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CÂMİU’t-TEVÂRÎH Skip to content Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî’nin (ö. 718/1318) modern anlamda ilk dünya tarihi olarak kabul edilen Farsça eseri.
Ortaçağ İslâm dünyasının yetiştirdiği seçkin devlet adamlarından, âlim ve tabiplerden biri olan Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, bu eserini İlhanlı Hükümdarı Gāzân Han’ın isteği üzerine yazmaya başlamıştır. İlkçağ’dan itibaren Ortaçağ Avrupası ve İslâm dünyasında birçok kişi kendi inanç, kültür ve düşüncesi doğrultusunda birtakım umumi tarihler yazmışsa da Asya ve Avrupa kıtalarındaki çeşitli kavim ve milletlerin, buralarda kurulmuş devletlerin tarihini ilk defa tarafsız bir görüşle kaleme alan Reşîdüddin olmuştur.
Orijinalinin bazı bölümleri Farsça, bazı bölümleri Moğolca yazılmış ve daha sonra kısmen Arapça’ya da çevrilmiş olan Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in iki ayrı versiyonu vardır. 1306-1307 yıllarında tamamlanan birinci versiyonu üç cilt, 1310’da tamamlanan ikinci versiyonu ise dört cilt olarak düzenlenmiştir. Gāzân Han’ın eser tamamlanmadan vefatı üzerine (1304) müellif tarihini halefi Olcaytu’ya ithaf etmeyi düşündüyse de Olcaytu bunu kabul etmedi ve eseri yine Gāzân Han’a ithaf etmesini, kendisi için de ayrı bir umumi tarih yazmasını istedi. Bundan dolayı I. cilt Târîḫ-i Ġāzânî , Târîḫ-i Mübârek-i Ġāzânî veya Dâstân-ı Ġāzân Ḫân adlarını taşır. Bu cildin birinci bölümünde Türk ve Moğol kabileleri, bunların çeşitli kolları, şecereleri, Gāzân Han’ın soyu, Argun Han’ın (1284-1291) tahta çıkışı, Gāzân Han’ın hanımları ve çocukları hakkında bilgi verilir. İkinci bölüm ise Cengiz Han’dan Gāzân Han dönemine kadar gelen Moğol tarihinden ibarettir.
Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in I. cildinin ilk bölümleri geniş çapta “Altın Defter” adındaki bir Moğol tarihine dayanmaktadır. Bu eser zamanımıza ulaşmamış, ancak 1284 tarihli Çince bir çevirisi Sheng-Wu Ching-Cheng Lu (kutsal savaşçının -Cengiz’in- şahsî mücadelelerinin tanıtımı) adıyla günümüze kadar gelebilmiştir. Reşîdüddin I. cildi kaleme alırken eldeki kaynaklardan, Kubilay Han (1260-1294) ve oğlu Mengü Timur’un (1294-1307) saltanatları zamanındaki resmî yazışmalardan, Doğu Asya’dan gelen tüccar ve elçilerle yapılan görüşmelerden de faydalanmıştır. Moğol tarihinin başlangıcı ve Çin hakkındaki yazılarında büyük han Ögedey’in temsilcisi Bolad Ching-sang’ın verdiği bilgilere güvenmiş, Kubilay’ın seferlerini anlatırken de doğrudan Moğol ve Çin kaynaklarından istifade etmiştir. Bu kaynaklar Yuan Shih’in topografik ve kronolojik bilgilerine dayalı olması yanında birçok folklorik unsuru da ihtiva etmekteydi.
I. cildin Moğollar’la ilgili bölümünü E.-M. Quatremère Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte (Histoire des Mongols de la Perse , Paris 1836), diğer bazı bölümlerini de I. N. Berezin Rusça tercümesiyle beraber (Sbornik letopisei. Istoria Mongolov, sochinenie Rashid-edina , St. Petersburg 1858-1888) yayımlamıştır. Bu cilt G. J. E. Blochet (Leiden-London 1911) ve Karl Jahn (London 1940) tarafından da neşredilmiştir. Blochet’nin yayımladığı metin Tahran’da (1313 hş.), Jahn’ın neşrettiği metin de İsfahan’da (1336 hş.) tekrar basılmıştır. Karl Jahn eserin Abaka Han, Ahmed Teküder, Argun Han ve Geyhatu ile ilgili bölümünü 1941’de Viyana’da yayımlamış, daha sonra da ofset olarak neşretmiştir (’s-Gravenhage 1957). I. cildin metni ve tercümesi Rus İlimler Akademisi tarafından dört cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (1946-1960). Abdülkerim Alioğlu da Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in altı nüshasını karşılaştırarak İlhanlı Hükümdarı Hülâgû’dan Gāzân Han’a kadar gelen kısmını Farsça orijinali ve Rusça tercümesiyle birlikte neşretmiştir (Bakü 1957). Eserin İlhanlılar devriyle ilgili kısmı neşredilirken Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüsha ile (Revan Köşkü, nr. 1518) Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan Arapça nüsha (Ayasofya, nr. 3034) dikkate alınmamıştır. Bu cildin tamamı 1960’ta Tahran’da yayımlanmıştır. Cengiz Han’dan sonraki Moğol tarihiyle ilgili bazı bölümler O. I. Smirnova tarafından Rusça’ya (Sbornik letopisei , Moskova-Leningrad 1952), Muhammed Sâdık Neş’et ve arkadaşları tarafından Arapça’ya (Kahire 1960), J. A. Boyle tarafından da İngilizce’ye (The Successors of Genghis Khān , London-New York 1971) çevrilmiştir.
Olcaytu Han’ın emriyle yazılan ve umumi tarih niteliğini taşıyan II. cildin orijinal nüshasının başına, bu cildin birinci bölümünü oluşturan, Olcaytu Han’ın doğumundan 706 (1306-1307) yılına kadar geçen dönemin bir tarihi eklenmiştir. 1312’de tamamlanan bu bölümün bir nüshası Zeki Velidi Togan tarafından Meşhed’de bulunmuştur. İkinci bölümde Hz. Âdem ile Benî İsrâil peygamberleri, Hz. Muhammed’in hayatı, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn, Emevîler ve 1258 yılında yıkılışına kadar Abbâsîler’in tarihi anlatılır. Ayrıca Gazneliler, Selçuklular, Hârizmşahlar, Salgurlular, İsmâilîler, Oğuz Han’ın ahfadı, Türkler, Çinliler, yahudiler, Ortaçağ’ın Germen ve Avrupalı diğer kavimleri, Frank imparatorları, Hindistanlılar, Buda ve Budizm hakkında bilgi verilir. II. cildin Farsça nüshası meşhur olmakla birlikte Arapça nüshaları da vardır. Avrupa, Orta Asya ve Uzakdoğu hakkında coğrafî kayıtları da ihtiva eden eserin özellikle Moğol tarihiyle ilgili bölümü değerlidir. II. cilt I. cilt kadar önemli değilse de Reşîdüddin burada Moğollar’ın münasebet kurduğu bütün Asya ve Avrupa halklarının genel bir tarihini özet halinde kaleme almıştır. Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in bu cildinin sonunda “Zeyl-i Ebû Hâmid” adında bir bölüm yer almaktadır. Burada Ebû Hâmid b. İbrâhim adlı bir kişi, son Irak Selçuklu hükümdarı Sultan II. Tuğrul devrine (1177-1194) dair oldukça geniş bilgi vermiştir.
Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in Gāzân Han ve Olcaytu dönemleriyle ilgili olayları bizzat Reşîdüddin tarafından kaleme alınmış, diğer bölümler ise onun planına uygun olarak değişik bilginlere yazdırılmıştır. Meselâ Moğol tarihini, büyük Moğol hanının İlhanlı sarayındaki temsilcisi Chingsang, Çin tarihini Li Tachi Maksun (Kamsun), Avrupa tarihini Tebriz’de bulunan hıristiyan rahipler kaleme almıştır. Yazılanların doğruluğunu tahkik için de başka bilginlerden faydalanılmış, yapılan düzeltmeler ve açıklamalar esere eklenmiştir. Hindistan tarihi hakkında İlhanlı sarayında yaşayan Keşmirli bir Hindu rahip bilgi vermiştir. Franklar’a dair bilgiler de Avrupalı rahiplerden elde edilmiştir. Eserde tarihî olaylar yanında çeşitli dinî inançlar ve gelenekler hakkında da önemli bilgiler verilir.
II. cildin Frank tarihiyle ilgili kısmı Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte Karl Jahn tarafından (Leiden 1951; tıpkıbasım Tahran 1339), Gazneliler (Ankara 1957) ve Selçuklular’a (Ankara 1960) dair kısımları Ahmet Ateş tarafından, İsmâilîler, Fâtımîler ve Nizârîler’le ilgili bölümleri ise Dânişpejûh ve Muhammed Debîr-i Siyâkī tarafından (Tahran 1338) yayımlanmıştır. Bu cildin Hindistan tarihi hakkındaki bölümünün özet İngilizce çevirisi Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Muhammedan India ’nın I. cildinde neşredilmiştir (Delhi 1850, 1976). Diğer bölümler ise henüz basılmamıştır (Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in neşirleri için bk. Hânbâbâ, II, 1491-1492). II. cildin son kısımlarının titiz bir çalışmanın ürünü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Bazı kaynaklarda Reşîdüddin’in coğrafyaya dair “el-mesâlik ve’l-memâlik” tarzında müstakil bir eseri olduğu kaydedilirse de diğer bazı kaynaklarda bu eser Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in III. cildi olarak gösterilir. Ṣuverü’l-eḳālîm adı verilen bu cildin, Moğol İmparatorluğu’nun yol sistemi, yollardaki mesafe taşları ve posta konaklama yerlerine dair bilgileri ihtiva ettiği belirtilmektedir. Ancak III. cildin bir nüshasına henüz rastlanmamıştır.
Orijinal adı Şuʿab-ı Pençgâne olan IV. cilt Arap, Türk, yahudi, Frank ve Çinliler’den müteşekkil devlet idaresinde söz sahibi olan beş büyük sülâlenin şecerelerini, Türk ve Moğol hanlarının aile fertlerini, yüksek rütbeli memurlarını ve ordu mevcudunu anlatan bir eserdir. Bu cilt de 1927’de Zeki Velidi Togan tarafından Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde ortaya çıkarılmıştır (III. Ahmed, nr. 2937). IV. cildin, Timurlular devrinde Şâhruh Mirza’nın (1405-1447) emriyle kaleme alınan Muʿizzü’l-ensâb adlı esere kaynak teşkil ettiği ve asıl nüshasının diğer ciltlerden ayrı olarak Moğolca yazıldığı rivayet edilmektedir. Bu cildin bir kısmı, Mecmûʿa-i Tevârîḫ-i Reşîdiyye adlı eserin içinde Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 3415).
Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’e Hâfız-ı Ebrû tarafından yazılan zeyil, Ẕeyl-i Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ-i Reşîdî adıyla İran’da neşredilmiştir (Tahran 1350/1971).
Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ birçok tarihçi tarafından kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Benâkitî’nin Ravżatü üli’l-elbâb fî tevârîḫi’l-ekâbir ve’l-ensâb (Târîḫ-i Benâkitî ) adlı eseri esas itibariyle Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’in özeti mahiyetindedir. Reşîdüddin Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ ’te İslâm dünyasının dışında kalan toplumlara ayrı bir uygarlığın mensupları nazarıyla bakmış ve onlara özel bir yer ayırmıştır. Bundan başka eserini sanat değeri yüksek minyatürlerle süslemiş, müesseselere ve iktisadî konulara yer vermiş ve İslâm tarih yazıcılığında yeni bir çığır açmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Ahmed Ateş), Ankara 1960, II/5, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-26.
E. Blochet, Introduction à l’histoire des Mongols de Fadl Allah Rashid ed-Din , Leiden 1910.
M. Şemseddin [Günaltay], İslâm’da Târih ve Müverrihler , İstanbul 1339-42, s. 298-309.
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Hânbâbâ, Fihrist , II, 1491-1492.
H. M. Elliot, Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Muhammedan India , Delhi 1976, I, 1-69.
B. Gray, The World History of Rashid al-Din , London 1978.
a.mlf., “An Unknown Fragment of the «Jami al-Tawarikh» in the Asiatic Society of Bengal”, Ars Orientalis , I, Washington 1954, s. 65-75.
Barthold, Türkistan , s. 46-50.
E. G. Browne, “Suggestions for a Complete Edition of the Jami‘u’t-Tawarikh of Rashidu’d-Din Fadlu’llah”, JRAS (1908), s. 17-37.
R. Levy, “The Account of the Ismaʿili Doctrines in the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din Fadla’llah”, a.e. (1930), s. 509-536.
N. Poppe, “On some Geographic Names in the Jami‘al-Tawarix”, HJAS , XIX (1956), s. 33-41.
K. Jahn, “Cihan Tarihçisi Olarak Raşîdüddin”, İTED , III/3-4 (1959-60), s. 227-236.
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Müctebâ Mînovî, “Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ-i Reşîdüddîn Fażlullāh-i Hemedânî Vezîr”, Mecelle-i Dânişkede-i Edebiyyât , Tîrmah, Tahran 1349, s. 1-51.
Meredith-Owens, “Some Remarks on the Miniatures in the Society’s Jâmi al-Tawârîkh”, JRAS (1970), s. 195-199.
J. A. Boyle, “The Significance of the Jamiʿ al-Tawarîkh as a Source of Mongol History”, Iran-Shinda , II (1970), s. 1-8.
a.mlf., “Rashīd al-Dīn: The first World Historian”, IC , XLIV/1 (1970), s. 9-17.
K. A. Luter, “The Saljuqnamah and the Jamiʿ al-Tawârîkh”, Proceedings of the Colloquium on Rashīd al-Dīn Fadlallāh , 1971, s. 26-35.
Terry Allen, “Byzantine Sources for the Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh of Rashīd al-Dīn”, Ars Orientalis , XV, Washington 1985, s. 121-133.
Zeki Velidi Togan, “Reşîd-üd-din Tabîb”, İA , IX, 709-710.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 132-134 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.