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CÂMİA MİLLİYE İSLÂMİYE Skip to content 1920’de Aligarh’da kurulan Hint İslâm üniversitesi.
Hindistan’da Şeyhülhind Mahmûd Hasan Diyûbendî önderliğinde bazı müslüman ilim ve fikir adamları medrese ile modern üniversitenin iş birliği içerisinde eğitim yapmasını istiyordu. Bu birliği gerçekleştirmek amacıyla Mahmûd Hasan, Aligarh Koleji ile görüşmeler başlatmış, Aligarh Koleji’ndeki dinî dersleri Dârülulûm-i Diyûbend hocalarının, Dârülulûm-i Diyûbend’deki matematik ve İngilizce gibi dersleri de Aligarh Koleji hocalarının vermesi noktasında aralarında anlaşma sağlanmıştı (1910). Ayrıca Delhi’de Aligarh mezunlarına dinî konularda takviye kursları verilmeye başlanmıştı. Trablusgarp ve Balkan savaşlarından sonra Hindistan müslümanları arasında Osmanlı hilâfetini korumaya yönelik çabaların artması ve bu hususta Aligarh mezunu fikir ve siyaset adamlarının aktif rol alması, Aligarh Koleji’nin yeni bir kimliğe kavuşturulması noktasında bir düşüncenin doğuşuna zemin hazırladı. Malta’daki esareti sona erip 1920’de Hindistan’a dönen Mahmûd Hasan Diyûbendî’nin yanında yer alan Hilâfet Hareketi mensupları ve içlerinde Zâkir Hüseyin’in de bulunduğu Aligarh Koleji mezunları kurumun yönetimini ele geçirmeye çalışmışsa da kolej idaresinin beklenmedik manevraları karşısında başarılı olamamışlardı (Seyyid M. Hâdî’, I, 37-46). İngiliz hükümetinin desteklediği Aligarh Koleji yönetiminin tutumu bu işe girişenleri alternatif bir müslüman üniversitesi açma düşüncesine yöneltti. Aligarh mezunlarının desteğiyle 29 Ekim 1920 Cuma günü kolejin camisinde bir araya gelen müslümanlar, National Muslim University (Câmia Milliye İslâmiye) adıyla bir üniversite kurulması yönünde karar aldılar. Üniversitenin kuruluşunu ilân etmek üzere camide yapılan toplantıda o sırada hasta olan Şeyhülhind Diyûbendî’nin konuşma metni Şebbîr Ahmed Osmânî tarafından okundu. Burada üniversitenin hangi ihtiyaçlar sebebiyle kurulduğu anlatılıyor ve müslümanların kontrolünde bir yüksek öğretim kurumunun gerekliliğine işaret ediliyordu. Kuruluş taşı da Şeyhülhind tarafından kondu (Mevlânâ Mahmûd Hasan, I, 47-60). Mahmûd Hasan Diyûbendî, Muhammed Ali Cevher, Hâfız Hakîm M. Ecmel Han, Muhtâr Ahmed Ensârî ve Abdülmecîd Hoca’nın yer aldığı üniversite kurucular heyetinde Müftü Kifâyetullah Dihlevî, Seyyid Süleyman Nedvî, Şebbîr Ahmed Osmânî, Muhammed İkbal, Ebü’l-Kelâm Âzâd ve Seyyid Mahmûd gibi kişiler de vardı. 22 Kasım 1920’de yapılan iş bölümünde Hakîm M. Ecmel Han emîr-i câmia, Muhammed Ali Cevher şeyhü’l-câmia oldu. Kendisine teklif edilen bu görevleri kabul etmeyen Muhammed İkbal üniversiteye destek olma sözü verdi. Üniversitenin adı olan National Muslim University’nin çevirisi olarak Câmia Milliye İslâmiye (Jamia Millia Islamia) kullanıldı ve ardından bu çeviri aslının yerini aldı.
Üniversitenin kuruluşundan sonra Aligarh Koleji’nden bazı hocalar buraya geçerken bazıları da her iki yerde ders verdi. Aligarh Koleji öğrencilerinden bir grup Câmia Milliye’ye kayıt yaptırdı. Bu yeni kuruluş imkânsızlıklar sebebiyle ancak kiralanan evlerde, çadırlarda ve açık alanlarda eğitim yapabiliyordu. Muhammed Ali Cevher bu sırada Muhammed İkbal’in Esrâr-ı Ḫôdî ve Rumûz-i bî-Ḫôdî adlı şiir kitaplarını, Hamîdüddin Ferâhî de Fâtiha sûresinin tefsirini okutuyordu. Dil, tarih ve edebiyat gibi dersler de veriliyordu (ilk dönem hocaları ve okuttukları dersler için bk. Suğrâ Mehdî, s. 31-34). Üniversitenin merkezi 1925’te Aligarh’dan Yeni Delhi’ye taşındı. Maddî sıkıntı çeken üniversitenin öğretime devam etmesi için Mahatma Gandi de destek verdi. Ayrıca Hakîm M. Ecmel Han üniversiteye kendi parasından harcamalar yapıyor, Muhammed Ali Cevher’le Abdülmecîd Hoca da ülke içinden ve dışarıdan yardım sağlamaya çalışıyordu.
Câmia Milliye’nin tarihinde, Almanya ve İngiltere’de ihtisaslarını tamamladıktan sonra burada hocalığı ve idareciliği kabul eden üç bilim adamının önemli yeri vardır. Şubat 1926’da üniversiteye gelen Aligarh mezunu ekonomist Zâkir Hüseyin, eğitimci Âbid Hüseyin, tarih ve matbaacılık alanlarında ihtisas yapan Muhammed Mücîb üniversiteye gerçek akademik kimliğini kazandıran şahsiyetlerdir. Bunlar kendilerine verilebilen az miktardaki maaşın bile daha azıyla yetindiler ve üniversiteyi geliştirmek için büyük çaba harcadılar. Malî kaynaklardan biri olan Hakîm M. Ecmel Han’ın 1928’de vefatı üzerine üniversite zor günler geçirmeye başladı ve yönetim Zâkir Hüseyin’e verildi, o da arkadaşları ile birlikte malî yapıyı güçlendirmeye çalıştı. Bu sayede Muhammed Mücîb yönetiminde üniversiteye ait bir matbaa kuruldu ve Mektebe-i Câmia adıyla da bir yayınevi açıldı. 1928’de Zâkir Hüseyin’in girişimiyle câmianın önde gelen öğretim kadrosu Encümen-i Ta‘lîm-i Millî (sonradan Encümen-i Câmia Milliye İslâmiye) adıyla bir birlik oluşturdu ve mensuplarıyla yaklaşık yirmi yıl boyunca aylık 150 rupi maaşla üniversiteye hizmet edeceklerine dair bir anlaşma imzalandı. Farklı tarihlerde katılanlarla birlikte bunların sayısı yirmi altıya ulaştı.
1930 yılında Okla bölgesinde yeni bir kampüs oluşturma çalışmaları başladı, 1935’te kampüsün planlanması tamamlandı ve 1 Mart 1935 Cuma günü Gandi, Muhammed İkbal, Seyyid Süleyman Nedvî ve Halide Edip Adıvar’ın da hazır bulunduğu bir törenle temeli atıldı. Halide Edip üniversiteye 1000 rupi bağışta bulundu. Matbaa ve yayınevi dışındaki birimler, 1936 yılından itibaren kiralanmış binalardan Okla’daki yeni kampüse taşınmaya başladı; ardından kampüs bölgesine Câmia Nagar adı verildi. Aynı yıl üniversitenin diğer önemli hâmisi Muhtar Ahmed Ensârî de vefat etti. 4 Haziran 1939’da üniversite resmî cemiyet statüsü kazandı. 1947’de Dârülhadîs-i Rahmâniyye bütün binası, emlâk ve kütüphanesiyle Câmia Milliye İslâmiye’ye katıldı.
Kuruluş günlerinde açılan Şu‘be-i Tasnîf ü Te’lîf 1928’de Urdu Akademi adını almış ve burada zaman zaman ilmî toplantılar düzenlenmişti. Nitekim akademinin daveti üzerine 1933’te Hüseyin Rauf (Orbay) “Eski ve Yeni Türkiye” adıyla dört, 1935’te Halide Edip “Doğu ve Batı Keşmekeşi” ismiyle sekiz konuşma yapmış, bu konuşmaların metinleri Conflict of East and West adıyla yayımlanmıştır (New Delhi 1935). Behcet Vehbi Bey de 1936’da müslümanların ilerleme ve gerilemesi konusunda dört konferans vermiştir. Bu konferanslara konuşmacı olarak katılanlar arasında çok sayıda meşhur Hintli şahsiyet de bulunmaktadır.
Câmia Milliye, 1947’de ülkenin Hindistan ve Pakistan olarak ikiye ayrılmasından ciddi biçimde etkilendi. Üniversitenin isim ve şekil değiştirmesi, kampüsüne el konulması yönünde bazı düşünceler ortaya atıldıysa da bunlara engel olundu ve 1962 yılına kadar mevcut statü korunmaya çalışıldı. Bu zaman içinde üniversitenin bazı emlâki yağmalandı ve yakılıp yıkıldı. Zor günlerde üniversiteye başka ülkelerden yapılan üst düzey ziyaretler kurumun meşruiyetini korumasına ve ayakta kalmasına yardım etti. Ziyaretçiler arasında Mareşal Tito, Afganistan Kralı Zâhir Şah, Suudi Veliahdı Faysal, İran Şahı Muhammed Rızâ Pehlevî, Haydarâbâd Nizamlığı Prensi Mükerrem Câh zikredilebilir.
Üniversiteye kırk iki yıl hizmet veren Abdülmecîd Hoca 1962’de vefat edince emîr-i câmia görevini Hindistan cumhurbaşkanı yardımcısı Zâkir Hüseyin üstlendi. Hindistan Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu, 1962’de Câmia Milliye İslâmiye’yi devletin eğitim sistemine uygun bir üniversite olarak kabul etti. Bu tarihten sonra üniversiteye bağlı yeni eğitim birimleri ve fakülteler açılmaya başlandı.
Câmia Milliye’nin kurucusu Şeyhülhind Mahmûd Hasan’ın yaşayan temsilcisi konumundaki Ubeydullah es-Sindî 1939’da Mekke’den Hindistan’a dönünce üniversitede ders vermeye başladı. Ayrıca hocası Mahmûd Hasan’ın anısına câmia içinde bir eğitim kurumu oluşturulması için planlar hazırladı. Yine üniversiteye bağlı olarak Beytülhikme adıyla bir birim kurarak burada Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî’nin düşünceleri üzerinde çalışmalar yaptırdı. Diğer taraftan Câmia Milliye’de İslâmî ilimlere dair araştırmaların yetersiz olduğunu gören ve o sırada Hindistan devlet başkanı olan (1967-1969) Zâkir Hüseyin özel bir araştırma enstitüsü kurmak istedi. Ancak bu düşüncesi, vefatından sonra kurulan Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Studies (1971) adlı enstitü ile gerçekleştirilebildi. Hindistan Devleti de enstitüye maddî destek sağladı. Enstitünün başına geçen Muhammed Mücîb başarılı hizmetler verdi. Daha sonra Ziyâü’l-Hasan Fârûkī, Makbûl Ahmed ve Ahter el-Vâsi‘ müdürlük vazifesini yürüttüler. Enstitü üç ayrı ilmî dergi yayımlamaktadır.
1978’den sonra üniversite hızlı bir gelişme göstererek çok sayıda fakültesi ve araştırma birimi olan tam bir üniversiteye dönüştü. 1988’de kabul edilen bir yasa ile Hindistan’ın başlıca üniversitelerinden biri olarak ilân edildi. Günümüzde aralarında mühendislik, teknoloji, tabii bilimler, sosyal bilimler, hukuk, eğitim ve diş hekimliği gibi fakülteleri, çok sayıda bölümü, merkezleri ve araştırma birimleri bulunan üniversite öğrencilerin her aşamada eğitim gördüğü bir kurumdur. Burada onlarca dilin yanında Türkçe de öğretilmektedir. Bugün Câmia Milliye İslâmiye dinî ilimlerden çok diğer alanlardaki başarıları ile adından söz ettirmektedir. Üniversite önceleri gelenekçi bir eğitim sistemi ve öğretim kadrosuna sahipken zamanla dinî konularda Aligarh Koleji’nin çizgisine yaklaştı. Câmia Milliye’de eğitim dili başta Urduca idi, zamanla İngilizce öne çıktı. Hintçe, Arapça ve Farsça seçmeli dillerden olup eğitimin bütün aşamalarında müslüman öğrenciler için din öğretimi zorunludur. Lisans ve lisans üstü İslâmî öğretim Faculty of Humanities and Sciences’e bağlı Department of Islamic and Arab-Iranian Studies’de 1975’te başlamış, bu bölümün adı 1988’de Faculty of Humanities and Languages, Department of Islamic Studies şeklinde değiştirilmiştir. Üniversiteye kabul edilen gayri müslim öğrencilerin oranı % 50’yi geçmemektedir. Hindistan’da bulunan binlerce medrese mezunu birçok devlet üniversitesine kabul edilmezken Câmia Milliye kapılarını bunlara açmıştır.
1923’te Mektebe-i Câmia adıyla kurulan ve kendi matbaa tesislerinde yüzlerce eser basılan yayınevi Hindistan’ın çeşitli yerlerinde şubeler açmıştır. Üniversitenin 1972’de mevcut şeklini alan merkez kütüphanesinde (Zakir Husain Library) İslâmî ilimlerle ilgili çok sayıda yazma eser ve 400.000’i aşkın basılı kitap mevcuttur. Üniversitenin çıkardığı ilk dergi Reşîd Ahmed Gengûhî’ye nisbetle yayımlanan ve akademik olmayan er-Reşîd ’dir; bir süre sonra adı Mevlânâ Muhammed Ali Cevher’e nisbetle Cevher (Jauhar) olarak değiştirildi. Bu dergi ilkel şartlarda el yazısı ile çıkarılmaya başlanmıştı. Cevher dergisi yayın hayatına üniversitenin haber bülteni tarzında Jauhar adıyla bugün de devam etmektedir. Üniversitenin ilk akademik dergisi Câmiʿa (Jamia) olup ilk defa Ocak 1923’te Urduca yayımlanmıştı. Yayımında malî sıkıntılar ve idarî problemler yüzünden zaman zaman aksamalar olduysa da birinci dönemi 1947 yılına kadar devam etti. İkinci dönemi 1960 yılı Kasımında çıkarılan sayı ile (XLV/1) başladı. Dergi başlangıçta Câmia’nın Şu‘be-i Te’lîf ve Tasnîf adlı birimi tarafından çıkarılıyordu, 1988 yılına kadar da üniversitenin merkezî birimleri tarafından üniversite adına yayımlandı. Aralık 1988’de dergiyi Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Studies neşretmeye başladı. A‘zamgarh’ta çıkarılan Maʿârif adlı dergiden sonra Hint alt kıtasının en uzun ömürlü Urduca dergisi kabul edilen Câmiʿa ’nın çok sayıda özel sayısı yayımlandı. Önceleri yılda altı sayı çıkarılan dergi Ocak 1995’ten itibaren dört sayıya indirildi. Câmia Milliye İslâmiye’nin hocalarından Âbid Hüseyin ve arkadaşları İslâm’ın Batı’ya, Batı’nın İslâm ülkelerine ve İslâm düşüncesine etkisi üzerinde XX. yüzyılın ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek nitelikte çalışmalar yapabilmek için 1967’de Delhi’de Islam and Modern Age Society’yi kurdu. Nitelikli eserler neşreden dernek 1969’da İslâm aor ʿAṣr-ı Cedîd ve 1970’te Islam and Modern Age adlarıyla iki dergi çıkarmaya başladı. Dergiler günümüzde Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Studies tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.
Câmia Milliye İslâmiye, Hindistan’da hem müslümanların her alandaki yüksek öğrenim ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması hem de İslâmî ilimlerin tahsili için yeni bir ümit ışığı olmuştur. Her ne kadar 1918’de Haydarâbâd’da Osmâniye Üniversitesi kurulmuşsa da burası özerk bir devlet kabul ediliyor ve müslüman çoğunluğun bulunduğu Uttar Pradeş eyaletinden uzakta bulunuyordu. Câmia Milliye’yi kuranlar, sadece dinî ilimlerin okutulduğu bir eğitim kurumunun ötesinde dinî ve din dışı ilimlerin birlikte okutulduğu bir yapı tasarlamışlardır (Mujeeb, The Indian Muslims , s. 524). Üniversitenin bu yapısı zamanla daha da belirgin hale gelmiş ve günümüze kadar büyük oranda korunmuş, kuruluş yıllarındaki siyasî kimliği de Yeni Delhi’ye taşınınca sona ermiştir. Üniversite 1925 sonrasında hiçbir şekilde aktif siyasetin içine girmemiş, ağırlıklı olarak müslümanların haklarını koruyan akademik bir kurum olarak kalmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Ziyaud-Din A. Desai, Centres of Islamic Learning in India , New Delhi 1978, s. 71-74; S. M. Tonki, Aligarh and Jamia Fight for National Education System , New Delhi 1983, tür.yer.; M. Mujeeb, The Indian Muslims , New Delhi 1985, s. 524; a.mlf., “Çôtey Emîr-i Câmiʿa Daktır Ẕâkir Ḥüseyn”, Câmiʿa , LXII/5, New Delhi 1977, s. 145-160; Şemsürrahman Muhsinî, Hindustânî Müselmânôn ki Ḳavmî Taʿlîmî Taḥrîk: Câmiʿa Milliye İslâmiye , New Delhi 1986; Osman Bülent Yorulmaz, Halide Edip Adıvar’ın Hindistan Hayatı (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 26; Ziaul Hasan Faruqi, Dr. Zakir Hussain: Quest for Truth , New Delhi 1999, s. 125-126; İnci Enginün, Araştırmalar ve Belgeler , İstanbul 2000, s. 565-568; Şehâbeddin Ensârî, “Risâle-i Câmiʿa ki Rôdâd-ı Sefer”, Câmiʿa Milliye İslâmiye (nşr. Şemîm Hanefî v.dğr.), New Delhi 2003, I, 15-28; Seyyid M. Hâdî’, “Yevm-i Teʾsîs-i Câmiʿa key Çeşm-i Dîd Ḥâlât”, a.e. , I, 37-46; Mevlânâ Mahmûd Hasan, “Ḫutbe-i Ṣadâret Celse-i Teʾsîs”, a.e. , I, 47-60; Abdülgaffâr Medhûlî, Câmiʿa ki Kahânî , New Delhi 2004, s. 70-72, 191-194; Ubeydullah Sindî, İfâdât ve Melfûẓât-ı Ḥażreti Mevlânâ ʿUbeydullāh Sindî (nşr. M. Server), Lahor 2005, neşredenin notu, s. 27-28; Abdülhamit Birışık, Sosyalist Müfessir Ubeydullah Sindî’nin Dinî Siyâsî Düşüncesi ve Tefsiri , Bursa 2012, s. 117-120; Suğrâ Mehdî, Hemârî Câmiʿa , New Delhi 2013, s. 31-34; Halide Edip Adıvar, Hindistan’a Dair , İstanbul 2014, s. 89-97; Câmiʿa, Ceşn-i Zerrîn Number , LXII/5, New Delhi 1970; Omar Khalidi, “A Guide to Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu Manuscript Libraries in India”, MELA Notes , LXXV-LXXVI, Cambridge 2003, s. 26-27; Ali Fuat Bilkan, “Halide Edip Adıvar’ın Hindistan’daki Konferansları”, Bilig , sy. 56, Ankara 2011, s. 33-44; Mushirul Hasan, “Jamia Millia Islamia”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.), s. 481.
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