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ÇAKA BEY Skip to content (ö. 488/1095 [?])
İzmir ve civarındaki adalarda hâkimiyet kuran ilk Türk beyi.
Ege sahillerinde denizcilik faaliyetlerine girişen ilk Türk beylerinden olup kaynaklarda hakkında çok az bilgi vardır. Dânişmendnâme ’de Oğuzlar’ın Çavuldur boyuna mensup bir “başbuğ” olarak zikredilir. Hayatı ve faaliyetleri hakkında bilinenler, Bizans İmparatoru I. Aleksios Komnenos’un kızı Anna Komnena’nın kaleme aldığı Alexiada adlı esere dayanır. Burada adının (Gr. Tzakhas = Çakhas = Çakas) şeklinde yazılmış olması, isminin Çaka mı yoksa Çakan mı olduğu konusunda tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Son yapılan tesbitlere göre bu adın doğru şeklinin Çakan olması gerektiği belirtilmiştir (Kafesoğlu, XXXIV, 5560; Rásonyi, s. 133). XI. yüzyıl eseri olup XIII. yüzyılda yazıya geçirildiği bilinen Dânişmendnâme ’de ise muhtemelen Moğolca’nın tesiriyle bu ad Çaka şeklini almış ve bu şekil yaygınlaşmıştır (s. 85-86, 122).
Çaka Bey, Malazgirt Savaşı’nı takip eden yıllarda Alparslan’ın Anadolu’nun fethiyle görevlendirdiği beylerden biri olup Dânişmendnâme ’ye göre Sultan Turasan’ın maiyetinde bulunuyordu. Sultan Turasan 20.000 kişilik kuvvetiyle Dânişmend Gazi’den ayrılıp yanında Çaka, Kara Tona ve Hasan Hoşâvendî olduğu halde Kayseri’den İstanbul’a kadar akınlar yaptı. Ancak onların akınları bir deniz savaşında son buldu. Muhtemelen Çaka Bey bu mücadelelerin birinde Bizanslı kumandan Kabalika Aleksandr’a esir düştü (1078) ve İmparator Nikephoros Botaneiates’in sarayına gönderildi. İmparator ona “protonobilissimos” unvanı ile bazı imtiyazlar tanıdı ve hediyeler verdi. Anna Komnena’ya göre Çaka, sarayda Homeros ’u okuyup anlayacak kadar Bizans dilini ve Bizans savaş metotlarını öğrendi. Hatta Bizans tahtına göz diktiği belirtilen Çaka’nın denizciliğe önem vermesinin sebebi İstanbul’u ele geçirme planlarına dayandırılmaktadır.
1081’de Bizans tahtına çıkan İmparator I. Aleksios Komnenos tarafından bütün imtiyazları elinden alınan Çaka Bey’in daha sonra İzmir’i ele geçirdiği görülmektedir. Ancak onun İstanbul’dan nasıl ayrıldığı ve İzmir’i hangi tarihte aldığı bilinmemektedir. Bu sırada Anadolu’nun çeşitli yerleri Türk beyleri tarafından fethedilmiş, Bizans’ın Anadolu ile irtibatı kesilmişti. Bu durumdan istifade eden Çaka, gemi inşaatından anlayan birinin de yardımıyla kırk gemi inşa ettirerek oluşturduğu ilk açık deniz Türk donanması ile faaliyete geçti. Kutalmışoğlu Süleyman Şah’ın Halep’te ölümü üzerine İznik tahtına hâkim olan Ebü’l-Kāsım ile Bizans’a karşı ortak hareketlerde bulundu; 1086 yılında İzmit’e yaptığı hücuma donanmasıyla katıldığı gibi Balkanlar’daki Peçenekler’i de kendi saflarına alıp Bizans’a karşı ortak bir harekât planladı. Fakat Selçuklu ümerâsından Porsuk’un İznik’i muhasara etmesi ve Ebü’l-Kāsım’ın da Bizans ile anlaşmak zorunda kalması bu planı bozdu. Bu sırada Bizans’ın donanması ile kara ordusu büyük ölçüde çökmüş ve zayıflamıştı. Bu fırsatı değerlendiren Çaka Bey, ilk olarak sahil şehirlerinden Urla ve Foça’yı aldı. Daha sonra Midilli ve Sakız’ı zaptedip Sisam ve Rodos’a kadar uzandı. Adaları kurtarmaya gelen bir Bizans donanması da mağlûp edildi. Bu Çaka Bey’in ilk deniz galibiyetidir. Bunun üzerine imparator, Konstantinos Dalassenos kumandasında daha güçlü bir donanma gönderdi. Denizde savaşı kabul etmeyen Bizanslı kumandan Sakız’daki kara savaşında tekrar yenilgiye uğradı. Savaş sonunda Bizanslı kumandanla yaptığı görüşmede Çaka Bey, vaktiyle Bizans’ta iken kendisine verilen imtiyaz ve rütbeleri geri istediği gibi kızının da imparatorun oğlu ile evlenmesini teklif etti; bunlara karşılık adaları iade edeceğini bildirdi. Ancak anlaşma gerçekleşmedi; bunun üzerine Çaka Bey Bizans ordusunu Sakız’dan tamamen kovmak için kuvvet toplamak maksadıyla İzmir’e döndü. Konstantinos Dalassenos ise kuvvetlerini yenileyip Sakız Kalesi’ni aldı, oradan Midilli’ye gittiyse de başarılı olamadı.
Çaka Bey bölgede hâkimiyet sahasını genişletmiş ve Bizans’ın ciddi rakibi olmuştu. Onun asıl hedefi Gelibolu yarımadası ve Trakya idi. Bunun için de Balkanlar’da Bizans’ı uğraştıran Peçenekler’le yeniden temasa geçtiği gibi Bizans hizmetinde bulunan Anadolu Türkleri’ni de kendi ordusuna çağırdı. Bu arada muhtemelen 1090 yılında Sakız’ı geri almış, Bizans’ın Sicilya ile mücadele halinde olmasından faydalanarak Sisam ve Rodos’u topraklarına katmıştı. Öte yandan Peçenekler’le yaptığı ittifaka İznik hâkimi Ebü’l-Kāsım da katılmıştı. Böylece sıkışıp kalan İstanbul 1090-1091 kışında büyük sıkıntı çekti. Bu tehlikeli durum karşısında İmparator Aleksios Komnenos Kumanlar’la anlaştı. Çaka Bey ise bilinmeyen bir sebepten dolayı Bizans’a karşı girişilecek ortak mücadeleye katılmaktan vazgeçti, yalnız kalan Peçenekler Kumanlar’ın saldırısı sonucu çok büyük zayiat verdiler (29 Nisan 1091).
Büyük bir tehlikeyi böylece önleyen imparator adaları kurtarmak üzere faaliyete geçti. Peçenekler’in âkıbetine rağmen Çaka Bey’in cesareti kırılmadı, Anna Komnena’ya göre kendisini imparator (basileios) dahi ilân etti. Kısa zamanda donanmasını güçlendirdi, hedefi İstanbul üzerine bir sefer yapmaktı. Hatta Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı Kılıcarslan’a kızını vererek akrabalık kurdu ve durumunu daha da kuvvetlendirmeye çalıştı.
İmparator Aleksios Komnenos 1092 yılı baharında Midilli’yi kurtarmak üzere Yohannes Dukas’ı karadan, Dalassenos’u da büyük kuvvetlerle denizden gönderdi. Çaka Bey adanın muhafazasını kardeşi Yalvaç’a (Alexiada ’da Galabatzes) bırakmış, kendisi de denizde mücadeleye hazırlanmıştı. Bizans ordusu ve donanmasının üç ay süren kuşatması başarılı olamadıysa da daha fazla dayanamayacağını anlayan Çaka Bey, askerlerinin adayı sağ salim terketmeleri şartıyla Midilli’yi Bizans’a bıraktı. Ancak Bizanslı kumandanlar teslim şartlarına uymayıp Türk kuvvetleri adayı boşaltırken âni bir hücumla Çaka Bey’in donanmasını tahrip ettiler. Bir müddet sonra Sisam adası da Bizans’ın eline geçti.
Çaka Bey kısa zamanda “droman” denilen hücum gemileriyle çifte kürekli ve üç kürekli gemilerden oluşan yeni bir donanma hazırladı. Midilli, Sakız, Sisam ve Rodos’ta tekrar hâkimiyet kurdu. Fetihlerini Çanakkale Boğazı istikametine doğru genişletti. Edremit ile Bizans’ın gümrük kapısı olan Abidos’u aldı. Hedefi muhtemelen Trakya’yı geçip İstanbul’a ulaşmaktı, ayrıca donanmaya da hareket emri vermişti. Onun bu faaliyetleri hem damadı I. Kılıcarslan hem de İmparator Aleksios’u tedirgin etmişti. I. Kılıcarslan, Çaka Bey’in ülkesini kendi yayılma sahası olarak görüyordu. Bu durumun farkında olan imparator, Çaka Bey ile I. Kılıcarslan’ı birbirine düşürmek üzere faaliyete geçti. I. Kılıcarslan’a yazdığı bir mektupta Bizans’tan ziyade kendisinin tehlike içinde bulunduğunu bildiriyordu. Bu çabaları sonucu iki Türk hükümdarı aradaki akrabalığa rağmen birbirine düşman oldu. I. Kılıcarslan ordusuyla Çaka’ya karşı harekete geçerken bir Bizans donanması da denize açılmıştı. Abidos’ta bulunan Çaka Bey niyetini öğrenmek için damadının yanına gitmeye karar verdi. Görüşme teklifini kabul eden Kılıcarslan onu tertip ettiği bir ziyafet sırasında öldürttü. Çaka’nın bizzat damadı tarafından öldürüldüğünü kaydeden Anna Komnena, katil tarihini 1097 olarak vermekteyse de bunun yanlış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Zira Kılıcarslan’ın Çaka problemini halletmeden ve Bizans’la barış yapmadan 1096’da Malatya’yı muhasaraya gitmesi imkânsız görülmekte, ayrıca 1097’de Haçlılar’ın İznik’i aldıkları ve Kılıcarslan’ın Anadolu içlerine çekildiği bilinmektedir. Buna göre Çaka Bey’in öldürülüş tarihi 1095 olmalıdır.
Ölümünden sonra kuvvetleri dağılan, kurduğu sahil beyliği ortadan kalkan Çaka Bey, iyi bir teşkilâtçı ve denizci olup Ege sahillerinde ilk Türk tersanesiyle donanmasını meydana getirmiş, İzmir ve civarında ilk Türk yerleşmesini sağladığı gibi bu bölgelerin daha sonra Türkmen beylikleri tarafından fethine de zemin hazırlamıştır. Ayrıca Anadolu Selçukluları ile Balkanlar’daki Peçenekler’i bir araya getirip Bizans’ın yerinde büyük bir Türk devleti kurma ideali peşinde koştuğu da söylenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İzmir’i İlk Zabteden Selçuk Kahramanlarından Çaka Bey (İzmir Rehberi içinde), İzmir 1934.
Mükrimin Halil Yinanç, Türkiye Tarihi, Selçuklu Devri I: Anadolu’nun Fethi , İstanbul 1934, s. 70.
a.mlf., “Dânişmendliler”, İA , III, 468-479.
Akdes Nimet Kurat, Çaka, Orta Zamanda İzmir ve Yakınındaki Adaların Türk Hâkimi , İstanbul 1936.
a.mlf., Çaka Bey, İzmir ve Civarındaki Adaların İlk Türk Beyi, M. S. 1081-1096 , Ankara 1966.
a.mlf., Peçenek Tarihi , İstanbul 1937, s. 8, 164-166, 197-201, 208-211, 216-217.
I. Mélikoff, La Geste de Melik Dānişmend: Étude critique du Dānişmendnāme , Paris 1960, I, 85-86, 122.
Anna Komnena, The Alexiad (trc. E. A. S. Daves), London 1967, s. 183-187, 198, 214-220, 273, 280, 281, 360.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, Siyasî Tarih, Alp Arslan’dan Osman Gazi’ye (1071-1318) , İstanbul 1971, s. 11, 84, 87-95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 126, 128, 131, 150, 339.
László Rásonyi, Tarihte Türklük , Ankara 1971, s. 133, 138, 193-194.
Türkmen Parlak, Ege Denizinde İlk Türk Derya Beyleri , İzmir 1979, s. 17-38.
G. Ostrogorsky, Bizans Devleti Tarihi (trc. Fikret Işıltan), Ankara 1981, s. 332-333, 339.
Coşkun Alptekin, “İzmir Türk Beyliği (Çaka Beyliği)”, Tarihte Türk Devletleri , Ankara 1987, II, 476-480.
Mücteba İlgürel, “Türklerin Batı Anadolu Sahil Güvenliğine Verdikleri Önem”, Prof. Dr. Ercüment Kuran’a Armağan , Ankara 1989, s. 11-124.
Oktay Aslanapa, “Türk Denizciliği ve Selçuklu Tersaneleri”, TK , sy. 146 (1974), s. 69.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, “Selçuklu Çağındaki İzmir Türk Beyi’nin Adı: Çaka mı, Çağa mı, Çakan mı?”, TD , XXXIV (1984), s. 55-60.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 186-188 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.