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ÇAKMAK, Fevzi Skip to content (1876-1950)
Tanınmış Türk askeri ve devlet adamı.
12 Ocak 1876’da İstanbul’da doğdu. Asıl adı Mustafa olup Fevzi Paşa, Müşir Fevzi ve Mareşal Çakmak olarak bilinir. Babası Çakmakoğulları’ndan Tophane kâtibi Miralay Ali Sırrı Bey, annesi Varnalı Müftü Hacı Bekir Efendi’nin kızı Hasene Hanım’dır. Rumelikavağı Mahalle Mektebi’nde öğrenime başladı, Soğukçeşme Askerî Rüşdiyesi’nde ve Kuleli Askerî İdâdîsi’nde okuduktan sonra Harbiye Mektebi’ne girdi (1893). Bu arada dedesi Hacı Bekir Efendi’den Arapça, Farsça ve fıkıh öğrendi. Tasavvufla ilgilenmesini sağlayan dedesi tarafından kendisine Fevzi mahlası verildi. Harbiye’de de üstün zekâ ve kabiliyetiyle hocalarının dikkatini çekti. Bu şekilde erkânıharp sınıfına alındı ve 1898’de kurmay yüzbaşı olarak orduya katıldı. Stajını merkezde tamamladıktan sonra 1899’da merkezi Kosova vilâyetine bağlı Metroviçe’de bulunan XVIII. Nizâmiye Fırkası erkânıharp reisliğine tayin edildi.
Balkanlar’ın en karışık olduğu bir dönemde on dört yıl Rumeli’de kaldı, gösterdiği başarılar dolayısıyla arkadaşlarından önce yükseldi. 1901’de kolağası, 1902’de binbaşı, 1907’de daha otuz yedi yaşındayken miralay oldu. 1909’da Osmanlı ordusunda rütbeleri yeniden düzenleyen kanun gereğince rütbesi tekrar binbaşılığa indirildiyse de 1910’da tekrar yarbaylığa yükseldi. 1908 inkılâbından sonra iktidara gelen İttihatçılar tarafından Metroviçe şubesinin gizli yönetim kuruluna seçildi. Ancak o politikadan hoşlanmadığı ve mesleğine son derece bağlı olduğu için partiden daima uzak durdu. Balkan Savaşı çıkınca Yakova’daki XXI. tümenin kumandan vekilliğine, daha sonra Vardar Ordusu kumandanlığı Harekât Şubesi müdürlüğüne getirildi (29 Eylül 1912). Balkan Savaşı’nın sona ermesinden sonra Ankara Redif Tümeni kumandanlığına (2 Ağustos 1913), arkasından II. Tümen kumandanlığına (6 Kasım 1913) getirildi. 24 Kasım 1913’te tekrar miralay rütbesine terfi ederek Ankara’da bulunan Beşinci Kolordu kumandanlığına tayin edildi (22 Aralık 1913). 2 Mart 1915’te mirlivâ rütbesine terfi etti ve kolordusu ile birlikte I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Çanakkale muharebelerine katıldı. Kerevizdere ve Kanlıdere mevzilerini başarıyla savundu. Anafartalar grup kumandanı Mustafa Kemal’in hastalanarak çekilmesi üzerine kolordu kumandanlığı ile birlikte Anafartalar grup kumandan vekilliğine getirildi (Aralık 1915). Düşman bu cepheden çekilinceye kadar buradaki vazifesi devam etti. Başarılı hizmetlerinden dolayı çeşitli liyakat, imtiyaz, harp madalyaları ve nişanlarla ödüllendirildi.
Çanakkale cephesinin kapanmasından sonra doğu cephesinde İkinci Kafkas Kolordusu kumandanlığına (7 Eylül 1916), arkasından Diyarbekir’deki İkinci Ordu kumandanlığına tayin edildi (5 Temmuz 1917). Bu sırada Kafkas cephesinden gelen Rus saldırısını durdurarak Ruslar’ın İskenderun ve Basra körfezlerine inme planlarını başarısızlığa uğrattı. Arkasından, Kanal cephesinden saldıran İngilizler’i durdurmak üzere Mustafa Kemal’den boşalan Halep’teki Yedinci Ordu kumandanlığına getirildi (Ekim 1917). Filistin ve Şeria’da İngilizler’e karşı giriştiği savaşlardaki başarılarından dolayı ferik rütbesine yükseltildi (1918). Fakat çok geçmeden hastalanarak İstanbul’a döndü ve yerine ikinci defa Mustafa Kemal getirildi (7 Ağustos 1918).
Beykoz’daki evinde tedavi gördüğü sırada Mondros Mütarekesi imzalandı (30 Ekim 1918). Mütarekeyi imzalayan İzzet Paşa’nın istifa etmesi üzerine (8 Kasım 1918) sadârete Tevfik Paşa getirildi (11 Kasım 1918). 13 Kasım 1918’de de düşman filoları İstanbul’a geldi. Tevfik Paşa kabinesinde Harbiye nâzırı olan Cevad (Çobanlı) Paşa’nın ısrarı üzerine Fevzi Paşa Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliğine tayin edildi (24 Aralık 1918). Bu makamda bulunduğu sırada mütareke şartlarını yerine getirir görünerek pek çok silâh ve cephanenin düşman eline geçmesini önledi. Çeşitli yollarla askerî malzemelerin Anadolu’da kalmasını veya oraya götürülmesini sağladı. Bu gibi işler için bizzat kurulmasına öncülük ettiği gizli Karakol Cemiyeti’nin (MM grubu) faaliyetlerini kolaylaştırdı. Fevzi Paşa’dan şüphelenen İngilizler Osmanlı hükümetine baskı yaparak onu Birinci Ordu müfettişliğine tayin ettirdilerse de bu görevi kabul etmedi. Bu olaydan birkaç hafta sonra Mustafa Kemal, Cevad Paşa ve Fevzi Paşa vatanın kurtarılması konusunda bir görüşme yaptılar. Fevzi Paşa, Doğu Anadolu’dan batıya doğru yapılacak bir harekât ile düşmanın durdurulabileceğini ileri sürdü. Bu konuda fikir birliğine varan üç kumandan bu yönde çalışmaya başladılar. Fevzi Paşa’nın gayretleri sayesinde Mustafa Kemal’in Dokuzuncu Ordu Müfettişliği göreviyle ve geniş yetkilerle Anadolu’ya gönderilmesine karar verildi. Bu konudaki çalışmalar tamamlanmadan Yunanlılar’ın Averof zırhlısının İzmir’e geldiği ve birtakım askerlerini karaya çıkardığı haberi alındı (12 Nisan 1919). Fevzi Paşa’nın karaya ayak basacak Yunan askerine ateş edilmesi emrini vermesi işgalci devletlerin büyük tepkisine yol açtı. İngilizler hükümete baskı yaparak Fevzi Paşa’yı azlettirdiler (14 Mayıs 1919). Fevzi Paşa yerine tayin edilen Cevad Paşa’ya görevini teslim ederken Mustafa Kemal de hazır bulundu. Görevde kaldığı beş ay zarfında yapılan gizli işleri ve tasarıları anlattı. Mustafa Kemal’in tayin işiyle ilgili işlemlerin tamamlanmasını halefine bildirdi. Üç kumandan Millî Mücadele’nin başarıya ulaşması için bir harekât planı tesbit ettiler. Bu planın uygulanması ile vatanın kurtarılması için beraberce çalışacaklarına ve bu uğurda hiçbir şeyden çekinmeyeceklerine dair birbirlerine söz verdiler.
Fevzi Paşa Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliğinden azledildikten sonra Trakya’ya gönderilen bir nasihat heyetinde görev aldı. Daha sonra Birinci Ordu müfettişliğine getirildi. Sivas’ta Mustafa Kemal’in başkanlığında kurulan Hey’et-i Temsîliyye ile İstanbul’daki Osmanlı hükümeti arasındaki ilişkilerin kopma noktasına geldiği bir sırada bir nasihat heyetiyle birlikte Sivas’a gönderildi (13 Kasım 1919). Fevzi Paşa’nın bulunduğu bu heyetin görevi, seçimlerin serbest bir ortamda yapılıp yapılmadığını ve halk ile memurların durumlarını yerinde incelemekti. Fakat heyet Samsun’a ayak basar basmaz Sivas’a birtakım dedikodular gelmeye başladı. Heyetin geçtiği yerlerden verilen haberlere göre Fevzi Paşa’nın Millî Mücadele’yi bastırmak ve Mustafa Kemal’i tutuklamak üzere geldiği ve yaverinin Mustafa Kemal aleyhinde konuştuğu ileri sürülüyordu. Bu yüzden 24 Kasım’da Sivas’a gelmesi beklenen Fevzi Paşa aleyhine Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’de şiddetli bir cereyan başladı. Fakat Kâzım Karabekir ortaya atılarak Fevzi Paşa hakkındaki iddiaları kabul edemeyeceğini, kendisiyle görüşerek asıl geliş maksadının ne olduğunu öğreneceğini ve onu ikna edeceğini bildirdi. Fevzi Paşa’yı şehrin dışında bir çiftlik evinde karşılayan Kâzım Karabekir, onun Mustafa Kemal’in bağımsız davranışlarından dolayı birtakım endişeler taşımakla birlikte bir art niyeti olmadığını anladı. Kâzım Karabekir paşanın bu konudaki endişelerinin yersiz olduğunu belirterek böyle bir durumda hep birlikte bunu önleyebilecekleri konusunda onu ikna etti (Kâzım Karabekir, s. 391). Fevzi Paşa da kendisine hak verdi ve 26 Kasım 1919 günü Mustafa Kemal ve arkadaşlarıyla birlikte yapılan görüşme samimi bir hava içinde geçti.
Fevzi Paşa Sivas’tan döndükten sonra Askerî Şûra üyeliğine tayin edildi (Aralık 1919). Ali Rızâ Paşa kabinesinde Harbiye nâzırı olan Mersinli Cemal Paşa, Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye Reisi Cevad Paşa ile birlikte işgalcilerin isteklerine boyun eğmedikleri için azledilerek Fevzi Paşa Harbiye nâzırlığına getirildi (3 Şubat 1920). Ali Rızâ Paşa’nın istifası (3 Mart 1920) üzerine kurulan Sâlih Paşa kabinesinde de (8 Mart – 2 Nisan 1920) aynı görevini sürdürdü. Fevzi Paşa da selefi Cemal Paşa gibi Paris Barış Konferansı’nın Türkiye hakkında aldığı kararları kabul etmedi ve bunlara şiddetle karşı çıktı. Bu arada İstanbul’dan Ankara’ya silâh, cephane ve insan kaçırma konusundaki faaliyetlere hız verdi. Pek çok subay ve politikacının bu sayede Anadolu’ya geçerek Millî Mücadele’ye katılmaları sağlanmış oldu. İngilizler paşanın hareketlerinden kuşkulanarak hükümet nezdinde azledilmesi konusunda yoğun bir baskı uygulamalarına rağmen o, Anadolu’daki harekâtın kuvvetlenmesi için bütün gücüyle çalıştı ve her gelişmeyi Mustafa Kemal’e bildirdi. Nihayet İngilizler İstanbul’u resmen işgale başlayınca Fevzi Paşa da makamından düşman askerleri tarafından sürüklenerek çıkarıldı (16 Mart 1920).
Artık İstanbul’da yapılacak bir şey olmadığını anlayan Fevzi Paşa Beykoz’daki evinden gizlice Ankara’ya doğru yola çıktı. İngilizler evini basarak yağmaladılar ve ailesini de sokağa attılar. Fevzi Paşa’nın geçeceği yollarda isyanlar çıkartarak onu yakalamak istediler. Paşa bütün engellemelere rağmen on dokuz gün süren ve büyük kısmı at sırtında geçen meşakkatli bir yolculuktan sonra Ankara’ya ulaşabildi. Bu sırada Büyük Millet Meclisi toplantı halinde bulunuyordu. Oturum başkanı Mustafa Kemal Paşa bir heyet seçilerek Fevzi Paşa’nın karşılanmasını teklif etti. Meclis ise hep birlikte karşılanmasını kararlaştırdı. Oturuma ara verilerek istasyona gidildi, coşkun tezahürat arasında paşa karşılandı ve meclise gelindi. Fevzi Paşa üyelerin ısrarlı istekleri üzerine hemen kürsüye çıkarak İstanbul’daki son durum hakkında bilgi verdi. Hükümetin bir şey yapamadığını, İngilizler’in hükümeti kendi istekleri doğrultusunda sıkıştırdıklarını, padişahın bu durumdan son derece üzüntü duyduğunu ve Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne güven ve başarı dileklerini bildirdiğini anlattı. Fevzi Paşa’nın Ankara’ya gelişi ve mecliste yaptığı konuşma metni bir tamim halinde bütün memlekete ve ordu birliklerine duyuruldu.
Fevzi Paşa Kozan milletvekili olarak katıldığı Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından kurulan İcra Vekilleri Heyeti’ne Müdâfaa-i Milliyye vekili seçildi. İcra Vekilleri Heyeti de onu başkan seçti. Böylece Ankara’da kurulan meclis hükümetinin ilk başkanı sıfatını kazanmış oldu. Bu görevde bulunduğu sırada bilhassa düzenli ordu kurulması konusunda büyük hizmetleri oldu. II. İnönü Savaşı’nın kazanılmasından sonra birinci ferikliğe terfi eden (3 Nisan 1921) Fevzi Paşa, İsmet Bey’in (İnönü) yerine önce vekâleten, sonra asaleten Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliğine getirilince vekillikten ayrıldı (5 Ağustos 1921). Sakarya Savaşı’nın kazanılmasında büyük rol oynadı. Cephenin en ön saflarında bizzat çarpışmalara katılan paşa, zaman zaman Ankara’ya gelerek savaşın gidişi yüzünden heyecana kapılan meclisi yatıştırıcı konuşmalar yaptı. Mecliste başkumandanlık kanununun süresinin uzatılması lehinde kesin tavır koyarak kanunun uzatılmasını sağladı. Yunan ordusunu kesin yenilgiye uğratan Başkumandanlık Meydan Muharebesi’nin savaş planları da Fevzi Paşa tarafından hazırlandı. 30 Ağustos Zaferi’nin kazanılmasında büyük rolü olan Fevzi Paşa’ya Mustafa Kemal’in teklifiyle Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından mareşallik rütbesi verildi (31 Ağustos 1922).
Kozan ve İstanbul olmak üzere iki defa Millet Meclisi üyeliği yapan Fevzi Paşa, 30 Ekim 1924’te kumanda mevkiinde bulunmuş milletvekillerinin politika veya askerlikten birini seçmeleri istenince çok sevdiği askerlik mesleğini tercih etti. İstanbul milletvekilliğinden ayrılarak Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliği görevini 1944’te emekliye sevkedilinceye kadar sürdürdü. Atatürk’ün ölümünden sonra İsmet İnönü’nün cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesinde büyük rol oynadı. II. Dünya Savaşı’na girilmesine şiddetle karşı çıkan Fevzi Çakmak orduyu savaşa hazırlamaktan da geri kalmadı. 12 Ocak 1944’te yaş haddinden emekliye ayrılmasını bir türlü hazmedemeyen Fevzi Çakmak kırgın olarak bir süre köşesine çekildi ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’ne girmesi ve milletvekili olması hususunda bizzat Cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü tarafından yapılan teklifleri kabul etmedi. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’ne duyduğu kırgınlık dolayısıyla bu partiye karşı kurulan Demokrat Parti’yi destekledi. Bu partinin listesinden bağımsız aday olarak İstanbul milletvekili seçildi (21 Temmuz 1946). Bir süre sonra parti yöneticileriyle anlaşmazlığa düşerek Demokrat Parti’den ayrıldı (12 Temmuz 1947). Millet Partisi’nin kurucu üyeleri arasında yer aldı (20 Temmuz 1948) ve bu partinin şeref başkanı seçildi. Teşvikiye Sağlık Yurdu’nda vefat ettiği zaman (10 Nisan 1950) hükümet millî yas ilân etmediği için halk Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi aleyhine büyük tepki gösterdi. Beyazıt Camii’nde kılınan namazdan sonra çoğunluğu üniversite gençliği olmak üzere kalabalık bir cemaat, naaşını tekbir getirerek toprağa verildiği Eyüp Sultan’a kadar eller üzerinde taşıdı. Halkın Fevzi Çakmak’ın cenazesine duyduğu bu büyük ilgi, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’ne karşı gösterilen ilk açık direniş hareketi ve İsmet İnönü’nün önemli bir siyasî yenilgisi olarak yorumlandı.
Fevzi Çakmak başarılı askerlik hayatı boyunca çalışkan, alçak gönüllü, sağlam iradeli ve karakterli, dinine bağlı bir kumandan olarak sevildi ve sayıldı. En büyük zevki kitap okumak olan paşa geniş bir kültüre sahipti. Özellikle tarih, edebiyat ve sosyolojiye çok önem verirdi. Fransızca, İngilizce, Arapça ve Farsça yanında bazı Balkan dillerini de bilir, günlük politikadan hoşlanmazdı. Askerin de politik çekişmelerin dışında ve politikadan uzak tutulmasını savunurdu. Balkan Savaşı’nın kaybedilmesinin en büyük sebebini ordunun siyasete bulaşmış olmasında gören Fevzi Paşa orduyu daima politikadan uzak tutmuştur. Nitekim Millî Mücadele’nin kazanılmasından sonra ordunun kışlasına dönmesinde Fevzi Paşa’nın rolü büyük olmuş, 1924’te askerlik mesleğini politikaya tercih etmesiyle bunu bizzat kendi nefsinde uygulamıştır. Emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra çeşitli baskılarla politikaya atılmış ise de o hep asker kalmıştır.
Fevzi Paşa Harp Akademisi’nde verdiği konferanslarını Garbî Rumeli’nin Sûret-i Ziyâı ve Balkan Harbinde Garb Cephesi Harekâtı (İstanbul 1927) adıyla bir kitap halinde de yayımlamıştır. Tamamen kendi inceleme ve tesbitleriyle belgelere dayanan bu eserde Fevzi Paşa Balkan felâketlerinin siyasî, sosyal ve askerî bakımlardan tahlilini yapmaktadır. Ayrıca doğu cephesinde bulunduğu yıllardaki tesbit ve incelemelerini de Büyük Harb’de Şark Cephesi Harekâtı (Ankara 1936) adıyla kitap halinde yayımlamıştır. Sade bir üslûpla, askerî başarılarını övünme vesilesi yapmadan anlattığı bu eseri harp edebiyatımızın başarılı örneklerinden biri sayılır. Fevzi Paşa’nın bir hayli hacimli hâtıratı ise ailesinde olup tamamı henüz yayımlanmamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Arşivi , nr. 9/701, Klasör 2437, Dosya 37 (106), Fihrist 19-19, 19-17.
Harb Tarihi Vesikaları Dergisi , XXV/75 (Eylül 1976), vesika nr. 1616-1618.
TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi (I. Devre), I, Ankara 1940, s. 90-95; IX (1942), s. 230, 325; XXIII (1960), s. 266.
TBMM Gizli Celse Zabıtları , I. Devre, II (1985), s. 425; III (1985), s. 341-342.
Falih Rıfkı Atay, Ondokuz Mayıs , Ankara 1944, s. 17-19, 26.
Süleyman Külçe, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak , İstanbul 1953.
Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Millî Mücadele Hatıraları , İstanbul 1953, s. 250, 370-371.
Cemal Kutay, Fevzi Çakmak Atatürk’ü Tevkif Edecekti , İstanbul 1956.
Kâzım Karabekir, İstiklâl Harbimiz , İstanbul 1960, s. 389-396, 650-654.
Sinan Omur, Büyük Mareşal: Fevzi Çakmak , İstanbul 1962.
Peyami Safa, Mübeccel Serdarımız Fevzi Paşa , İstanbul, ts. (Orhâniye Matbaası), s. 1-22.
Ayfer Özçelik, “Fevzi (Çakmak) Paşa’nın Anadolu’ya Geçişi”, TK , sy. 326 (1990), s. 364-370.
Adnan Çakmak, “Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak’ın Hatıraları”, Hürriyet Gazetesi , 10 Nisan – 19 Mayıs İstanbul 1975.
“Çakmak”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 6.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 190-192 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.