrazam buyruldularının sûretlerinin yazıldığı buyruldu defterlerinde de buyrulduların sonları hep “eyleyesiz deyü” klişesiyle bitirilmiştir.
Kullanıldığı belgeye adını veren buyruldu kelimesi, başlangıçta oldukça açık ve okunaklı bir şekilde yazılırken zamanla klişeleşmiş ve okunması mümkün olmayan bir şekil almıştır. Onun içindir ki bu stilize şekli “emrimdir” diye okuyanlar da olmuştur. Meselâ IV. Mehmed’in bazı hatt-ı hümâyunlarında buyruldu klişesine çok benzemekle beraber çizgilerin sayısındaki fazlalıkla ondan ayrılan bir başka stilize şekle rastlanmaktadır ki bunun gerçekten “emrimdir” tarzında okunması gerekir.
Gerek merkezde gerekse taşrada yazılan bütün buyruldularda daima divanî yazı kullanılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Arşiv Belgeleri. BA, MD , nr. CCXXXIII, 217/581.
BA , Cevdet tasnifi belgeleri (bu belgelerin büyük kısmı buyruldudur).
BA, A.DVN dosyaları belgeleri.
BA , Buyuruldu Defterleri (bu defterlerde 1226-1331 [1811-1912] arasındaki buyrulduların suretleri vardır).
TSMA’daki buyruldu koleksiyonu.
Kaynak Eserler. Buyuruldu Mecmuası , TTK Ktp., nr. 70, tür.yer.
Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, Kānûnnâme (MTM , I/3 [1331] içinde), s. 500, 516, 536.
Mehmed b. Ahmed, Defter-i Teşrîfât , İÜ Ktp., Nâdir Eserler, TY, nr. 9976, vr. 58b .
Mehmed Fuad, Usûl-i Kitâbet-i Resmiyye , İstanbul 1328, s. 46-54.
Araştırmalar. Osman Ergin, Muallim M. Cevdet’in Hayatı, Eserleri ve Kütüphânesi , İstanbul 1937, s. 145-157.
M. Guboğlu, Paleografia şi Diplomatica Turca-Osmana, Studiu si Album , Bucharest 1958 (Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romine), s. 131 vd.
Tayyib Gökbilgin, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Medeniyet Tarihi Çerçevesinde Osmanlı Paleografya ve Diplomatik İlmi , İstanbul 1979, s. 99-101.
J. von Hammer-Purgstall, “XVIII nci Asırda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Devlet Teşkilâtı ve Bâbı-Âli” (trc. Halit İlteber), İÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası , VII/2-3, İstanbul 1941, s. 567, 581.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Tuğra ve Pençeler ile Ferman ve Buyuruldulara Dair”, TTK Belleten , V/17-18 (1941), s. 114-115, lv. LII.
a.mlf., “Buyruldı”, a.e. , V/19 (1941), s. 289-318.
Asparouch Velkov, “Les notes complémantaires dans les documents financiers ottomans des XVIe -XVIIe siècles (étude diplomatique et paléographique)”, Turcica , XI, Paris 1979, s. 42-43, 58-59, 72-74.
Halil İnalcık, “Osmanlı Bürokrasisinde Aklâm ve Muâmelât”, Osm.Ar. , I (1980), s. 13-14.
Fâtih’in Teşkilât Kanunnâmesi (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan, TD , sy. 33 [1982] içinde), s. 36.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “Mühimme Defterlerindeki Muâmele Kayıdları Üzerine”, Tarih Boyunca Paleografya ve Diplomatik Semineri, 30 Nisan – 2 Mayıs 1986 (Bildiriler) , İstanbul 1988, s. 104-105.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 478-480 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.