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CÂHİLİYE Skip to content Özel olarak Araplar’ın İslâm’dan önceki dinî ve sosyal hayat telakkilerini, genel olarak da kişilerin ve toplumların günah ve isyanlarını ifade eden bir terim.
Cehl kökünden türetilmiş olup eski sözlüklerde bu kelimeye ilmin zıddı olarak genellikle “bilgisizlik” anlamı verilir (Cevherî, eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ , “chl” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “chl” md.; Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “chl” md.). Râgıb el-İsfahânî cehlin üç değişik anlamından söz ederek “nefsin bilgiden yoksun olması” şeklindeki ilk anlamın kelimenin asıl mânası olduğunu ifade eder. Diğer iki anlamı ise “bir konuda doğru olanın tersine inanma” ve “bir konuda yapılması gerekenin tersini yapma”dır (el-Müfredât , “chl” md.). Câhiliye (câhiliyye) kelimesi şekil bakımından ism-i mensub veya yapma (mec‘ul) mastardır. İsm-i mensub olarak “cahile ait, cahile özgü, cahilce” gibi mânalara gelen câhilî ve bunun müennesi olan câhiliyye , sıfat tamlamaları içinde kullanılır. Ancak İslâm’dan önceki dönemi ifade etmek üzere Kur’an ve hadislerde, diğer İslâm literatüründe yaygın olarak kullanıldığı şekliyle câhiliyye , câhil kelimesine -iyyet ekinin ilâvesiyle elde edilen yapma bir masdardır. Bu durumda tek başına veya isim tamlaması içinde kullanılabilir.
İslâmî dönemde ortaya çıkmış bir terim olan câhiliye, gerek Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de gerekse hadislerde Araplar’ın İslâm’ dan önceki inanç, tutum ve davranışlarını İslâmî devirdekinden ayırt etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bu sebeple genellikle Araplar’ın İslâm’dan önceki dönemine “Câhiliye” veya “Câhiliye çağı” (asrü’l-câhiliyye), o dönemde yaşayan şairlere de “Câhiliye şairleri” (şuarâü’l-câhiliyye) denilir.
Hz. Peygamber’in ashabı câhiliye kelimesiyle İslâm öncesini, yani milâdî 610 yılında vahyin inmeye başlamasından önce yaşadıkları devri kastediyorlardı. Onlar müslüman olduktan sonra bu devirle ilgili hâtıralarını, inançlarını, tutum ve davranışlarını anlatırken veya Hz. Peygamber’e o dönemde yaptıkları işlerin İslâm’daki hükmünün ne olduğunu sorarken çoğunlukla bu kelimeyi kullanmışlardır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, Mekke devrinde nâzil olan âyetlerde câhiliye kavramının kullanılmamış olmasına bakarak bu terimin o devirde henüz yerleşmemiş olduğu düşünülebilir. Buna karşılık Medine döneminde inen dört âyette câhiliye kelimesi geçmektedir. Nüzûl sırasına göre bu kelimenin ilk defa içinde geçtiği Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 154. âyetinde, bazı münafıkların Allah hakkındaki yanlış düşüncelerinin “Câhiliye zannı”na benzediği belirtilerek câhiliye kelimesi İslâm öncesini ifade eden bir kavram olarak kullanılmıştır. Nüzûl sırasına göre câhiliye teriminin geçtiği ikinci âyette Hz. Peygamber’in hanımları, “İlk Câhiliye devrindeki kadınlar gibi açılıp saçılmayın” (el-Ahzâb 33/33) şeklinde ikaz edilirken yine İslâm öncesi döneme işaret edilmiştir (aş.bk.). Üçüncü âyette “Câhiliye taassubu” (hamiyyetü’l-câhiliyye) üzerinde durulmaktadır. Burada Hudeybiye Antlaşması sırasında (6/628) müşriklerin ve Hz. Peygamber’le müslümanların içinde bulundukları farklı ruh halleri tasvir edilirken, “O zaman kâfirler kalplerine taassubu, Câhiliye taassubunu yerleştirmişlerdi; Allah da resulüne ve müminlere sükûnetini indirdi ve onları takvâ sözü (kelime-i şehâdet) üzerinde sabit kıldı” buyurulmuştur (el-Feth 48/26). Bu âyette Câhiliye çağının taassup ve barbarlığına, müşrik toplumun hayatına hâkim olan şiddet, kin ve nefrete işaret edilmektedir. Câhiliye kelimesinin yer aldığı dördüncü âyette ise, “Yoksa onlar Câhiliye idaresini mi arıyorlar? İyi anlayan bir toplum için hükümranlığı Allah’tan daha güzel kim vardır?” (el-Mâide 5/50) şeklinde yine İslâm öncesi döneme, o dönemin insanlar arasında farklı uygulamalarda bulunan haksız ve zalim idaresine dikkat çekilmektedir. Câhiliye kelimesi birçok hadiste de kullanılmıştır (aş.bk.).
Araplar’ın İslâm’dan önceki tarihlerinin câhiliye kelimesiyle ifade edilmesinin sebepleri araştırılırken onların hayat tarzına bedevîliğin hâkim olması, çevrelerinde yaşayan insanlara göre medeniyet bakımından geri kalmaları, bilgisizlik ve gaflet içerisinde göçebe ve yarı göçebe hayatı yaşayan kabile topluluklarından oluşan, kayda değer önemli bir tarihleri olmayan, puta tapan, kötülük yapmalarını önleyen bir dine, bir peygambere ve semavî bir kitaba sahip bulunmayan insanlar olmaları gibi hususlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Eskiden beri kabul edilen bu anlayışa göre Câhiliye çağı “bilgisizlik çağı” demektir; İslâmiyet ise aydınlanma ve bilgi devridir ve bu anlamda Câhiliye çağının karşıtıdır. Buna karşılık başta şarkiyatçı Goldziher olmak üzere modern araştırmacıların çoğu, eskiden beri kabul edilen “bilgisizlik çağı” şeklindeki bu anlayışa Câhiliye çağı şiirlerinden, Kur’an ve hadis gibi ilk İslâmî kaynaklardan örnekler vererek yeni bir yorum getirmişlerdir. Onlara göre, eski Arap şiirinde “cehl” “ilm”in zıddı olarak da kullanılmakla birlikte bu kelimenin ikinci derecedeki anlamıdır. Câhiliye’yi “barbarlık dönemi” olarak anlayıp tercüme eden Goldziher, Hz. Peygamber’in İslâm’ı barbarlığın karşıtı olarak açıklamış olduğunu hatırlatır ve bu anlamdaki câhiliyenin asıl karşıtının hilim (hilm) olduğunu belirtir. Hilim kelimesi “metanet, güç, fizikî bütünlük ve sağlık, teennî, sükûnet, bağışlama, yumuşak huyluluk, ahlâk ve karakter sağlamlığı, fazla duygusal olmama, ihtiyat ve ılımlılık” gibi mânalara gelir. Buna göre halîm, günümüzde “medenî insan” diye adlandırılan kişidir. Bunun zıddı olan cahil ise “azgın, arzularının esiri, hayvanî içgüdülerini takip eden, vahşi, şiddet taraftarı ve aceleci bir karaktere sahip” yani “barbar kimse”dir. Bu anlamdaki Câhiliye, barbarlık ve vahşetin hüküm sürdüğü dönemdir. Câhiliye devri Arapları Allah’ı hakkıyla bilmedikleri, O’na şeksiz ve şirksiz iman etmedikleri, gerek ferdî gerekse içtimaî hayat itibariyle bilgiden, nizamdan, sulh ve sükûndan uzak oldukları, güçlü ve asil sayılanları daima haklı kabul ettikleri ve adaletten yoksun bir hayat yaşadıkları için bu döneme Câhiliye denilmiştir. Eski Arap şiirinde cehlin “şiddet, saldırganlık ve barbarlık” anlamında kullanıldığını, hatta yerine göre bunun bir fazilet sayıldığını gösteren pek çok örnek vardır. Meselâ meşhur Câhiliye şairi Amr b. Külsûm’ün, “Hele biri kalkıp da bize karşı cahillik etmeyegörsün, o zaman biz cahillikte bütün cahillerden baskın çıkarız” anlamındaki beyti (Zevzenî, s. 178) bu örneklerin en çarpıcı olanlarındandır. Öte yandan Câhiliye devrine ait birçok şiirde “cehl” ve “hilm” köklerinden türemiş kelimeler aynı beyit içerisinde birbirine zıt anlamlı olarak kullanılmıştır.
İslâm’dan önce cehl insanın şahsî bir vasfı kabul ediliyor, zıddı olan hilm ise çoğunlukla ahmaklık ve budalalık sayılıyordu. Câhiliye devrinde fazilet kabul edilen birçok telakki ve gelenek Hz. Peygamber tarafından reddedilmiş ve yasaklanmış, buna karşılık o devir Araplar’ınca benimsenmeyen birçok husus da fazilet statüsüne çıkarılmıştır ki hilim vasfı buna en iyi örnektir. İslâmî devirde cehl kökünün “zorbalık” mânasında kullanılmasına ihtiyaç kalmadığı için bu kökten gelen kelimelerin yalnızca “bilmezlik ve tanımazlık” anlamında kullanılageldiğine işaret eden Nafiz Danışman, cehile fiilinin “zorbalaştı” mânasının âdeta unutulmuş olduğuna ve bu durumun günümüze kadar devam ettiğine, bu tabirin yerine zulüm, fısk, gurur, ceberut, tuğyan ve fücur gibi kelimelerin kullanıldığına dikkati çeker (AÜİFD , I-IV, 192-197). Ancak cehlin bu anlamının büsbütün unutulduğu da düşünülmemelidir. Fârâbî, el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla adlı kitabında ve siyaset felsefesinin yer aldığı diğer eserlerinde zorbalığın hükümran olduğu sitelere “zorba sitesi” mânasına el-medînetü’l-câhile adını vermiştir. Fârâbî’nin açıklamasına göre, “Bu sitenin halkı arasındaki kavga ve geçimsizliğin konusu selâmet, şeref, refah, lezzet ve bunlara ulaştıran vasıtalardır.” Dolayısıyla her zümre başka zümreleri soyup elindeki bu tür imkânları gasbetmek ister. Hangisi diğerini ezerse o kazançlı, bahtiyar ve imrenilecek biri sayılır. Cahil site mensuplarına göre tabiata uygun olan şeylerin hepsi adalete de uygundur; bu sebeple dövüşmek ve başkasını ezmek tabiat düzenine uygun olduğu için adaletin ta kendisidir (el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla , s. 157). Fârâbî gibi İbn Hibbân da İslâmî dönemde cehl ile hilmi birbirine zıt iki mefhum olarak kabul etmiş ve bunları ahlâkî sahada kullanmıştır.
Cehl-hilm kelimelerinin semantik yapılarını inceleyen Japon araştırmacısı Izutsu, Câhiliye dönemi ve İslâm devrindeki insanların birbirine zıt hallerini ortaya koyduktan sonra cehlin fiilî tezahürünün zulüm olduğunu, Câhiliye çağı insanlarının Hz. Peygamber ve ashabına karşı yaptıkları bütün zulüm ve işkencelerin arkasında da bu cehalet ruhunun bulunduğunu belirtir.
Ashâb-ı kirâm İslâmiyet’in Câhiliye örf ve âdetlerini kaldırdığını söylerken Câhiliye kibir ve taassubunu, sürekli çekişmelere ve savaşlara sebep olan kabilecilik anlayışı ve kan davasını, affa yer vermeyen barbar âdetleri, vahşet mantalitesini ve putperestliğin bütün unsurlarını kastediyordu. Habeş muhacirleri adına Necâşî ile konuşan Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib’in şu sözleri, câhiliye kavramının daha o zamanlar kazanmış olduğu muhtevayı ifade etmesi ve ayrıca bu kavramın hicretten önce bir terim olarak kullanılmaya başlandığını göstermesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir: “Ey hükümdar! Biz câhiliye zihniyetine sahip bir kavimdik; putlara tapar, ölü hayvan eti yer, fuhuş yapardık; akrabalık bağlarına riayet etmez, komşularımıza kötülük ederdik, güçlü olanlarımız zayıfları ezerdi” (İbn Hişâm, I, 335-336).
Câhiliye kavramı esas itibariyle Araplar’ın İslâm’dan önceki durumlarını ifade etmekle birlikte Hz. Peygamber Câhiliye’ye geçmişte kalan bir dönem olarak bakmamış, aksine bunun her fırsatta tekrar ortaya çıkabileceğini düşünmüş ve bu yönde uyarılarda bulunmuştur. Resûl-i Ekrem bu kaygısında haklı olduğunu gösteren bazı olaylarla da karşılaşmıştır. Nitekim İbn Hişâm’ın eserinde yer alan İbn İshak’ın bir rivayetine göre, bir zamanlar düşman iki kabile iken Hz. Peygamber’in önderliğinde güçlü sevgi bağlarıyla birbirine bağlanmış olan Evs ve Hazrec’den bazı kimseler dostane bir şekilde sohbet ettikleri sırada müslümanların birlik ve beraberliğini kıskanan bir yahudi, iki kabilenin eski rekabetlerini hatırlatan bazı şiirlerle onları tahrik etmişti. Tarafların silâha sarılarak dövüşmek üzere harekete geçtiklerini öğrenen Hz. Peygamber kendilerine şöyle hitap etti: “Ey müslüman topluluk, Allah’tan korkun! Ben aranızda bulunuyorken, Allah sizi İslâm’a kavuşturmuş, onunla müşerref kılmış, Câhiliye zihniyetinden kurtarmış, küfürden uzaklaştırmış ve sizi birbirinize dost kılmışken nasıl oluyor da yine Câhiliye davasıyla birbirinize düşebiliyorsunuz!” (İbn Hişâm, I, 555-556).
“Câhiliye davası” Câhiliye çağrısı demektir ki bir kimsenin kabile mensuplarından yardım istemek için onlara, “Ey filân oğulları, yetişiniz!” diye bağırmasıdır. Bu çığlığı işiten kabile halkı toplanarak çağrıyı yapan kimseye, haklı veya haksız, zalim veya mazlum olsun yardım ederdi. İslâmiyet kabile taassubuna dayanan bu şekildeki yardımı ve kan davasını kaldırmış, ihtilâfları adalet ve hukuk kuralları çerçevesinde halletme yolunu tutmuş, suçun ferdîliği esasını kabul etmiş, bundan dolayı Câhiliye davasını sürdürmeyi ve bu şekildeki davete icabet etmeyi de büyük günah saymıştır. Resûlullah, “Câhiliye davasıyla hak iddia eden kimse bizden değildir” demiştir (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 39). Ensar ile muhacirler arasında meydana gelen benzer bir tartışma üzerine de Hz. Peygamber şöyle söylemiştir: “Şu Câhiliye çığlığını bırakınız! O ne kötü şeydir!” (Buhârî, “Menâḳıb”, 8).
İslâmiyet tevhid inancını getirerek putperestliğe karşı kesin tavır almış, bu inanışın eseri olan ve insan şerefine yakışmayan bütün kötü âdetleri ortadan kaldırmış, putlara tapmayı yasaklamıştır. Hukukî ve ahlâkî cephesiyle de Câhiliye ruhu ile sonuna kadar mücadele etmiş, sefih, gayr-i ahlâkî ve zalimane davranışlara son vermiş, Câhiliye zihniyetinin bütün tezahürlerini ortadan kaldırarak yerine hilimden kaynaklanan davranışların hâkim olduğu yeni bir hayat düzeni kurmuştur. Vedâ haccındaki meşhur hutbesinde Hz. Peygamber Câhiliye devrinin ribâsını, kan davasını, hac hizmetlerinden olan sikāye (su sağlama) ve sidâne (Kâbe’nin bakımı) dışındaki dinî gelenek ve uygulamalarını yasaklamıştır.
Bununla birlikte Hz. Peygamber’in Câhiliye devri Arapları’nın kültürel yapısını, değerlerini, telakkilerini tamamıyla reddetmediği, İslâm’ın temel hükümlerine aykırı olmayan bazı hususları kabul ettiği görülmektedir. Meselâ onun bir sahâbîye hitaben söylediği, “Ey Sâib! Câhiliye çağında yaptığın faziletli şeylere İslâm devrinde de devam et; misafiri ağırla; yetime ikram et ve komşuna iyi davran!” (Müsned , III, 425) meâlindeki sözleri buna bir örnektir. “İnsanların Câhiliye devrinde hayırlı olanları İslâm devrinde de hayırlıdır” (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 8, “Menâḳıb”, 1) hadisi de aynı anlayışa işaret eder.
Câhiliye dönemi Hz. Muhammed’in peygamber olması, yani vahyin nâzil olmaya başlamasıyla sona ermiştir. Ancak bu dönemin, Câhiliye zihniyetinin merkezi haline gelen Mekke’nin fethiyle (8/630) son bulduğunu ileri sürenler de olmuştur. Asıl ihtilâf ise Câhiliye çağının başlangıcını tayin hususunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Nitekim müfessirler, Ahzâb sûresinin 33. âyetindeki “ilk câhiliye” (el-câhiliyyetü’l-ûlâ) tabirinin delâleti ve bununla hangi devrin murat edildiği hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşler, bazıları câhiliyeyi ilk (veya eski) ve ikinci (veya diğer) olmak üzere ikiye ayırmışlardır. İlk Câhiliye’nin hangi dönemleri içine aldığı hususunda da farklı görüşler belirtilmiş; Âdem-Nûh, Âdem-İbrâhim, Nûh-İdrîs, Nûh-İbrâhim, Dâvûd-Süleyman veya Mûsâ-Îsâ arasında geçen devirleri ihtiva ettiği şeklinde değişik zaman dilimleri ileri sürülmüştür. Câhiliye çağını ikiye ayıran bu anlayışı benimseyenlere göre ikinci Câhiliye devri ise Hz. Îsâ ile Hz. Muhammed arasında geçen dönem veya İslâmiyet’in zuhurundan az önceki, yani V. yüzyıldan Hz. Peygamber’in İslâm dinini tebliğe başlamasına kadar süren zaman dilimidir. Bu dönemde yaşayan ve Hanîfler diye anılan tevhid ehline de bunları müşrik Câhiliye halkından ayırmak için “fetret ehli” denilmiştir.
Bu taksimi benimsemeyen bazı âlimler ise ilk Câhiliye’nin ayrı bir devir olmadığını, İslâm dininden önceki bütün devirleri içine aldığını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu arada ilk Câhiliye ile İslâm’dan önceki devirleri, ikinci veya diğer Câhiliye ile de İslâmî devirdeki Câhiliye tezahürlerini anlamak gerektiğini savunanlar da olmuştur. Bunlara göre mutlak Câhiliye, bi‘set-i nebevîden hemen önceki Araplar’ın putperestlik dönemidir; bununla birlikte İslâmî dönemde de aynı zihniyete sahip olanlara bu sıfat verilir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber, bir tartışma sırasında Bilâl-i Habeşî’ye “kara kadının oğlu” diye hakaret eden Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî’ye, “Onu annesinin renginden dolayı mı ayıplıyorsun? Demek ki sen kendisinde hâlâ Câhiliye ahlâkı kalmış bir kimsesin” demiştir (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 22). Buna göre Câhiliye, bir çağın adı olması yanında belli bir ahlâk ve zihniyet tarzının ifadesi olup her çağda varlığını hissettirebilir. Orijinal mânada Câhiliye’nin “İslâm’dan önceki dönem” diye tercüme edilemeyeceğini, zira onun daha çok bugünü gösterdiğini belirten Izutsu, bu terimin pozitif olarak İslâmî olana aykırılık ifade ettiğini; Hz. Peygamber ve ashabının da Câhiliye’yi artık geçmişte kalan bir devir addetmediklerini; yeni İslâmî akım tarafından uzaklaştırılmış, ancak müminlerin kafalarında bile gizliden gizliye varlığını sürdürebilen, hortlamaya hazır dinamik bir şey olarak anladıklarını; Hz. Peygamber’e göre de bu durumun yeni dine yönelik bir tehlike olduğunu belirtir. Câhiliyenin müşrik Araplar’la birlikte ortadan kalkmadığını gösteren hadislerin birinde Hz. Peygamber şöyle demiştir: “Ümmetimin içinde Câhiliye döneminden kalma, tamamen terkedemeyecekleri dört âdet vardır: Asâletleriyle övünmek, başkalarının soyuna dil uzatmak, yıldızları vesile edinerek yağmur beklemek, ölünün arkasından yüksek sesle ağlamak” (Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 29).
Bazı ilim ve fikir adamları da Câhiliye devrini yalnızca Araplar’ın putperestliğine, kan davalarına ve diğer ahlâkî bozukluklarına inhisar ettirmenin, Câhiliye tezahürlerini Câhiliye’nin kendisi diye kabul etmenin yanlış olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Buna göre insanların nefsânî ve keyfî arzularına köle oldukları, ilâhî kitaba tâbi olmayı reddettikleri, zulüm, sömürü ve ırkçılık gibi yaygın kötülüklerle beslenip ayakta duran sistem ve rejimlerin hâkim olduğu her zaman ve mekânda câhiliye varlığını sürdürmektedir.
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Mücteba Uğur, Hicri Birinci Asırda İslâm Toplumu , İstanbul 1980, s. 1-29.
Nafiz Danışman, “Câhiliyye Kelimesinin Mânâ ve Menşei”, AÜİFD , I-IV (1956), s. 192-197.
Süleyman Tülücü, “Cahiliyye Kelimesinin Mânâ ve Menşei”, İİFD , sy. 4 (1980), s. 279-285.
TA , IX, 186-187.
T. H. Weir, “Câhiliye”, İA , III, 11-12.
“D̲j̲āhiliyya”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 393-394.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 17-19 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.