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ÇANAKKALE HİSARI Skip to content Marmara denizine girişi kontrol eden Çanakkale Boğazı kalelerinden biri.
Eski adıyla Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye, Çanakkale Boğazı’nın en dar yerinde ve Rumeli yakasındaki Kilitbahir (Kilîdü’l-bahr) Hisarı’nın tam karşısında bulunmaktadır. Batı kaynaklarında buraya Dardanel hisarlarından Anadolu veya Asya Hisarı denilmektedir. Boğazın aşağı kesiminde sonraları yeni kaleler yapıldığında da batıdaki Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye ile karşısındaki Kilitbahir’e Eski Hisarlar adı verilmiştir. İkisi arasındaki mesafenin 1200-1250 m. kadar olduğu söylenir.
Çanakkale Hisarı’nın iki tarafı denize, bir cephesi ise karaya bakmaktadır. Dördüncü cephesini Kocaçay olarak adlandırılan akarsu sınırlar. Hisarın yanındaki yerleşme yeri vaktiyle çanak-çömlek yapımı ile tanındığından kale de halk tarafından bu adla anılmıştır. Ahmet Rasim (Dz. albayı), buraya Çimenlik Kalesi de denildiğini bildirir, yanındaki akarsuyun adını ise Sarıçay olarak kaydeder.
Çanakkale Hisarı’nın ne zaman yapıldığını kesin olarak belirtecek bir belgeye şimdiye kadar rastlanmamıştır. Evliya Çelebi’nin “Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye” başlığı altında 1069 (1658) yılında yapılmakta olduğunu bildirdiği kale veya hisar, Çanakkale’deki bu yapı olmayıp IV. Mehmed’in annesi Turhan Sultan tarafından yaptırılan Seddülbahir Kalesi’dir. E. Hakkı Ayverdi, Evliya Çelebi’nin Kilitbahir Kalesi hakkında yazdıklarını burası ile ilgili sandıysa da bu bir yanılmadır.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından boğazı kontrol altında tutabilmek için Anadolu ve Rumeli yakalarında karşılıklı iki tahkimat yapıldığını dönemin vekāyi‘nâmeleri bildirmektedir. Tursun Bey bu kaleleri, “Ve Akdeniz tarafında, Gelibolu altında Ece ovası demekle mâruf bir kısık yerde bu akar denizin iki tarafına birbirine mukabil iki kal‘a yaptırdı. Birine Kilîdü’l-bahr ve birine Sultâniyye adını verdi. Boğaz kesen tertibince bunlara da mehîb toplar kurdu ki Akdeniz tarafından dahi icâzetsiz kuş uçurmazlar. Çün iki taraftan düşman gelecek yol komadı” diyerek anlatır. Bizanslı müellif Kritoboulos da Çanakkale Boğazı’ndaki kaleleri Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in yaptırdığını kaydeder. Kritoboulos’un verdiği bu bilgide bir yanılma olabileceğine pek ihtimal verilemez. Çünkü İmroz adası beyi olan bu Bizanslı Fâtih’e yaklaşarak onun yardımıyla adasında Türk himayesinde bir Rum idaresi sürdürmek gayretindeydi. XVI. yüzyılda Pîrî Reis de bu kalelerin Fâtih tarafından yaptırıldığını ve gemilerin geçiş rüsûmu ödediklerini bildirmektedir. Ayrıca Pîrî Reis’in Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’sinde her iki kalenin ana çizgileri bakımından gerçeğe uygun birer resmi yer alır. İtalya’da Bologna Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan ve Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (ö. 1730) tarafından elde edildiği bilinen, Sultan IV. Mehmed zamanında (1648-1687) Seyyid Nuh adında bir denizcinin düzenlediği Deniz Kitabı ’nda da Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye, aynı esaslar içinde gerçekçi biçimde bir minyatür gibi renkli olarak tasvir edilmiştir.
İstanbul’a deniz yoluyla gelen yabancılar Çanakkale Boğazı hisarlarından seyahatnâmelerinde bahsederler. Seyyahlardan bazıları hisarların resimlerini de yapmışlardır. Nitekim 8 Ağustos 1544’te gemisini Çanakkale Hisarı önünde demirleyen Jérome Maurand, boğazın her iki yakasındaki hisarların çok basit krokiler halinde resimlerini çizmiştir. Bu resimlerde Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye, denize kadar inen beden duvarları ve kuleleri ortasındaki iç kalesiyle tasvir edilmiştir. Böylece 1544 yılında hisarın şimdiki biçimini almış olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Hisarın dışarı açılan kapısının üstünde 1,37 × 0,58 m. ölçüsünde iki satır halinde Türkçe bir kitâbe vardır. E. Hakkı Ayverdi, murçlanarak kasten tahrip edilen ve bu yüzden tamamı okunamadığı gibi bazı kısımları da şüpheli kalan bu kitâbenin 978 (1570-71) tarihini taşıdığını ve yapının Kilitbahir Kalesi’ndeki 948 (1541-42) tarihli Kanûnî Kulesi’nin tamamıyla benzeri olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Gerçekten de kitâbenin son mısraında 978 tarihi seçilebilmektedir. Bu da hisarın hiç değilse bu kapının bulunduğu kısmının Sultan II. Selim döneminde bir değişikliğe uğradığını veya takviye edildiğini ispatlar. Kale belli başlı mimari elemanları ile daha önce tamamlanmış bulunuyordu.
Hisarın çeşitli yüzyıllarda Batılı seyyahlar tarafından çizilen resimleri, bu tahkimatın sadece dış görünüşü hakkında fikir vermektedir (geniş bilgi için bk. Eyice, Bedrettin Cömert’e Armağan , s. 257-275). Hisarın güzel bir resmi Venedik’te Biblioteca del Museo Civico Correr’de bulunmaktadır. Bir Türk ressamı tarafından 1660 yılı civarında meydana getirildiği tahmin edilen bu resimde Çanakkale Boğazı’nın her iki kalesi de gayet iyi bir şekilde tasvir edilmiştir. Burada Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye’nin dört köşe mimarisi, aşağı seviyeden, herhalde deniz sathından ateş eden topları, ortasındaki iç kale ve avluyu dolduran evler işaretlenmiştir. Ancak resimde, karenin köşelerinde kuleler gösterilmişken aralardaki kuleler işaretlenmemiştir. Türk-Venedik savaşları münasebetiyle Venedik’te basılan bir albümdeki bir gravürde de hisar oldukça ayrıntılı ve gerçeğe daha uygun biçimde tasvir edilmiştir.
1579 yılında İstanbul’a gelen Philippe du Fresné-Canaye, yurduna dönerken gemilerinin birkaç gün Çanakkale önünde demirlemek zorunda kaldığını belirterek şu bilgileri verir: “Marmara’dan gelen her gemi burada üç gün kalarak sıkı bir kontrolden geçirilir. Anadolu yakasındaki kale (Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye) geniş bir düzlüğün ucundaki burunda inşa edildiğinden karşıdakinden daha muhkemdir. Etrafında derin su hendekleri vardır. Burada, içinde pek çok top bulunan bir düzlük bulunur. Bu kaleler İstanbul’un anahtarları olduğundan Türk Devleti’nin emniyeti bu iki kaleye bağlıdır.” Seyyah ayrıca tamamen kıyıda olan hisarın, her birinde birer top bulunan yirmi beş otuz kadar top menfezi olduğuna işaret eder. Bunların hepsi de deniz yüzeyinden atış yapabildiği için ne kadar küçük olursa olsun bir deniz aracının isabet almaksızın boğazdan geçemeyeceğini belirtir. Nicolas de Nicolaї, ilk baskısı 1567’de yapılan seyahatnâmesinde, “her ikisini de Sultan II. Mehmed’in inşa ettirdiği” iki kaleden Anadolu tarafında olanın kare şeklinde, her köşesinde yuvarlak bir burç bulunan bir plana göre bataklık bir düzlükte yapıldığını, etrafının da bağlık ve bahçelik olduğunu söyler. Ortadaki avlusunda ise çok yüksek kare şeklinde bir kule bulunur. Bunun üst terası her tarafa hâkimdir. Bütün hisar oldukça iyi bir hendekle çevrili ve mükemmel toplara sahiptir. Şehir tarafındaki kapının dışında, üzerinde pazar kurulan geniş bir meydan ile güzel bir cami vardır.
Fransa kralı tarafından 1700 yılında Doğu’ya gönderilen Joseph Pitton de Tournefort’un seyahatnâmesinde, herhalde yanındaki ressam Aubriet tarafından çizilen gravürde köşe kuleleri, su hizasındaki top mazgalları ve ortasındaki iç kalesiyle Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye’nin de bir resmi bulunmaktadır. III. Selim zamanında İstanbul’da uzun yıllar kalan J. Melling, gravürleriyle ünlü seyahatnâmesinde Çanakkale Boğazı’nı ve iki kıyısındaki hisarların resimlerini yayımlamış, burada Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye’yi basit bir şema ile belirtmiştir.
XIX. yüzyılda ihmale uğradığı anlaşılan hisarın deniz tarafındaki dış duvarı ile burçları Sultan Abdülaziz devrinde 1863’e doğru yıktırılmış, buraya toprak tabyalar yapılmıştır. Bu arada mimari bünyesi de değiştirilmiş, bilhassa eski mazgallar bozularak daha geniş açıklıklar meydana getirilmiştir. Havadan çekilen bir fotoğrafta deniz tarafındaki duvar ve burçların izleri görülebilmektedir. Bakımsız kalan hisar I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından geniş ölçüde tahrip edilerek içindeki ahşap katlar sökülmüş ve taşları çevredeki yapılarda kullanılmıştır.
Çanakkale Hisarı, H. Högg tarafından bir doktora tezinde (Dresden Teknik Üniversitesi, 1932), İsmail Utkular tarafından doçentlik tezinde (İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 1952) işlendikten sonra daha etraflı olarak E. Hakkı Ayverdi tarafından incelenerek elde edilen bilgiler yayımlanmıştır. İsmail Utkular’ın rölövelerinden daha doğru olan çizimler, burada yedek subay olarak bulunan Sadettin Feyz adlı mimarın rölövelerine dayanır.
Anlaşıldığına göre hisar tam bir kare şeklinde değildir. Şimdi yıkık olan deniz tarafındaki kenarının yamuk biçimde olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Kuzey cephesi 139, güney cephesi 125, batı cephesi 101, doğu cephesi 98 metredir. Doğu köşesindeki kule on iki köşeli, diğerleri ise yuvarlaktır. Güney ve kuzey cephelerinin ortalarında birer küçük kuleden başka doğu cephesinde de ortada beş cepheli çıkıntılar halinde bir çift küçük kule daha vardır. İç avlunun ortasında heybetli bir kitle halinde dikdörtgen planlı dört katlı iç kale yükselir. Bu avluda iç kalenin doğu tarafında yuvarlak planlı, penceresiz bir yapı olan ve yanlış olarak hamam denilen cephanelik bulunur.
Sur duvarının kalınlığı 4,50-5,20 m. arasında değişen hisarın girişi, kuzey cephenin ortasındaki küçük ara burcunun içindendir. Burada kapı tam ortada değil sur duvarına bitişik olarak şevli biçimde açılmıştır. Kulenin içindeki methal dehlizi emniyetli biçimde korunmuştur. Bunun güney tarafına bitişik iki küçük mekân bulunur. Bunlar, dıştan merdivenle çıkılan hisar mescidinin alt yapısını teşkil ederler. İçten 12,12 × 5,24 m. ölçüsünde, ince uzun dikdörtgen biçiminde olan mescidin burcun üstüne oturtulan minaresinin alt kısmı taş, gövdesi tuğladır. Şerefe çıkmaları, beş sıra testere dişi biçiminde yerleştirilmiş tuğlalarla sağlanmıştır. 1914-1918 harbinde isabet eden bir top mermisi yüzünden yarısı yıkılmış durumda olan minare gövdesi 1968’den sonraki yıllarda tamir edilmiştir. Mescidin kıble yönünü vermesi için sağ köşede yapılan mihrabı tuğladan mukarnaslara sahipti. Kapı kemeri ise bu kadar mütevazi bir yapıya ters düşecek derecede itinalı işlenmiş, çift renkli ve geçmeli mermerlerden yapılmıştır. Sultan Abdülaziz devrinde iç avlunun güney tarafına kiremit örtülü daha büyük bir mescid inşa edilmiştir. Minaresi olmayan bu mescid, dıştan dışa 12 × 15 m. ebadında ahşap bir yapıdır. Her iki mescid bir ara, vakit namazlarında askerlerin, cuma, bayram ve ramazanlarda ise halkın ibadetine açıktı. Ancak kale son yıllarda boğaz kumandanlığı emrinde müze olarak kullanıldığından mescidlerden ibadet maksadıyla faydalanılamamaktadır.
Avlunun ortasında yükselen iç kale, 28,70 × 42,50 m. ölçüsünde bir dikdörtgen şeklindedir. En altta duvar kalınlığı 7 metreyi bulan bu başkule, Batı askerî ve şato mimarisindeki donjonları andırır. Hisarın, tam karşısında olan bir taş merdivenle çıkılan girişinin sivri Türk kemerinin iki yanında Antikçağ’a ait devşirme parçalar kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan biri mermerden yontulmuş bir koltuktur ve bir söylentiye göre Fâtih Sultan Mehmed burada oturmuştur.
Yüksekliği 20 metreyi bulan iç kale, en yüksek kuleyi 8 m. aştığından hisarın ortasında heybetli kitlesini daima belli eder. İçindeki katlardan ikisinin döşemeleri ahşaptı. İlk kattan ikinciye iki taraflı taş merdivenlerden ulaşılmasına karşılık ikinci kattan üçüncüye ahşap dayama merdivenlerle çıkılıyordu. Üçüncü kattan en üstteki terasa ise ortada bulunan çekirdek içindeki taş merdivenlerden ulaşılıyordu. Bütün bunlardan, iç kalenin tahkimat mimarisinin en emniyetli buluşları ile meydana getirildiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Çanakkale Hisarı, Osmanlı dönemi Türk askerî mimarisinin en başta gelen örneklerinden biridir. Her şeyden önce bu kalenin özelliklerini daha iyi belirtecek rölöve ve resimlerinin derlenmesi, etraflı araştırmalar yapılarak eksik elemanların tesbit edilmesi ve su ihtiyacının nasıl sağlandığının anlaşılması gerekir. Ahmet Rasim, “… Çimenlik Kalesi derunundaki su, mevkiinden borular ferşedilerek iskeleye kadar …” getirildiğini bildirir ki, bu da araştırılması gereken bir husustur. Türk tarihi bakımından olduğu kadar Türk yapı sanatı bakımından da büyük değere sahip olan bu eserin tam ve ilmî etütlere dayalı bir restorasyonu gereklidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tursun Bey, Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth (nşr. Mertol Tulum), İstanbul 1977, s. 75.
Kritovulos, Târîh-i Sultân Muhammed Hân-ı Sânî (trc. Karolidi), İstanbul 1328, s. 165, 174.
Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye , İstanbul 1935, s. 86.
Seyyid Nuh, Deniz Kitabı: Der See-Atlas des Sejjid Nûh (nşr. H. J. Kissling), München 1966, lv. 20.
J. Maurand, Itinéraire d’Antibes à Constantinople: 1544 (nşr. L. Dorez), Paris 1901, s. 181, lv. XIV, rs. 2.
N. de Nicolaї, Le Premier livre de Navigations et peregrinations orientales , Lyon 1567, s. 56-57.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , V, 303.
J. P. de Tournefort, Relation d’un voyage du Levant , Paris 1717, I, 455.
Ph. du Fresné-Canaye, Le Voyage du Levant (nşr. H. Hauser), Paris 1897, s. 159-160.
H. Högg, Türkenburgen am Bosporus und Hellespont Ein Bild frühosmanischen, Wehrbaues bis zum Ausgang des 15. Jahrhunderts , Dresden 1932, s. 18, rs. 1517.
Ahmed Râsim (Dz. Albayı), Marmara Denizi Kılavuzu , İstanbul 1945, s. 116-117.
İsmail Utkular, Çanakkale Boğazında Fatih Kaleleri , İstanbul 1954, s. 11-26.
Ayverdi, Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi III-IV , s. 171-186.
Semavi Eyice, “Çanakkale Boğazı Kalelerinin XVI. Yüzyılda İtalya’da Basılmış Gravürleri”, Bedrettin Cömert’e Armağan: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal ve İdarî Bilimler Fakülteleri Beşeri İlimler Dergisi (özel sayı), Ankara 1980, s. 257-275, 21 resim ile.
Mahmut Şakiroğlu, “Venedik Kütüphanelerinden İstanbul Hakkında Bazı Resimler”, Semavi Eyice Armağanı: İstanbul Yazıları , İstanbul 1992, s. 221-231, rs. 2.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 203-205 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.