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ÇALDIRAN SAVAŞI Skip to content Yavuz Sultan Selim ile Safevî Hükümdarı Şah İsmâil arasında Çaldıran ovasında 23 Ağustos 1514’te yapılan meydan savaşı.
XVI. yüzyıl başlarında İran’da Şiî inanışına dayalı bir devlet kuran Şah İsmâil, gönderdiği dâî ler vasıtasıyla Anadolu’nun birliğini bozacak büyük bir Şiî propagandasına başladı. Bunlardan Şahkulu Baba Tekeli pek çok kimseyi şah tarafına çekmeyi başardı ve Kütahya’ya kadar ilerledi. 1512’de Nur-Ali Halife Tokat’ı zaptederek Şah İsmâil adına hutbe okuttu. Şah İsmâil’in sebep olduğu son karışıklıklar sırasında Anadolu’da 50.000 kadar insan öldü ve pek çok ev yağmalandı. 24 Nisan 1512’de Osmanlı tahtına Yavuz Sultan Selim geçti. Bu arada Şiî propagandası saraya kadar girdi ve Şehzade Ahmed’in oğlu Murad İran’a iltica etti. Sultan Selim bu şehzadeyi şahtan geri istediyse de şehzade geri gönderilmediği gibi giden elçi de öldürüldü. Anadolu’daki bu Şiî faaliyetleri devlet ve millet bünyesinde derin yaralar açtı ve Anadolu bir savaş sırasında içten çökecek hale geldi.
Böyle bir durumda tahta geçen I. Selim her şeyden önce Safevî meselesini kesin olarak çözmeye karar verdi. Şiî İranlılar’la savaşmak için İstanbul Müftüsü Sarıgörez Nûreddin Efendi ve Kemalpaşazâde’den fetvalar aldı ve hazırlıklara başladı. Bu arada sefere çıkmadan önce Anadolu’da Şah İsmâil’e taraftar 40.000 kadar kızılbaş ı tesbit ettirerek ortadan kaldırdı, böylece hem Anadolu’yu hem de ordusunun gerisini emniyet altına aldı.
Şah İsmâil de yanındaki Şehzade Murad’ı Osmanlı tahtının vârisi ilân etti. Bu arada Osmanlılar’a karşı girişeceği savaşta yardım etmesi için Memlük sultanına hediyelerle bir elçilik heyeti gönderdi. Diyarbekir ve dolaylarını şah adına zapteden Ustaçlu oğlu Mehmed Osmanlı padişahına meydan okumaya başladı. Şahın halifeleri de Anadolu’da Şiî halkı isyana teşvike devam ediyorlardı.
Bu durum karşısında Edirne’de toplanan olağan üstü divanda alınan savaş kararı üzerine Sultan Selim İran seferine çıktı ve bunu bir mektupla Şah İsmâil’e bildirdi. Osmanlı ordusu Yenişehir, Seyitgazi ve Konya üzerinden Sivas’a geldi. Padişah, muhtemel bir Şiî ayaklanmasına karşı Sivas-Kayseri arasında hasta ve zayıflardan 40.000 kişilik bir ihtiyat kuvveti bıraktı. Osmanlı ordusunun geçeceği yerlerdeki mahsul, otlak ve meskenlerin şahın emriyle yakılması yüzünden ordu sıkıntı içinde ilerliyordu. Erzincan’da şaha ikinci bir mektup gönderen Selim onu tekrar savaşa davet etti. Bir süre sonra şahtan bir mektup ile içi afyon dolu altın bir kutu geldi. Şah İsmâil karışıklık çıkmasını istemediğini, aksi halde kendisinin de savaşa hazır olduğunu bildiriyordu. Sultan Selim hızlı bir yürüyüşle Çermük’e geldi, fakat İran ordusu hâlâ görünmemişti. Buradan Şah İsmâil’e bir mektup daha gönderdi. Bu mektupta günlerdir ülkesinde yürüdüğü halde ortaya çıkmadığını belirtiyordu. Öte yandan verdiği söze rağmen şahın meydanda görünmemesi, çorak arazide büyük sıkıntı çeken asker arasında hoşnutsuzluk doğurdu. Bazı kumandanların da gizli tahriklerine kapılan yeniçeriler Eleşkirt ovasında padişahın otağına kurşun atacak kadar ileri gittiler. Fakat Sultan Selim’in askere hitaben yaptığı sert, kısa ve tesirli konuşma durumu düzeltti ve ordu tekrar hareket etti. Bu sırada öncü kuvvetlerden İran ordusunun yaklaşmakta olduğu haberi gelmişti. Osmanlı ordusu 23 Ağustos günü İran Azerbaycanı’nda Çaldıran ovasına geldi ve bir kısım devlet adamının muhalefetine rağmen hemen savaş için mevzilendi. Defterdar Pîrî Mehmed Çelebi (Paşa) ve Yavuz Selim hariç devlet ricâli ordunun 24 saat dinlenmesini teklif etmişlerdi.
Osmanlı ordusunun merkezinde yeniçeri, topçu, cebeci ve kapıkulu süvarileriyle Yavuz Sultan Selim vardı. Vezîriâzam Hersekzâde Ahmed Paşa, ikinci vezir Dukakinzâde Ahmed Paşa, Mustafa Paşa, Ferhad Paşa ve Karaca Paşa gibi devlet büyükleri ve din adamları da padişahın yanındaydı. Ordunun sağ kanadını Anadolu Beylerbeyi Hadım Sinan Paşa ile Zeynel Paşa emrindeki Anadolu ve Karaman askerleri, sol kanadını ise Rumeli Beylerbeyi Hasan Paşa kumandasındaki Rumeli askerleri oluşturuyordu. Ön kısma yerleşen Ayas Paşa kumandasındaki tüfekli yeniçeriler, araba ve develerden meydana gelen siper gerisinde bulunuyordu. İki kanadın sonunda biri 10.000, diğeri 8000 kişilik Anadolu ve Rumeli azebleri vardı. Zincirlerle birbirlerine bağlanmış topların önemli kısmı azeblerin arkasına yerleştirilmişti. Şehsuvaroğlu Ali Bey Dulkadırlı Türkmenleri’yle öncü, Şâdî Paşa da artçı kuvvetlere kumanda ediyordu.
Yaklaşık 2500 kilometrelik uzun bir yoldan gelen 100.000 kişilik Osmanlı askeri ve atları yorgundu, aynı zamanda yiyecek sıkıntısı vardı. Sayıca en az Osmanlı kuvvetleri kadar olan şahın ordusu ise dinçti ve Tebriz gibi çok kısa bir mesafeden gelmişti. Topuz, yay ve mızraklarla donatılmış savaşçıların atlarına çelik eyerler vurulmuştu. Çoğunluğu Ustaclu, Varsak, Rumlu, Şamlu, Kaçar ve Karamanlı Türkmenleri’nden meydana gelen Safevî kuvvetleri çeşitli kumandanların emrinde bulunuyordu. Şah İsmâil ordusunu sağ ve sol kanat olmak üzere ikiye ayırdı. Sağ koldaki kuvvetlere bizzat kendisi, sol kol kuvvetlerine ise Ustaclu Muhammed Han kumanda ediyordu. Vezîriâzam Ni‘metullah oğlu Emîr Abdülbâki ile Kazasker Seyyid Haydar merkezde kalmışlardı. Şah İsmâil’in amacı Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin iki kanadına birden hücum ederek çevirme hareketi yapmak ve böylece Osmanlı merkezî kuvvetlerini arkadan vurmaktı. Şah ayrıca Osmanlı ordusu içindeki kızılbaşları kendi tarafına çekerek rakibini içeriden de yıkmak istiyordu. Yavuz’un yorgun askerleri hemen savaşa sokmasının en büyük sebebi de şahın bu tür faaliyette bulunması ihtimaline engel olmaktı.
Çaldıran Savaşı, 23 Ağustos çarşamba günü şahın emrindeki 40.000 seçkin süvarinin saldırısıyla başladı. Aynı anda Ustaclu Muhammed de Anadolu ve Karaman kuvvetlerine saldırdı. Fakat Anadolu Beylerbeyi Sinan Paşa’nın yapılan plan gereğince askerleri hızla geri çekerek Safevî askerlerini Türk topçularıyla karşı karşıya getirmesi ve topçuların hep birden ateş açmaları üzerine Şiî ordusunun bu kanadı perişan oldu. Başta Ustaclu oğlu olmak üzere pek çok Safevî kumandanı öldü. Sinan Paşa’nın kuvvetleri ayrıca Abdülbâki Han kumandasındaki İran piyadelerini dağıttı ve bu hanı da ortadan kaldırdı, kaçanlar ise şahın yanına gittiler. Osmanlı merkez kuvvetlerine saldıran Şah İsmâil top ve tüfeklerin etkili ateşi karşısında çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Ardından Osmanlı ordusunun sol kanadına hücuma karar verdi ve Malkoçoğlu Ali Bey ile kardeşi Tur Ali Bey’in zayıf kuvvetlerine saldırdı. Büyük kahramanlık göstermelerine rağmen hemen yardımcı kuvvet yetişemediğinden bu iki kardeş şehid oldular. Daha sonra asıl kuvvetler üzerine yönelen İran Şahı kısa sürede azebleri da dağıtarak Rumeli Beylerbeyi Hasan Paşa’nın kumandasındaki sol kol kuvvetlerinin üzerine yürüdü. Bu koldaki Osmanlı kuvvetleri önceden hazırlanmış planı uygulayamamış, topların önündeki azebler zamanında geri çekilemediği için toplardan gereği gibi faydalanılamamıştı. Hasan Paşa’nın da ölümü bu kanadın çözülmesine ve askerlerin padişaha doğru kaçmasına sebep olmuştu. Sultan Selim Rumeli askerlerinin oluşturduğu sol kanada yardım için hemen yeni kuvvetler sevketti. Tüfekli yeniçerilerin müdahaleleri savaşın seyrini değiştirdi. Şah İsmâil hemen hücum yönünü değiştirerek Osmanlı artçı kuvvetlerine saldırdıysa da başarılı olamadı. Osmanlı merkezî kuvvetlerinin topluca savaşa girmesi, Şah İsmâil’in bir tüfek kurşunu ile yaralanması ve atının yere yuvarlanması Safevî hükümdarına çok tehlikeli anlar yaşattı. Bir Osmanlı süvarisinin üzerine yürüdüğü sırada kendisine çok benzeyen yakın adamı Mirza Ali’nin “Şah benim” diyerek teslim olması İran şahını kurtardı.
Ümit kalmadığını anlayan şah önce Tebriz’e, buradan da Dergezîn’e kaçtı. Onun yaralanıp kaçmasından sonra İran ordusu daha fazla direnemedi ve dağıldı, savaş da Osmanlılar’ın kesin galibiyetiyle sonuçlandı. Bu meydan muharebesinin kazanılmasında Yavuz’un savaşı olağan üstü başarıyla yönetmesinin yanında istenildiği yere çevrilebilen seyyar topların çok büyük rolü olmuştur.
Zaferden sonra Şiî ordugâhı, Şah İsmâil’in hazineleri, hanımları ve emîrleri Osmanlılar’ın eline geçti. Savaşta her iki taraftan pek çok asker öldü. Osmanlılar’dan Rumeli beylerbeyi ile on sancak beyi hayatını kaybetti. Çaldıran Zaferi’nden sonra Yavuz Sultan Selim Tebriz’e hareket etti ve halka aman vererek 5 Eylül’de şehre girdi. Bir hafta kadar Tebriz’de kalan Sultan Selim şahın hazinelerini ve bazı sanatkârları alarak yola çıktı. Kışı Karabağ’da geçirmek istediyse de yeniçerilerin muhalefeti üzerine Kars ve Bayburt üzerinden geriye hareket etti. Bu arada zaferi bildirmek için komşu devletlere fetihnâmeler yazılıp gönderildi.
Yavuz Selim Amasya’da iken Şah İsmâil’den bir elçilik heyeti geldiyse de Osmanlı padişahı bu heyeti kabul etmedi. Bu arada Kemah Kalesi alındı (19 Mayıs 1515). Sultan Selim’in Kemah’a gelmesi üzerine Şah İsmâil Erdebil’e çekildi. Ayrıca harekât sırasında Osmanlı yiyecek kollarını vuran Dulkadıroğulları’nın ülkesi alınarak Maraş ve Elbistan Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Daha sonra İstanbul’a hareket eden Sultan Selim 11 Temmuz’da şehre girdi ve hemen Çaldıran’dan dönerken yapılan yeniçeri ayaklanmalarını tahkik ettirerek ocak ağalarını sorguya çektirdi ve olaylarda dahli bulunan bazı devlet adamlarını idam ettirdi. Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi de bunlardan biridir. Askeri zapturapt altına almada kusuru görülen Hersekzâde Ahmed Paşa ile ikinci vezir Dukakinzâde Ahmed Paşa Amasya’da görevlerinden alınmışlardı. Bunlardan Dukakinzâde, Dulkadıroğlu ile ittifak yapıp mektuplaştığı anlaşılınca bizzat Selim tarafından yaralanmış ve daha sonra da onun emriyle öldürülmüştür.
Bu sıralarda Şah İsmâil’den gayet yumuşak üslûpla yazılmış barış mektubu ile birlikte bir elçilik heyeti daha gelmişse de Yavuz İran şahının sözlerine güvenmediğinden gelen elçileri hapsettirmiştir.
Çaldıran muharebesinden sonra başta Diyarbekir olmak üzere birçok Doğu Anadolu şehri Osmanlılar’ın eline geçti. Böylece Selçuklular’dan sonra bozulan Anadolu birliği tekrar ve kalıcı olarak sağlanmış oldu. Bıyıklı Mehmed Paşa Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğine getirildi, tarihçi İdrîs-i Bitlisî de müşavir olarak onun yanına verildi. İdrîs-i Bitlisî’nin gayretleriyle Harput, Meyyâfârikīn, Bitlis, Hısnıkeyfâ, Urfa, Mardin, Cezîre ve Rakka’ya kadar Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesi ile Musul dolayları Osmanlı idaresine geçti. Tebriz-Halep ve Tebriz-Bursa İpek yolu Osmanlılar’ın kontrolüne girmiş oldu. Şiî inancının yayılması büyük ölçüde durduruldu, geçici de olsa Safevî tehlikesi ortadan kalktı. Bu zaferden sonra Yavuz Sultan Selim “şah” unvanını kullanmaya başlamış, hatta bu unvan “Sultan Selim Şah” diye sikkelere de işlenmiştir. Yavuz’dan sonra gelen padişahlar da aynı unvanı kullanıp kendi dönemlerinde basılan paralara işlediklerinden bu unvanla basılan paralara “şâhî” denmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. 640 (Müftü Sarıgörez’in fetvası).
İdrîs-i Bitlisî, Selimnâme , TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1540, vr. 2b -16a .
Şükrî-i Bitlisî, Selimnâme , TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1597, tür.yer.
Keşfî Mehmed Çelebi, Selimnâme , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2147, vr. 33b -44a .
İbn Kemal, Risâle , Süleymaniye Ktp., Pertev Paşa, nr. 621.
a.mlf., Selimnâme , TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1424, vr. 62a vd.
Celâlzâde, Selimnâme , TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1247, vr. 39b -41a ve tür.yer.
Hasan-ı Rûmlû, Aḥsenü’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. C. N. Seddon), Baroda 1931, I, 135, 144-147, 149, 153.
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , I, 379, 386-389.
Haydar Çelebi, Rûznâme (Feridun Bey, Münşeât içinde), s. 396-402.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , II, 239 vd.
Sarı Abdullah Efendi, Münşeât , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3333, vr. 96b -107a .
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , II, 253-277.
Selâhaddin Tansel, Yavuz Sultan Selim , İstanbul 1968, tür.yer.
M. C. Şehabeddin Tekindağ, “Yeni Kaynak ve Vesîkaların Işığı Altında Yavuz Sultan Selim’in İran Seferi”, TD , XVII/22 (1968), s. 49-78.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Çaldıran Muharebesi”, İA , III, 329-331.
J. R. Walsh, “Čāldırān”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 7-8.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 193-195 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.