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CAETANI, Leone Skip to content (1869-1935)
İlk devir İslâm tarihi üzerine çalışmalarıyla tanınan İtalyan şarkiyatçısı.
12 Eylül 1869’da Roma’da doğdu. Başlangıcı Ortaçağ’a kadar giden soylu Caetani sülâlesine mensuptur; anne tarafından dedesi ise Viyana’da yaşayan ve ünlü tarihçi J. von Hammer-Purgstall ile birlikte çalışan Polonyalı Kont Rzewustky’dir. Babası Don Onorato Caetani 1896’da İtalya Dışişleri bakanı olmuş, Antikçağ edebiyatı ve Dante uzmanı ünlü bir bilim adamıdır. Leone Caetani Roma Üniversitesi’nde edebiyat tahsili yaparken İslâm dünyasına büyük bir yakınlık duydu ve Latince ile Yunanca gibi öğrenimi mecburi olan klasik dillerden başka Almanca, İngilizce, Farsça ve Arapça öğrendi. Tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra kendini tamamen İslâm tarihine verdi; başta Arapça olmak üzere çeşitli dillerde yazılmış pek çok yazma ve basma eser toplayarak zengin bir İslâm tarihi kütüphanesi kurmayı başardı. İslâm dünyası kaynaklarını yakından tanımak için Hindistan, İran, Tunus, Cezayir, Mısır, Suriye, Lübnan ve İstanbul’a giderek birçok yazma topladı.
Caetani ilmî çalışmalarının yanında aile geleneğine uyarak siyasetle de uğraştı ve milletvekili oldu. Mecliste İtalya’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı Libya topraklarını işgal etmesine karşı çıktığı gibi gazetelerde bu işgalin hukukî dayanağının bulunmadığını ifade eden ve hükümeti suçlayan çeşitli yazılar yazdı. Sosyalistler arasında yer aldı; kilise ve din adamlarına muhalif cereyanın (anticléricalisme) ateşli bir savunucusu oldu. Aşırı pozitivist görüşlere sahip olan Caetani çağdaşı düşünürlerden etkilendi ve fikirlerini İslâm dünyası ve İslâm tarihi üzerine kaleme aldığı ilmî yazılara da yansıtarak çeşitli tepkilere mâruz kaldı.
1924’te, müslüman milletlerin tarih, din ve kültürlerini araştırmak için daha sonraları Fondazione Caetani adıyla anılan Fondazione per gli Studi Musulmani adlı vakfı kurdu. Fakat siyaset alanında daima muhalefette kalan Caetani iktidara gelen faşistlerle anlaşamadı; Annali dell’Islam adlı eserini tamamladıktan sonra zengin kütüphanesiyle servetinin bir kısmını üyesi olduğu Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei’ye bırakarak 1927 yılında yönetimin baskılarından kaçıp siyasî mülteci sıfatıyla Kanada’ya gitti ve orada yeni bir eser vermeden 24 Aralık 1935 tarihinde öldü. Mussolini yönetimi onu vatandaşlıktan ve mensubu olduğu akademinin üyeliğinden çıkardı. Ancak faşistlerin iktidarının yıkılmasından sonra itibarı iade edildi ve ölümünün ellinci yılında Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei’de adına düzenlenen büyük bir toplantıda eserleriyle hayatı yeniden değerlendirildi.
Eserleri. Caetani’nin kitap, makale, konferans metni ve tebliğ halinde yayımlanmış birçok çalışması bulunmaktadır; bunlar arasında dört kitabı en önemli eserleri kabul edilmektedir.
1. Chronographia islamica (I-V, Roma 1912-1918). Geniş bir İslâm kronolojisidir. Eserin tamamı 1-922 (622-1517) yıllarını içine alacak şekilde planlanmış olmakla birlikte ancak 1-132 (622-750) yıllarını kapsayan kısmı yayımlanabilmiştir.
2. Studi di storia orientale (I, Milano 1911; III, Milano 1914). Dört cilt halinde planlanan eserin yalnızca İslâm ve Hıristiyanlık, İslâm öncesi Arabistan ve Araplar, peygamber ve devlet adamı olarak Hz. Muhammed, hilâfet devrinin başlangıcı ve Arabistan’ın fethinden bahseden I ve III. ciltleri neşredilmiştir.
3. Onomasticon arabicum (I-II, Roma 1915). Giuseppe Gabrieli ile bir heyetin de derlenmesine yardım ettiği eserde İslâm’la ilgili tarihî, coğrafî ve biyografik çalışmalarda geçen şahıs ve yer adları hakkında bilgi verilmiş olup tamamlanamamıştır.
4. Annali dell’Islam . 1905-1926 yılları arasında Milano ve Roma’da büyük boy on cilt halinde neşredilen eser Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı ile başlar ve hicretin 40. yılına kadar gelir. Eserin tamamı, İslâm tarihinin bütününü ele alacak şekilde yirmi beş cilt olarak planlanmıştı. Caetani, 1972-1973 yıllarında ofset baskısı yapılan bu en meşhur ve en hacimli eserini, bir komisyon halinde çalışan genç İtalyan araştırmacıların hicretin her yılı için İslâm kaynaklarından yaptıkları tercümelere dayanarak yazıyor, müsveddeleri de I. Guidi, H. Lammens, C. A. Nallino, J. Horovitz, C. H. Becker, G. Levi Della Vida gibi şarkiyatçılara gönderip onların görüşlerini aldıktan sonra gerekli düzenleme ve değişiklikleri yaparak son şeklini veriyordu. Eserin dikkat çeken en önemli özelliği çok zengin bir malzemeye sahip oluşudur. Kitabın tamamı Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın) tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiş, ancak sadece hicretin 12. yılına kadar olan kısmı İslâm Tarihi adıyla yayımlanmıştır (I-X, İstanbul 1924-1927). Atatürk’ün okuduğu kitaplar arasında yer alan bu tercümenin yayımlanmayan müsveddeleri Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun yazma eserler bölümünde bulunmaktadır (nr. 134). Türk araştırmacılar, diğer çalışmalarından habersiz olarak Caetani’yi yalnız bu tercümeye dayanarak anlamaya çalıştıkları için hatalara düşmüşlerdir. M. Asım Köksal, Müsteşrik Caetani’nin Yazdığı İslâm Tarihindeki İsnad ve İftiralara Reddiye (Ankara 1961, 1986; İstanbul 1987) adlı eseriyle Caetani’nin bu kitabında mevcut, hadis ve isnad meseleleri başta olmak üzere çeşitli konulardaki görüşlerine cevap vermeye çalışmışsa da esas fikirlerini ihtiva eden eserlerini okumadığı için tenkitleri yetersiz kalmıştır.
Caetani’nin diğer bazı eserleri de şunlardır: La Arabia nella storia del mondo (Roma 1907); La psicologia delle grandi vittorie arabe (Roma 1907); La Studio storico dell’Islam (Roma 1908); Maometto profeta d’Arabia (Roma 1910); Funzione dell’Islam nell’ Evoluzione della Civiltá (Roma 1912; eser ve makalelerinin bir listesi ve değerlendirmesi için F. Gabrieli’nin bibliyografyadaki çalışmalarına bk.).
Caetani ile ilgili olarak hacimli bir makale kaleme alan Riyâzü’l-Hasan, onun fikir ve düşüncelerinin arka planını, İslâm dinine, tarih ve uygarlığına bakışını vukufla değerlendirmiştir. Riyâzü’l-Hasan, İslâm’ın aristokrasisi bulunmayan, farklı ırk ve sınıflar arasında sosyoekonomik alanda ve teoride kalmayıp pratikte de gerçekleşmiş demokratik eşitliğin hâkim olduğu, daha önce benzeri görülmemiş bir toplum meydana getirdiğini söyleyen Caetani’nin siyasî bir şahsiyet olarak Hz. Peygamber’e hayranlık duyduğunu belirtir ve onun Hz. Peygamber’i ve İslâm’ın yayılışını materyalist-Marksist bakış açısından değerlendirdiğini ifade eder. Hıristiyan olmakla birlikte Hz. Îsâ’nın peygamberliğine inanmayan Caetani İslâm’ı vahye dayalı bir din saymaz, dolayısıyla Hz. Muhammed’i bütün insanlığa gönderilmiş ilâhî bir mesajın sahibi olarak kabul etmez. İslâm’ın yayılışını da bu dinin getirdiği inanç ve düşünce sistemini, fethedilen topraklarda kurulan sosyal düzen ve uygarlığı görmezlikten gelerek “sıcak çöl hapishanesinden kuzeye doğru bir açılma” şeklinde izah edip Arabistan’ın ekonomik şartlarına bağlar. Riyâzü’l-Hasan onun, dönemindeki felsefî görüşlerin etkisinden kurtulup tarihe tarafsız bir gözle bakamadığını, ilk müslüman tarihçilerin hepsini gerçeği gizleme ustası olarak itham ettiğini, buna karşılık kendisinin de olaylarla ve gerçeklerle uğraşmaktan çok gereksiz bir şekilde problemler ortaya attığını, birçok İslâmî kavramı ve İslâm tarihinde geçen birçok olayı indî yorumlarla çarpıttığını söyler. Caetani’nin uygarlığın gelişmesinde İslâm’ın oynadığı rolü açıklamaktaki bütün çabası, Avrupa milletlerinin İslâmiyet’e karşı sahip bulundukları eski ön yargıyı, tarihî gerçekleri saptırmak suretiyle rasyonalize etmeye çalışmaktan ibaret olmuştur. Annali dell’Islam ve diğer eserlerinde etraflıca ele aldığı olayları daima pozitivist bir anlayışla inceler ve bunları, okuyucuda İslâm’ın bütün yapısının boş bir çabadan ibaret olduğu intibaını uyandıracak bir şekilde yansıtmak ister. Bununla birlikte kaynaklara indikçe İslâm dünyasının tarihteki yerini ve Ön Asya tarihine getirdiği canlılığın Akdeniz ve dolayısıyla Avrupa’yı hareketli bir dinamizme kavuşturduğunu anlamış ve eserlerinde bunu ön plana çıkarmıştır.
İslâm tarihi çalışmalarına getirdiği dinamizmden dolayı İtalyan şarkiyatçı ve tarihçileri tarafından takdir edilen Caetani, edebiyat ve hadis ilmine yeteri kadar eğilmediği için de tenkit edilmiştir. Özellikle şiir tarihi üzerinde çalışanların getirdiği yeni anlayışla, Caetani’nin her konuyu mantığa dayatarak çözmeye kalkışması büyük bir kusur sayılmış ve kendisi bu bakımdan gerçek bir şarkiyatçı kabul edilmemiştir.
Lincei’de kendi adına kurulmuş olan vakıf uzun yıllar âtıl durumda kaldıktan sonra 1970 yılından itibaren vasiyetine uygun şekilde İslâm edebiyat, kültür ve fen bilimlerine ait araştırmaların değerlendirildiği bir merkez olma yoluna girmiş, kütüphanesindeki Arap ve Fars yazmalarına ait kataloglar da yapılarak ilim âlemine sunulmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
F. Gabrieli, “Leone Caetani”, Storia e civiltà musulmana , Napoli 1947, s. 301-305.
a.mlf., La Storiografia arabo-islamica in Italia , Napoli 1975, s. 47-61.
a.mlf., “Caetani, Leone”, Dizionario biografico degli Italiani , XVI, Roma 1973, s. 185-188.
a.mlf., “Leone Caetani linceo”, Giornata di studi nel cinquantenario della morte di Leone Caetani: Roma 16 dicembre 1985 , Roma 1986, s. 7-12.
R. Traini, “Leone Caetani e la sua biblioteca”, a.e. , s. 17-37.
A. Bausani, “Leone Caetani e l’Islam”, a.e. , s. 13-16.
a.mlf., “Cinquant’anni di Islamistica”, Gli Studi sul Vicino Oriente in Italia dal 1921 al 1971 , Roma 1971, s. 4-5.
Umberto Rizzitano, “Gli studi di storia araba”, a.e. , Roma 1971, s. 28-30, 31, 32.
Muhammed Kürd Ali, el-Muʿâṣırûn (nşr. Muhammed el-Mısrî), Dımaşk 1401/1980, s. 322-326.
Angelo Michele Piemontese, Bibliografia Italiana dell’Iran (1462-1982) , Napoli 1982, bk. Fihrist.
Şerafettin Turan, Atatürk’ün Düşünce Yapısını Etkileyen Olaylar, Düşünürler, Kitaplar , Ankara 1982, s. 33-37.
Mirella Cassarina, Leone Caetani, L’Islam dei primi tempi , Mazara del Vallo 1991.
L. Bouvat, “Le Prince Caetani et son oeuvre”, RMM , XXVII (1914), s. 53-89.
M. Guidi, “Commemorazione del socio Leone Caetani”, Rendiconti di Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei , XII, Napoli 1936, s. 99-104.
C. A. Nallino, “Leone Caetani islamista”, OM , XVI (1936), s. 48-52.
R. Paradisi, “Giornata di studio nel cinquantenario della morte di Leone Caetani”, a.e. , IV (1985), s. 243-248.
F. T. Cooke, “Current Topics-Leone Caetani”, MW , XXVI (New York 1968), s. 299-300.
Reyazul Hasan, “Prince Leone Caetani. A Great Italian Orientalist (1869-1935)”, HI , V/1 (1982), s. 45-81.
Maritza Cricorian, “Leone Caetani, principe islamista. Una giornata di studio a Roma nel cinquentanario della morte”, Islàm. Storia e civiltà , IV/13, Roma 1986, s. 255-258.
Claudio Lo Jacono, “Leone Caetani”, a.e. , V/15-16 (1986), s. 109-113.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 544-545 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.