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BÜYÜK VÂLİDE HANI Skip to content İstanbul’da XVII. yüzyılda yapılan şehrin en büyük ticaret hanı.
Ana cephesi Sultanhamam’dan Beyazıt’a çıkan Çakmakçılar Yokuşu boyunca III. Sultan Mustafa Camii hizasından başlayıp yokuşun üst tarafına kadar devam ederek arka taraftan da Uzunçarşı’da İbrâhim Paşa Camii yanına kadar geniş bir alanı kaplar. Haliç’e hâkim bir sırt üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Ölçüleri bakımından İstanbul’un en büyük ticaret hanı olan Büyük Vâlide Hanı, Sultan IV. Murad’ın (1632-1640) saltanat yılları içinde padişahın annesi Vâlide Kösem Sultan tarafından başta Üsküdar’daki Çinili Cami olmak üzere çeşitli yerlerdeki hayratına gelir sağlamak gayesiyle yaptırılmıştır. Evliya Çelebi’nin yazdığına göre hanın yerinde evvelce Cerrah Mehmed Paşa’nın sarayı bulunuyordu. Yıkılmış veya yanmış olan bu sarayın yerinde inşa edilen bu “şeddâdî” hanın bir tarafında da dört köşe bir cihannümâ kule yükseliyordu. Naîmâ’nın ifadesine göre Kösem Sultan’ın yirmi sandık florin altını olan şahsî serveti bu kulede saklanıyordu. Sultanın ölümünden sonra bu muazzam hazine devlete kalmıştır.
Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nın bir köşesinde gerçekten kare planlı bir kule bulunmaktadır. Schneider’in görüşüne göre bu kule Bizans çağından kalmıştır. İmparatorun saray muhafızının (Drungarios tes Biglas) makamı olan Vigla’nın da (Bigla) bu çevrede olması muhtemeldir. Bir ihtimale göre kule bu Vigla’ya aittir. Anlaşıldığına göre kule Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nın inşasından önce de vardı. Nitekim 1544-1555 yılları arasında İstanbul’da topografya ve arkeoloji incelemeleri yapan Fransız Albili Pierre Gilles bu kuleyi Eirene Kulesi olarak adlandırır. 1553-1555 yıllarında İstanbul’da bulunan ve Galata sırtlarından şehrin büyük bir panorama manzarasını çizen Alman, Flensburglu Melchior Lorichs de (Lorck) bu büyük resimde Uzunçarşı’daki İbrâhim Paşa Camii’nin az berisinde bu kuleyi bütün heybetiyle göstermiştir. O sıralarda hayli yüksek olan kule sonraları alçalmıştır. XIX. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru Sebah-Joaillier fotoğrafhanesi tarafından Galata Kulesi’nden çekilen resimlerde kule kare şeklindeki kitlesiyle belli olmaktadır. Bugün ise artık çevredeki yüksek yapılaşma yüzünden daha az belirgindir.
Büyük Vâlide Hanı’ndaki odalarda genellikle bekârlar yaşıyordu. Bunlardan bazıları sonradan Osmanlı tarihinin tanınmış kişileri olmuşlardır (Lârî Mehmed Efendi, Yeğen Mehmed Paşa gibi). Fakat handa büyük ölçüde İranlılar ve Şiî Âzerîler barınıyordu. Bunların arasında bazı Ermeni tüccarların da varlığı bilinmektedir. J. de Thévenot’dan öğrenildiğine göre İstanbul’a gelen bazı yabancılar da XVII. yüzyılda bu handa kalıyorlardı. 1652 yılında, yani Vâlide Hanı’nın inşasından pek az sonra İstanbul’a gelen Fransız seyyahı, padişahın annesi tarafından yaptırılan bu hanın şehirdekilerin en güzeli olduğunu belirterek yabancı tüccarların burada daima barınacak ucuz bir oda ile mallarını koyacak bir ardiye bulduklarını yazar. Burada o yıllarda her yolcuya bir yatak, örtüler, halı ve yastıklar verilmekteydi. Ancak İranlı Şiîler Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nı bir merkez yapmışlar ve muharrem âyini bu hanın birinci avlusundaki Mescid-i Îrâniyân’ın etrafında cereyan eden büyük bir gösteri durumuna girmiştir. Hatta kanlı ve sert bir mahiyeti olan, bu sebeple bilhassa yabancıların görmeye gittikleri bu gösteri seyahatnâmelerde ve seyyah rehberlerinde önemle yer almıştır. Geçen yüzyılın sonlarında İstanbul’da yaşayan G. des Godins de Souhesmes, Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nda şahit olduğu böyle bir âyini anlatır. O gece burada toplam 8000 seyirci arasında oldukça çok sayıda Avrupalı sosyete kadınının bulunduğunu belirtir. Vâlide Hanı basın tarihi bakımından da önemli bir yerdir. R. Ekrem Koçu’nun Cevdet Paşa’dan naklen işaret ettiğine göre İranlılar ilk Kur’ân-ı Kerîm baskılarını kaçak olarak Büyük Vâlide Hanı’ndaki basımevlerinde yapmışlardır. Yine burada bulunan matbaalarında çok tutulan kitapların korsan baskıları gerçekleştirilmiş ve İstanbul’da ilk olarak resimli dinî kitap ve levhaları da burada basmışlardır. Hanın Çakmakçılar Yokuşu kenarında bulunan birkaç Ermeni kitapçı dükkânı ise Batı’dan özellikle Fransa’dan getirilen kitapları satıyorlardı. Bunlardan son ikisi 1950’li yıllara kadar mevcuttu.
Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nın Çakmakçılar Yokuşu üzerindeki dükkânlı cephesi muntazam kesme taştan ve tuğladan yapılmıştır. Bu cephedeki kapısı üstünde her biri dört kademeli yedi konsol üzerine oturmuş bir köşkü andıran pencereli bir çıkması vardır. Esasında inşaatının çok temiz bir işçilikle yapıldığı görülen içerideki sivri revak kemerleri de taş pâyelere oturmaktadır. Aslında kubbelerin kurşun kaplanmış olduğu anlaşılıyor. Fakat son devirde bunlar harap olduğu için tamamen sökülmüştür. Büyük Vâlide Hanı eğimli bir arazi üstünde ve kurulmuş bir şehir dokusu içine yerleştirildiğinden planı muntazam değildir. Ana kapıdan üçgen biçiminde küçük bir avluya girilir. Bunu takip eden ikinci avlu ise hemen hemen kare biçimli olup 63 × 66 m. ölçüsündedir. Bu avlunun ortasında mescid bulunur. Avlunun bir köşesindeki dar bir dehlizden geçilen üçüncü avlu dikdörtgen biçimli olup bodrumunda arazi meylinden faydalanmak suretiyle ahırlar yapılmıştır. Birinci ve ikinci avluda 153, üçüncü avluda 57 olmak üzere toplam 210 odası olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Alt kat odaları beşik tonozlu, üst kat odaları kubbeli, revakları ise tonozludur. İkinci ve üçüncü avlulara açılan geçit dehlizleri çapraz tonozludur. Her odanın hem dışarıya hem de revaklara açılan pencereleri olduktan başka içlerinde ocakları ve dolap nişleri vardır. Üçüncü avlu köşesindeki 25 m. kadar yüksekliğe sahip kule 12 × 12 m. ölçüsündedir ve bugün harap durumdadır. Orta Bizans devrinde yapılmış olduğu tahmin edilen kule hanla birleştirilirken Türk duvar tekniğine göre dışı kısmen yenilenmiş, katlar ihya edilirken içine de kubbeli bir oda yapılmıştır. Kule bugün Karaköy Köprüsü üstünden bakıldığında görülebilmektedir. Yakından incelendiğinde de taş ve tuğla dizileri halinde yapıldığı, bazı pencerelerinden başka top lumbarları gibi yuvarlak menfezleri olduğu tesbit edilmektedir. Büyük Vâlide Hanı tarihî ve mimari değerinin çok büyük olmasına rağmen son bir yüzyıl içinde bakımsızlık ve keyfî değişikliklere kurban edildiğinden bazı kısımları yıkıldığı gibi esas mimarisini bozan değişikliklere uğramış, bir taraftan da avluların içlerine yapılan çirkin ilâvelerle tahrip edilmiştir. Halbuki 1905’e doğru C. Gurlitt’in beraberindekiler tarafından çekilen fotoğraflarda, avlu revakları önlerine eklenen yapıların hanın güzel kâgir kemer düzenini bir dereceye kadar gizlemekle beraber çok çirkin olmadıkları, belirli ahşap ve kâgir bir estetiğe sahip bulundukları görülür. Avludaki mescid 1952’de yapılan şekliyle minaresiz, dikdörtgen, altında bir sıra dükkân bulunan kâgir bir binadır. Dışı taşı taklit eden bir sıva ile kaplıdır.
Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nın 1906 yılı yazında bir kısmının yıkıldığı ve bazı kısımlarının da tehlikeli görülerek boşaltıldığı bir gazete haberinden öğrenilmektedir. Fakat herhalde İstanbul’da büyük tahribat yapan 1894 zelzelesinin sonucu olarak bu bölümler önce çatlamış sonra da yıkılmış olmalıdır. Vâlide Hanı’nın Han-ı Sagīr (küçük han) denilen arkadaki bölümünün 21 Mart 1926’da yıkılması üzerine şehremaneti (belediye) tarafından tehlikeli görülen bölümleri yıktırılmıştır. Bundan sonra tamamen bakımsız kalan Büyük Vâlide Hanı bir taraftan bir harabe haline gelirken diğer taraftan da aslî bünye ve mimarisini bozan inşaatlarla tarihî karakterine aykırı düşen bir biçime sokulmuştur. Hanın büyük avlusu ortasında bulunan ve Mescid-i Îrâniyân adıyla tanınan fevkanî ahşap mescid 1950’li yıllarda bir yangın sonunda tamamen harap olmuş, 1951’de İranlılar Yardım Derneği tarafından şimdiki biçimiyle yeniden yaptırılmıştır.
İkinci avludan üçüncüye geçit sağlayan tonozlu dehlizin sol duvarında 1320 (1902-1903) tarihli bir çeşme ayna taşı mevcuttur. Sokaktan birinci ve oradan ikinci avluya açılan kapıların ağaç üzerine iri başlı dövme çivilerle çakılmış demir levha kaplı kanatları henüz durmaktadır. Dış kapı halen tatil günlerinde kapatılmakta ve üzerinde yer alan küçük kapı kullanılmaktadır. 1989 Ekiminde birinci avlu çok kötü durumda idi. İkinci avluda revak kemerleri önlerine yapılan yeni inşaatla kapatılmış, yalnız sol tarafta bazı kemerlerin sadece üstleri görülebilmekteydi. Üçüncü avlu ise içini dolduran yeni inşaatla kapatılmıştı. Hanın uç kısımlarında yıkık bölümler vardı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 325.
J. de Thévenot, Relation d’un voyage fait au Levant , Paris 1664, s. 49.
a.mlf., L’Empire du Grand Turc, vu par un sujet de Louis XIV (nşr. F. Billacois), Paris 1965, s. 72-73.
Naîmâ, Târih , V, 112.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 218; II, 184.
G. G. de Souhesmes, Au Pays des Osmanlis , Paris 1894, s. 143-145.
E. Oberhummer, Konstantinopel , München 1902, lv. IX.
C. Gurlitt, Die Baukunst Konstantinopels , Berlin 1908-12, I, 51, lv. 74.
A. M. Schneider, “Mauern und Tore am Goldenen Horn zu Konstantinopel”, Nachrichten der Akademie in Göttingen-Phil-Hist. Klasse , Göttingen 1950, s. 85-87, 89.
W. Caskel, “Schenkungsurkunde Sultan Ibrahims für die Valide Mahpeyker Sultan (Kösem) von 1049/1640”, Documenta Islamica Inedita , Berlin 1952, s. 251-262.
Feridun Akozan, “Türk Han ve Kervansarayları”, Türk San‘atı Tarihi Araştırma ve İncelemeleri , İstanbul 1963, I, 133-137, 145, 158-160.
Ceyhan Güran, Türk Hanlarının Gelişimi ve İstanbul Hanları Mimarisi , İstanbul 1976, s. 96-98, 217, 243-244.
W. Müller-Wiener, Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls , Tübingen 1977, s. 45, 376.
Eminönü Camileri (nşr. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı), İstanbul 1987, s. 203-204.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Büyük Valide Hanı”, İst.A , VI, 3307-3313.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 516-517 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.